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Highlights • The high magnetic field increases the number density of carbides by twice. • Denser carbides increase the dislocation density by larger critical unpinning stress. • Hardness remains unchanged because the increase in offset the reduction in hardness. Abstract The influence of a 12 Tesla magnetic field on the microstructure of high Chromium-containing steel during tempering was investigated. The experimental results revealed that an external magnetic field significantly increases the number density of carbide (Fe, Cr) 3 C and the dislocation density. The external magnetic field decreases the Gibbs free energy of (Fe, Cr) 3 C and then decreases the nucleation barrier; hence, the number density of (Fe, Cr) 3 C increases by approximately 2.42 times. The higher number density of carbides doubles the dislocation density, corresponding to the larger critical unpinning stress τ c , which results in a dislocation pile-up in front of the carbides. The hardness change is negligible with an external 12 T magnetic field because the increment of hardness due to the denser carbides (Fe, Cr) 3 C and dislocations that originate from the 12 T magnetic field offsets the decrement of hardness that results from the decrease in the solid solution strengthening from the carbon atoms. The investigation of the impact of an external high magnetic field on the behavior of carbides and dislocations can provide a better understanding for the precipitation strengthening mechanism of nuclear fusion steels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An investigation was carried out to analyze and quantify the mechanical property changing mechanism of high speed steel by pulsed magnetic treatment. Specifically, a pulsed magnetic treatment system was designed and applied to the tool material treatment. The micro-hardness and red hardness were measured to quantitatively investigate the influence of magnetic treatment on the mechanical properties. Results showed that high speed steel material possessed better mechanical properties using the proposed pulsed magnetic treatment, of which the maximum increase of micro-hardness was 50HV. Also, the red hardness with low temperature could be improved. Moreover, the influence of magnetic treatment conditions on the micro-hardness change rate was investigated. It was shown that the micro-hardness change rate first increases and then stabilizes with the increase of magnetic field intensity, and it decreases with the increase of magnetization time. Ultimately, the dislocation densities were calculated by XRD data analysis according to the Williamson–Hall method and the interaction between magnetic field and dislocation was discussed in detail. Results revealed that the dislocation density of high speed steel material increased by 24% after pulsed magnetic treatment. The dislocation multiplication and motion induced by magnetic field led to the increase of dislocation density, which was the main reason of the increase in micro-hardness. The dislocation pile-up mechanism was responsible for the treatment effects of different magnetic treatment conditions. The dislocation configuration determined from TEM micrographs was in good agreement with the X-ray results and the discussion of dislocation mechanisms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Numerous machine components are constantly subject to different magnetic fields mainly due to the environments they are in, and they show some wear process throughout their life time. To understand this wear process better, the effect of magnetic field on the tribological properties of AISI 4140 steel has been investigated by applying different magnetic field intensities. One of the important factors affecting the wear and friction properties of a tribological system is wear debris and their properties like chemical structure and movement between mating bodies. For this respect, magnetic field was applied on a ferromagnetic material both before and during wear tests. Then, tribological properties of the samples magnetized before the wear tests were compared with the samples to which magnetic field was applied during the tests. It was observed that samples subjected to the magnetic field during tests showed better wear resistance and lower friction coefficient values than the others as the magnetized wear debris produced during test could be removed between mating bodies by means of magnetic effect while oxidized debris were held at the rubbing interface and lowered the debris production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For investigating the magnetic abnormality influenced by stress in ferromagnetic materials, static tension tests on a case-hardened steel were carried out. Different loads, which covered tensile elastic loads up to plastic deformation and break, were applied. Meanwhile, the normal component of magnetic flux leakage, H p(y), was measured by metal magnetic memory testing. The results indicate that H p(y) values change with the tensile loads and positions. There exists a relationship between k, which is the inclination of the linear amplitude-locus magnetic flux leakage curve, and static tension load. A simple model is derived. Additionally, the mechanism of the magnetic memory effect can be explained by the theory of the interaction between dislocations and domains. The research provides the potential possibility of quantitative inspection for metal magnetic memory testing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The effect of magnetic field with different intensities on fatigue life of AISI 4140 steel has been investigated. For this purpose, unnotched and notched specimens were prepared from AISI 4140 steel. It was obtained that when the magnetic field especially was applied to the specimens at the stage of fatigue crack initiation, the fatigue life improved by reason of delaying formation time of slip bands due to regular direction and distribution of magnetic domains. And, it was observed that magnetic field was applied from the beginning of fatigue test up to occur the fatigue fracture, it was detrimental on the fatigue life because of over heating of the specimens. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]