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Gaskets and seals are essential components in the operation of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells and are required for keeping hydrogen and air/oxygen within their individual compartments. The durability of these gaskets and seals is necessary, as it influences not only the lifespan but also the electrochemical efficiency of the PEM fuel cell. In this study, the cause of silicon leaching from silicone gaskets under simulated fuel cell conditions was investigated. Additionally, to reduce silicon leaching, the silica surface was treated with methyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)trimethoxysilane. Changes in the silica surface chemistry were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy analysis revealed that surface-treated silica was highly effective in reducing silicon leaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Positive duration-dependent associations between antibiotic exposure and the incidence of depression were consistently found in large, nationally representative database. • The number of antibiotic classes to which one is exposed during the exposure period was also positively associated with the incidence of depression. • This association remained consistent after controlling for behavioral factors, chronic comorbidity, and antibiotic indications, including infectious diseases. • The effects of specific antibiotic classes were analyzed in stratified analyses, and the effects varied by antibiotic class. • This observational study contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and depression using a population-based database. Recent research highlights the crucial role of the gut-brain axis in understanding depression etiologies. While burgeoning studies suggest an association between disruptions in gut microbiota and the development of depression, limited longitudinal studies have investigated this link. To address this gap, we conducted a retrospective cohort study using National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS) data in South Korea, involving 199,144 individuals aged 40–79. We examined the impact of cumulative antibiotic exposure (2004–2008) on subsequent depression incidence (2009–2013) by conducting Cox proportional hazards regressions. Our findings show an increasing depression risk with extended antibiotic exposure after adjusting for comorbidities and behavioral covariates. A broader antibiotic spectrum was associated with a higher depression risk. These trends persisted after adjusting for the original antibiotic indications. In conclusion, our study highlights the duration-dependent association between antibiotic exposure and increased depression risk, offering insights into depression etiologies and relevant novel therapeutic tools, and advocating for heightened antibiotic stewardship considering their impact on mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) harnesses salinity gradient energy through the mixing of freshwater and saltwater, addressing the demand for sustainable energy sources. PRO typically utilizes river water or secondary wastewater as the feed solution, paired with seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) brine as the draw solution. However, the limited availability of low-saline water presents a significant obstacle to energy generation. Therefore, the feasibility of a high-pressure PRO process utilizing seawater as the feed solution and hypersaline water as the draw solution was assessed to generate sustainable blue energy. Seawater has the potential to achieve the maximum extractable Gibbs-free energy through high-pressure PRO by maximizing the feed/draw ratio. The performance of the high-pressure PRO was theoretically evaluated, resulting in a tenfold increase in specific energy production compared to conventional SWRO-PRO due to the higher feed/draw ratio. However, high hydraulic pressure increased the membrane structural parameter and further reduced water flux and power density due to significant internal concentration polarization. Nevertheless, the high-pressure PRO process can achieve a power density exceeding 84 W/m2 when the structural parameter remains below 100 μm. The implications of the high-pressure PRO were further discussed to advance the concept of a blue circular economy, enhance environmental resilience, and promote sustainability. [Display omitted] • Feasibility of high-pressure PRO was investigated using seawater/hypersaline water. • Higher feed/draw ratio boosted energy production in the PRO process. • Seawater was assessed as a feed for high-pressure PRO for blue energy generation. • High-pressure operation raised the structural parameter reducing power density. • High-pressure PRO achieved >80 W/m2 at structural parameter <100 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane processes have attracted considerable attention in the field of water treatment because of their excellent compactness, convenient operation and management, and relatively low energy consumption. However, fouling is a significant technical challenge. Electrically conductive membrane (ECM) technology has recently emerged as a promising alternative owing to its novel and effective mechanisms and outstanding fouling control efficiency. However, because ECM technology is still in the early stages of research, its maturity is low, and fundamental research on the mechanism is insufficient. In this critical review, the mechanisms of the ECM for fouling control were systematically elucidated and categorized as electrochemical oxidation and reduction, electrostatic interactions, and electrolysis. Subsequently, an extensive and comprehensive literature survey of ECM applications was conducted. The current state of the application and performance of ECM technology was evaluated. The operation and modification strategies of ECM research are discussed based on an accurate understanding and evaluation of the fundamental mechanisms and level of actual application of ECM technology for fouling control. Consequently, topics for future academic research and practical applications of the ECM are proposed. [Display omitted] • Fundamental mechanisms of ECM for fouling control are described and categorized. • Performances of ECM application to membrane processes are analyzed. • Recent operation and modification strategies of ECM are discussed. • Future directions for ECM research and applications are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Few studies have addressed the mental health of adults who were raised in single mother households during infancy and toddlerhood. • Accessible job training programs for single mothers and free provision of accessible and high-quality childcare services by the government should be focused on single mothers, particularly those who are pregnant or have children under the age of 5 years. • The intergenerational transmission of inequality between single mothers and their adult children can be addressed by providing more opportunities for well-paying stable jobs with flexible schedules to single mothers. Based on a longitudinal approach, this study explores the effect of single mothers' employment from pregnancy to their children's preschool years on their adult children's self-esteem and depression. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CY) were employed to pair mothers and their adult children. We used six NLSY79 CY waves from 2004 to 2014. A total of 2,596 single mother-headed household dyads were selected. Variables repeatedly measured at six points in time were tested using the Random Effects Model. Results show that single mothers' higher frequency of employment from pregnancy to when their children were four years old was significantly related to their children's self-esteem and depression at above the age of 18 years. Discussion. Providing more opportunities for single mothers to get a job is necessary to enhance their children's mental health over time. Accessible job training programs for single mothers and free provision of accessible and high-quality childcare services by the government should be focused on single mothers, particularly those who are pregnant or have children under the age of 5 years, for their children to positively develop self-esteem and reduce depression over time. The intergenerational transmission of inequality between single mothers and their adult children can be addressed by providing more opportunities for well-paying stable jobs with flexible schedules to single mothers, so they are better able to provide their children with time, support and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal symptoms in individuals engaged in strenuous exercise programs. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of wearable low-intensity continuous ultrasound on muscle biomechanical properties during DOMS. METHODS: Twenty volunteers were distributed into a wearable ultrasound stimulation group (WUG) (n = 10) and medical ultrasound stimulation group (MUG) (n = 10). All subjects performed wrist extensor muscle strength exercises to induce DOMS. At the site of pain, ultrasound of frequency 3 MHz was applied for 1 h or 5 min in each subject of the WUG or MUG, respectively. Before and after ultrasound stimulation, muscle biomechanical properties (tone, stiffness, elasticity, stress relaxation time, and creep) and body temperature were measured, and pain was evaluated. RESULTS: A significant decrease was found in the tone, stiffness, stress relaxation time, and creep in both groups after ultrasound stimulation (all p < 0.05). A significant decrease in the pain and increases in temperature were observed in both groups (all p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the groups in most evaluations. CONCLUSION: The stiffness and pain caused by DOMS were alleviated using a wearable ultrasound stimulator. Furthermore, the effects of the wearable ultrasound stimulator were like those of a medical ultrasound stimulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moisture- and salt water-induced degradation of asphalt concrete molecular systems was investigated via molecular dynamics simulations. To establish the microstructure-to-property relationship of asphalt concrete mixture under hygroscopic aging, water molecules and sodium chloride (NaCl) ionic solutes were uniformly distributed in the binder or concentrated at the interface. The mechanical properties of the binder were slightly degraded by moisture and NaCl solutes. The viscosity of the binder decreased with distributed water, whereas it increased as the content of NaCl solute in the salt water increased. Moreover, the NaCl solutes promoted the hygroscopic eigenstrain of the asphalt binder. The interfacial properties between the binder and aggregate were not noticeably affected when moisture and NaCl solutes were uniformly distributed in the binder. While the moisture penetration into the interface was thermodynamically spontaneous when the amount of water was sufficient, the NaCl solutes in the water hindered the diffusion of moisture into the interface. Nonetheless, salt water penetrated into the interface seriously reduced the interfacial adhesion and the cohesive law in mode I and mode II decohesion than pure water. The condensation of penetrated salt water and the associated peeling mechanism of the interface were discussed to clarify the hygroelastic damage mechanism of the asphalt concrete mixture. • Degradation of hygroscopically aged asphalt concrete mixture was studied. • Moisture and Salt water resulted in hygroscopic swelling and remarkable change in viscosity of AAA-1 binder. • Penetration of water molecules in asphalt mixture was thermodynamically spontaneous and degraded the interface. • Dissolved NaCl mitigated the penetration of salt water while seriously deteriorated the interface in asphalt mixture. • Hygroelastic properties of binder and interface essential to constitutive modelling of asphalt mixture were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steam methane reforming (SMR) is widely used in the hydrogen production industry; however, a significant amount of CO 2 is released during this process. Several efforts have been made to produce low-CO 2 hydrogen (blue hydrogen) via SMR; however, the proposed solutions are not applicable to small-scale plants. Therefore, this study proposes an on-site SMR process combined with a hollow fiber membrane module (HFMM) for CO 2 capture in small-scale plants. First, mathematical models for the on-site SMR process and HFMMs were developed, and their accuracy was validated with real-world data. Second, we designed and implemented the SMR–HFMM model based on different operating conditions and gas compositions at three potential CO 2 capture locations (dry syngas, PSA tail gas, and flue gas). The CO 2 capture performances at these three locations were compared using five performance indicators: stage cut, separation factor, CO 2 recovery rate, permeate composition, and retentate composition. Finally, to evaluate the integrated processes for each CO 2 capture location, feasible ranges of the number of HFMMs and the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) were calculated. In the case of CO 2 captured in dry syngas, the number of HFMMs required to achieve a CO 2 purity of over 90% was calculated to be 10–25. Furthermore, despite additional HFMM installation, the LCOH was 0.8%–1.5% lower than that of the conventional on-site SMR process that is 7.07–7.13 USD/kgH 2. The proposed integrated SMR–HFMM process is a potential solution to the problem of CO 2 emissions in on-site SMR processes with a lower LCOH. Therefore, the findings of this study could be of significant importance in improving the environmental sustainability of hydrogen production in small-scale plants. [Display omitted] • Steam methane reforming (SMR) emits CO 2. • Conventional blue hydrogen production methods are not appropriate for on-site SMR plant. • Integration of on-site SMR with a hollow fiber membrane module (HFMM) for hydrogen production was proposed. • HFMM could capture CO 2 with high efficiency in a real on-site SMR plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steam methane reforming (SMR) is widely used in the hydrogen production industry; however, a significant amount of CO 2 is released during this process. Several efforts have been made to produce low-CO 2 hydrogen (blue hydrogen) via SMR; however, the proposed solutions are not applicable to small-scale plants. Therefore, this study proposes an on-site SMR process combined with a hollow fiber membrane module (HFMM) for CO 2 capture in small-scale plants. First, mathematical models for the on-site SMR process and HFMMs were developed, and their accuracy was validated with real-world data. Second, we designed and implemented the SMR–HFMM model based on different operating conditions and gas compositions at three potential CO 2 capture locations (dry syngas, PSA tail gas, and flue gas). The CO 2 capture performances at these three locations were compared using five performance indicators: stage cut, separation factor, CO 2 recovery rate, permeate composition, and retentate composition. Finally, to evaluate the integrated processes for each CO 2 capture location, feasible ranges of the number of HFMMs and the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) were calculated. In the case of CO 2 captured in dry syngas, the number of HFMMs required to achieve a CO 2 purity of over 90% was calculated to be 10–25. Furthermore, despite additional HFMM installation, the LCOH was 0.8%–1.5% lower than that of the conventional on-site SMR process that is 7.07–7.13 USD/kgH 2. The proposed integrated SMR–HFMM process is a potential solution to the problem of CO 2 emissions in on-site SMR processes with a lower LCOH. Therefore, the findings of this study could be of significant importance in improving the environmental sustainability of hydrogen production in small-scale plants. [Display omitted] • Steam methane reforming (SMR) emits CO 2. • Conventional blue hydrogen production methods are not appropriate for on-site SMR plant. • Integration of on-site SMR with a hollow fiber membrane module (HFMM) for hydrogen production was proposed. • HFMM could capture CO 2 with high efficiency in a real on-site SMR plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • High-performance electrospun window filter for PM2.5 removal was developed blending polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and potassium iodide (KI) salts. • The high polarity of KI enhanced the static electricity within the filter, leading to the PM removal efficiency. • The high polar nature of the I 5 - cation due to KI altered the conformation of the PAN polymer chain to isotactic, thereby enhancing the physical robustness of the filter connectivity. • Electrospun window filter retained its high efficiency and transparency after 100-h long-term test. Although electrospun filters show promise for capturing particulate matter (PM), their application in windows, which rely on pressure differentials between indoor and outdoor environments, is hindered by low efficiency for PM <2.5 μm and resulting pressure drops. Enhancing the attractive forces on electrospun fibers through material engineering is often complex and expensive, and transparency is crucial for window filters. This study aimed to develop a straightforward method by blending polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with potassium iodide (KI) salts that dissolve easily and possess a high dipole moment (10.2D). Distinctive characteristics of KI facilitate the production of high-performance PM filters with exceptional transparency. Increasing KI loading during electrospinning resulted in a filter with 0.5 M KI, demonstrating a PM removal efficiency of 88.20 % and 90 % transmittance, surpassing the efficiency of pure PAN filters (72.81 %) by 16 %. The pressure drop was low (2.8 Pa), within the typical range of indoor-outdoor differentials, and the quality factor was notably higher at 0.76 Pa−1. KI also served as a plasticizer, enhancing fiber connectivity and preserving nanostructures under weathering stress. After a 100-hour test, the filter retained its high efficiency and transparency. Therefore, PAN/KI electrospun filters are excellent for window applications and easy to produce commercially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • LP-HTL and MSP increased gas yield & achieved high monomer recovery. • LP-HTL and MSP achieved ethylene and propylene yield of 53.07 %. • Energy requirements reduced by 95.82 % by eliminating refrigerants from the process. • GTP100 and GWP100 values were 90 % lower than those of the reference process. • The olefins, monomers of plastics, can be used to manufacture circular plastics. Plastics pose environmental challenges in landfills, persisting for extended periods spanning thousands to millions of years. Consequently, research into plastic depolymerization has gained significance, aiming to address the problem of plastic waste management and the increasing demand for plastics. This study proposes a novel process for recovering olefins, specifically ethylene and propylene, from waste polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) through low-pressure hydrothermal liquefaction (LP-HTL) and microwave steam pyrolysis (MSP) chemical recycling. Mixed waste PE and PP undergo LP-HTL to produce gas and oil. Subsequently, the oil from the LP-HTL undergoes cracking via MSP to enhance olefin recovery. Olefin compounds produced through distillation serve as refrigerants. The results demonstrated the production of 39.75 wt% C 2 H 4 and 13.32 wt% C 3 H 6 , achieving a total recovery of 53.07 wt% of olefin materials. The levelized cost of ethylene (LCOE) in the proposed process was calculated at 0.89 USD/kg C 2 H 4 , equating to a 72.86 % reduction compared with that in flash pyrolysis. Furthermore, the life cycle assessment (LCA) results indicated reduced 100-year global temperature potential and global warming potential (GTP100 and GWP100) emissions of 2.46 and 2.55 kg CO 2 eq/kg C 2 H 4 , respectively, approximately 90 % lower than that in the flash process. Thus, the proposed process, with its energy efficiency and high recovery rates, can serve as a benchmark for future plastic depolymerization endeavors aimed at achieving a circular carbon economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic-based insulation materials have been widely employed owing to their exceptional durability, cost-effectiveness, low weight, and low thermal conductivity. Nevertheless, the disposal of the insulation material waste (IMW) within construction waste and its recycling and recovery are challenging. Meanwhile, landfilling or incineration methods can release toxic chemicals into the environment. Consequently, the accumulation of IMW in construction waste has become a pressing environmental concern. To address this issue, this paper proposes a pyrolysis platform as a disposal management method for IMW that employs CO 2 as a reactive medium. IMW composed of polystyrene in the form of extruded polystyrene underwent pyrolysis to yield pyrogenic products containing toxic chemicals. These toxic chemicals were subsequently transformed into syngas via homogeneous reactions with CO 2 under certain thermal conditions and Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. This resulted in a significant reduction in the total peak areas of toxic substances in the pyrogenic oil compared with that obtained using N 2 as a medium. Furthermore, the efficacy of CO 2 was demonstrated to increase with an increase in the atmospheric concentration. This study implied that catalytic pyrolysis under CO 2 conditions is a potential platform for converting toxic chemicals from IMW into syngas through homogeneous reactions with CO 2. [Display omitted] • An environmentally benign disposal platform for insulation material waste was proposed. • Pyrolysis of insulation material waste generated hazardous compounds as major pyrogenic products. • CO 2 served a key reactive agent for the mitigation of hazardous pyrogenic compounds. • Employing catalyst promoted the reactivity of CO 2 for converting toxic compounds into syngas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The accurate measurement of creatinine (Ctn) in human biofluid samples is a challenge. • A stable carboxyl (C=O, COOH) groups were introduced on the electrode surface during electrochemical activation. • ePAD* was applied for the selective non-enzymatic detection of Ctn. • ePAD* detects Ctn in blood serum and urine samples with high reliability. • ePAD* is economic and accurate compared to existing methods for Ctn detection. Selective detection of creatinine (Ctn) is crucial for the clinical diagnosis of early-stage kidney dysfunction. A non-enzymatic electrochemical method for a highly selective and sensitive detection of Ctn in blood serum and urine samples was developed using an electrochemically activated carbon-coated paper-based analytical device (ePAD*). During activation, the growth of stable carboxyl (C = O, COOH) groups on the edge planes of the carbon surface was observed. The prepared ePAD* was characterized using various microscopic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical techniques. The ePAD* was utilized as a medium exchanger, and the voltammetric response of Ctn detection in the linear concentration from 0.03 to 45 mM with a detection limit of 5.41 µM was achieved. In addition, the selective detection of Ctn in the presence of potential interferences (i.e., uric acid, ascorbic acid, ammonia, and urea) was examined. The examination revealed a remarkable selectivity toward Ctn detection. Real-time detection of Ctn in blood serum and urine samples was performed. The results were correlated with the classical Jaffé colorimetric method. Our ePAD* exhibited a better electrochemical response. Thus, it is a highly potential diagnostic method for further development as a rapid and precise detection platform for point-of-care (POC) devices for examining patients with kidney disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular senescence contributes to inflammatory kidney disease via the secretion of inflammatory and profibrotic factors. Protease‐activating receptor 2 (PAR2) is a key regulator of inflammation in kidney diseases. However, the relationship between PAR2 and cellular senescence in kidney disease has not yet been described. In this study, we found that PAR2‐mediated metabolic changes in renal tubular epithelial cells induced cellular senescence and increased inflammatory responses. Using an aging and renal injury model, PAR2 expression was shown to be associated with cellular senescence. Under in vitro conditions in NRK52E cells, PAR2 activation induces tubular epithelial cell senescence and senescent cells showed defective fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Cpt1α inhibition showed similar senescent phenotype in the cells, implicating the important role of defective FAO in senescence. Finally, we subjected mice lacking PAR2 to aging and renal injury. PAR2‐deficient kidneys are protected from adenine‐ and cisplatin‐induced renal fibrosis and injury, respectively, by reducing senescence and inflammation. Moreover, kidneys lacking PAR2 exhibited reduced numbers of senescent cells and inflammation during aging. These findings offer fresh insights into the mechanisms underlying renal senescence and indicate that targeting PAR2 or FAO may be a promising therapeutic approach for managing kidney injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Thin films from fluorinated paracyclophane dimers were prepared via vapor phase. • The growth yield for polymer films per dimer is 0.9∼2.1 nm/mg. • These polymeric films show good uniformity with under 3 nm of roughness. • Polymeric thin films with different surface hydrophilicity can be delivered. Poly(para-xylylene) thin films from Gorham method via chemical vapor polymerization (CVP) process (so called Parylene) have been extensively utilized in various application fields. Specific functional groups can be also introduced into thin polymeric films via CVP process using functionalized paracyclophane dimer. There have been numerous efforts to fabricate parylene thin films using synthesized and functionalized paracyclophane dimers so far. Herein we report on synthesis of fluorine containing paracyclophane dimers and their polymeric thin films via Gorham method. Three different types of fluorine containing paracyclophane derivatives are synthesized and the CVP thin films are prepared in all cases by adjusting processing condition. Even though the functional groups on parylene thin films are similar, dramatic differences in surface energy can be observed. This work can provide extended material choices for whom want to precisely control surface properties with robust, pin-hole free, and conformal coatable polymeric thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parental depression is a significant problem that negatively affects parents' welfare and influences family dynamics, children's academic and health behaviors, and mental health. However, there is limited evidence regarding the impact of the parental depression into the children's' psychological and physical wellbeing on Asian cultures. This study examined the psychological burdens and health behaviors of adolescent children with parents with depression in the Republic of Korea. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) spanning 2013 to 2021 to compare health behaviors and mental health outcomes between 203 adolescent children with parents diagnosed with depression and 3,856 control adolescents aged 12–19 years. Results: Following multivariate adjustments, the risk of depressive mood for more than two weeks was significantly increased in boys with parental depression (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 2.05, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.91–3.52) and adolescents with parents with moderate-to-severe depression (aOR = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.17–5.77). Adolescents with parental depression reported significantly worse subjective health status (aOR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.05–3.36) and higher stress levels (aOR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.33–2.76). Additionally, when parental depression was present and the time since depression diagnosis was more than five years, adolescents with parental depression exhibited even poorer subjective health status and higher stress levels. Conclusions: The study found that adolescents whose parents experienced depression had poorer mental health than those whose parents did not have mental health issues. These findings emphasize the importance of providing support for the mental health of adolescents in families affected by parental depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite the many advantages this type of equipment offers, there are still some major drawbacks. Linear cutting machine (LCM) cannot accurately simulate the true rock-cutting process as 1. it does not account for the circular path along which tunnel boring machine (TBM) disk cutters cut the tunnel face, 2. it does not accurately model the position of a disk cutter on the cutterhead, 3. it cannot perfectly replicate the rotational speed of a TBM. To enhance the knowledge of these issues and in order to mimic the real rock-cutting process, a new lab testing equipment was developed by Hyundai Engineering and Construction. Design/methodology/approach: A new testing machine called rotary cutting machine (RCM) is designed to simulate the excavation process of hard-rock TBMs and includes features such as TBM cutterhead, RPM simulation, constant normal force mode and constant penetration rate mode. Two sets of tests were conducted on Hwandeung granite using different disk cutter sizes to analyze the cutting forces in various excavation modes. The results are analyzed using statistical analysis and dimensional analysis. A new model is generated using dimensional analysis, and its results are compared against the results of actual cases. Findings: The effectiveness of the new RCM test was demonstrated in its ability to apply various modes of excavation. Initial analysis of chip size revealed that the thickness of the chips is largely dependent on the cutter spacing. Tests with varying RPM showed that an increase in RPM results in an increase in the normal force and rolling force. The cutting coefficient (CC) demonstrated a linear correlation with penetration. The optimal specific energy is achieved at an S/p ratio of around 15. However, a slightly lower S/p ratio can also be used in the design if the cutter specifications permit. A dimensional analysis was utilized to develop a new RCM model based on the results from approximately 1200 tests. The model's applicability was demonstrated through a comparison of TBM penetration data from 26 tunnel projects globally. Results indicated that the predicted penetration rates by the RCM test model were in good agreement with actual rates for the majority of cases. However, further investigation is necessary for softer rock types, which will be conducted in the future using concrete blocks. Originality/value: The originality of the research lies in the development of Hyundai Engineering and Construction's advanced full-scale laboratory rotary cutting machine (RCM), which accurately replicates the excavation process of hard-rock tunnel boring machines (TBMs). The study provides valuable insights into cutting forces, chip size, specific energy, RPM and excavation modes, enhancing understanding and decision-making in hard-rock excavation processes. The research also presents a new RCM model validated against TBM penetration data, demonstrating its practical applicability and predictive accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the fouling propensity of a hybrid ceramic membrane bioreactor (CMBR)-reverse osmosis (RO) process was investigated over a prolonged period using real textile wastewater effluent. Additionally, the effectiveness of in-situ ozonation for fouling mitigation was investigated. The results revealed that the CMBR-RO system achieved approximately 99.8 % removal of chemical oxygen demand and 97.4 % removal of total nitrogen. Despite this, soluble extracellular polymeric substances, particularly biopolymers and humics-like substances, remained in the system, resulting in irreversible fouling on the ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. The implementation of in-situ ozonation notably reduced ceramic membrane fouling by enhancing the filterability of larger macromolecules and eliminating inorganic/organic foulants from the membrane surface. Multiple modified fouling indexes were also utilized to evaluate the fouling potential of the RO feed water through size fractionation. It is worth noting that ozonation could pose a potential risk for subsequent RO membrane fouling due to the formation of low molecular weight neutrals, acids, and calcium- or silica- related inorganic-organic complexes. Overall, the integrated CMBR-RO system with in-situ ozonation exhibited excellent performance in producing clean water, achieving nearly 100 % removal of 20 Aromatic Amines. These findings underscore the viability of the CMBR-RO system as a practical and sustainable choice for the reclamation of textile wastewater. [Display omitted] • Biopolymers and humics-like substances led to irreversible fouling • In-situ ozonation significantly improved the filterability of larger macromolecules • LMW molecules induced by ozone poses a potential risk for subsequent RO • The hybrid process removed almost 100% of 20 AAs in final water [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermosetting polymers are used in a wide range of applications due to their robust mechanical strength and superior flame retardancy. Despite these technical benefits, recycling of thermosetting polymers has been challenging because of their crosslinking nature. Moreover, their disposal through conventional methods (landfill and combustion) poses environmental concerns, such as microplastics and air pollutants. To address these issues, this study introduces a thermo-chemical disposal platform for thermosetting polymer wastes that employs carbon dioxide (CO 2) as a reactive medium. In this work, melamine-formaldehyde was used as model compound of thermosetting polymers. In single-stage pyrolysis, it was revealed that CO 2 plays a crucial role in controlling in the compositional matrices of pyrolytic gases, liquid products, and wax. These compositional changes were attributed to the homogeneous reactions between CO 2 and the volatile compounds released from the thermolysis of MF. To enhance the thermal cracking of the MF, a double-stage pyrolysis process was tested, which increased the production of pyrolytic gases and eliminated wax formation. However, the slow kinetics governing the reactivity of CO 2 limits the occurrence of homogeneous reactions. A nickel-based catalyst was used to accelerate reaction kinetics. The catalytic pyrolysis under CO 2 conditions led to substantial increases in syngas (H 2 and CO) production of 880% and 460%, respectively, compared with double-stage pyrolysis. These findings demonstrate that thermosetting polymer wastes can be valorized into gaseous fuels through thermo-chemical process, and CO 2 enhances the recovery of energy and chemicals. Therefore, this study presents an innovative technical platform to convert thermosetting polymer wastes and CO 2 into syngas. [Display omitted] • A sustainable pyrolysis framework for disposal of MF waste was suggested. • CO 2 plays a crucial role in controlling composition of the pyrogenic products of MF. • MF was converted to value-added products through pyrolysis. • Ni-based catalyst resulted in CO enhancements 5 times higher under N 2 condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous growth of the global population and industries has led to the mass generation of plastic and industrial waste, posing significant environmental challenges due to their incompatibility with conventional waste management practices. This study investigates the thermochemical conversion of plastic (nylon-6) and industrial waste (red mud) into value-added products, presenting a waste-to-resource conversion strategy. Nylon-6 and red mud were co-pyrolyzed, resulting in a metal-carbon composite characterized as porous N-doped graphitic carbon with embedded Fe0 particles. Application of the composite to an amaranth solution demonstrated its ability to activate persulfate, facilitating amaranth oxidation at a rate (k obs = 1.78 min−1) significantly higher than other Fe-based catalysts. Quenching experiments verified the generation of OH· and SO 4 ·- radicals during activation, with the latter playing a dominant role in amaranth degradation. The composite exhibited robust reusability, maintaining an amaranth removal efficiency of >80 % after five reaction cycles. Additionally, red mud significantly enhanced syngas (H 2 and CO) generation from nylon-6, suggesting a catalytic effect. In conclusion, the proposed thermochemical approach offers a viable method for converting waste materials into valuable products, including environmental catalysts and gas fuels. [Display omitted] • Co-pyrolysis of nylon-6 and red mud was investigated. • Red mud increased H 2 and CO evolution from nylon-6 during pyrolysis. • Polyamide structure of nylon-6 formed N-doped carbon composite. • The composite was highly efficient in activating persulfate for amaranth removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A sustainable conversion of plantation waste into syngas was achieved using CO 2 (key greenhouse gas). • CO 2 served a partial oxidant reacting with volatile pyrogenic products evolved from rubber tree residue, leading to enhancement of syngas, especially CO. • Oxidative functionality of CO 2 on syngas production was intensified in the presence of a nickel-based catalyst (Ni/Al 2 O 3). • Integrated process of catalytic pyrolysis and water–gas shift reaction notably increased H 2 productivity. This study introduces the sustainable recovery of energy from plantation waste by converting rubber tree residue (RTR) into syngas through carbon dioxide (CO 2)-assisted pyrolysis. The investigation centers on elucidating the specific impact of CO 2 on the pyrolysis of rubber tree residue, emphasizing its significant influence on enhancing syngas production. At temperatures ≥ 500 °C, CO 2 engages with volatile matters (VMs) released during the thermolysis of rubber tree residue, increasing carbon monoxide (CO) yields. To further optimize the process, catalytic pyrolysis setups incorporating additional heat (600 °C) and a nickel-based catalyst (Ni/Al 2 O 3) were implemented. These experimental configurations substantially increased syngas production from 19.51 to 24.24 mmol g−1, particularly amplifying CO yields under CO 2 conditions 2.58-fold compared to nitrogen (N 2) conditions. This enhancement is attributed to the partial oxidation of volatile matters facilitated by CO 2. Additionally, the Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalyst played a pivotal role in expediting the gas-phase homogeneous reaction of CO 2 with volatile matters, leading to further improved syngas production. Indeed, the syngas yield in the catalytic pyrolysis in the presence of CO 2 was 24.24 mmol g−1, which increased by 1.24 times in reference to the result under the N 2 environment. The identified functional role of CO 2 presents an opportunity to enhance the sustainability of waste management by optimizing carbon utilization and generating value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solution-processed organic solar cells (OSCs) have great promise for next-generation solar energy conversion technologies. Innovative acceptors are constantly being designed to improve device efficiency. In this work, we designed and synthesized a series of A–π–D–π–A type non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) molecules, named IB-TOT, IB-TOM, IB-IOO, and IB-IOM for their applications in OSCs. All molecules showed high thermal stability, broad photoabsorption, and relatively lower highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels from −5.48 eV to −5.58 eV. The optimized OSCs based on these NFAs and PTB7-Th donor deliver power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 8.19%, 5.50%, 2.42%, and 3.10% for IB-TOT, IB-TOM, IB-IOO, and IB-IOM molecules, respectively. The higher PCE of IB-TOT-based OSCs is attributed to their excellent miscibility and superior interpenetrating network morphology compared to the other three compounds. These results demonstrate that using the 3-ethylrhodanine acceptor unit to construct the NFA molecule is a successful approach for outstanding achievement in OSCs. • Four IDT-based NFA molecules were designed and synthesized. • The impact of various end-groups on device performance was fully discussed. • An empirical relationship between the end groups was established. • The best-performing OSCs achieved a maximum PCE of 8.19%. • The work promotes future OSC performance enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The induction-heating NH 3 -decomposition process was improved by adding new units. • The processes were evaluated via techno-economic and life-cycle assessments. • All proposed processes showed higher thermodynamic efficiency than the base case. • When using renewable energy, the proposed processes emit 2.45 to 3.21 kgCO 2 /kgH 2. • Adding a PEMFC is considered the most suitable improvement in all assessments. Ammonia (NH 3) is gaining attention as a hydrogen carrier due to its high H 2 storage capacity and ease of liquefaction at ambient temperatures. The conventional method of ammonia decomposition is thermal cracking through fossil fuel combustion, resulting in significant carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions. Therefore, developing an eco-friendly and highly efficient ammonia decomposition process is important. This study proposed four high-efficiency processes without carbon emissions by improving the induction-heating-based ammonia decomposition process designed in a previous study. The four proposed processes were designed to utilize the H 2 discarded as off-gas of the PSA unit in the existing induction-heating-based ammonia decomposition process. The proposed processes incorporate various unit components, including a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), burner, and palladium (Pd) membrane. These units were integrated with the PSA outlet to achieve enhanced thermodynamic efficiency compared with the conventional process without carbon emissions. Energy, exergy, economic, and environmental analyses were conducted to assess the feasibility of each case. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that integrating the Pd membrane yields the highest thermal (78.29 %) and exergy (64.02 %) efficiencies. Integrating a PEMFC exhibits the lowest levelized cost of H 2 (6.93 USD/kg H 2). Finally, When the four proposed processes are operated with renewable energy, clean hydrogen can be produced at 2.45 to 3.21 kgCO 2 /kgH 2 emission levels. The enhanced processes presented in this study can serve as a blueprint for achieving carbon-free green H 2 production at on-site H 2 refueling stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three conjugated copolymers, PDPP-2FTVT, PIID-2FTVT, and PNDI-2FTVT based on the 2,2′-(1E)-1,2-ethenediylbis[3-fluorothiophene] (2FTVT) core with varying acceptor units, diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP), isoindigo (IID), and naphthalenediimide (NDI) were developed for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Combined electron-withdrawing fluorine atoms and vinyl linkage in the 2FTVT unit not only reduce the frontier molecular orbital energies but also extended the absorption profile and planarize the polymer backbone, manifesting synergetic effect on the strengthened molecular interactions and charge-carrier properties. The resulted copolymer, PDPP-2FTVT show highly reliable thin film transistor properties with highest hole mobility of 1.93 cm2 V−1 s−1 compared to PIID-2FTV and PNDI-2FTVT. PIID-2FTV copolymer show ambipolar characteristic with hole and electron mobilities of 0.71 and 0.03 cm2 V−1 s−1 respectively while PNDI-2FTVT exhibited the highest electron mobility of 0.20 cm2 V−1 s−1 among three copolymers. Thin film micro-structure characterization reveal that the three copolymers formed lamellar, edge-on molecular packing (for PDPP-2FTVT and PIID-2FTV), increased crystallinity with smaller π-π stacking distances, and strengthen the planarity after thermal annealing. These results contribute important progresses in solution-processed OFET and could provide a greater possibility of 2FTVT based copolymers for commercial application. [Display omitted] • Three conjugated 2FTVT donor-based copolymers were designed and synthesized. • The impact of various acceptors on their OFET properties was fully discussed. • An excellent hole mobility of 1.93 cm2 V−1 s−1 was achieved for PDPP-2FTVT. • The work promotes future fluorinated 2FTVT-based materials for OFETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the transition of the global energy paradigm toward decarbonization, hydrogen is expected to play a crucial role as an energy vector. To enhance the sustainability of hydrogen as an energy source, it is important to reduce costs and carbon emissions in the hydrogen production. Among various hydrogen production technologies, the autothermal reforming (ATR)-based blue hydrogen production method can stand out as a promising option in terms of both economic and environmental considerations. However, there are several bottlenecks: (i) ATR requires an air separation unit that increases the cost burden, and (ii) conventional amine-based carbon capture method consumes a significant amount of energy. To address these bottlenecks, this study proposes a novel cryogenic carbon capture process for ATR-based blue hydrogen production. In the proposed process, air separation unit are utilized not only for oxygen production but also for carbon capture. The compressed air from the air separation unit provides cooling energy to the mixture gas, leading to solidification and separation of carbon dioxide. Despite imposing an additional burden on the air separation unit, it significantly reduces the energy and cost associated with carbon capture. Consequently, there exists a trade-off relationship between the increased load on the air separation unit and the decreased load in carbon capture. This trade-off was evaluated by comparing it with the conventional absorption-based carbon capture process in terms of energy and economic aspects. The proposed process exhibits a 36.4% reduction in total energy consumption, with a particularly approximately 49.5% decrease in the energy consumed for carbon capture (0.278 kW h/kg-CO 2). The economic performance indicates an 11% decrease in the levelized cost of hydrogen (1.62$/kg-H 2), and a 45.3% decrease in CO 2 avoidance cost (40.1$/kg-CO 2). The captured solid CO 2 can offer advantages during storage and transportation. Furthermore, the potential utilization of cooling energy of solid CO 2 from an end-user perspective is expected to contribute to the establishment of a new industrial value chain. [Display omitted] • A novel cryogenic CO 2 capture process is proposed for ATR hydrogen production. • The proposed process imposes a slight burden on the ASU but simplifies CO 2 capture. • In terms of overall H 2 production, an energy saving of 36.4% was achieved. • LCOH and CO 2 avoidance cost are 1.62$/kg-H 2 and 40$/kg-CO 2 , respectively. • The economic viability variations across diverse carbon scenarios were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diclofenac, a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, can cause liver damage via its metabolic activation by hepatic CYP450s and UGT2B7. Fasting can affect drug-induced liver injury by modulating the hepatic metabolism, but its influence on diclofenac hepatotoxicity is unknown. Thus, we investigated diclofenac-induced liver damage after fasting in mice, and the cellular events were examined. Male ICR mice fasted for 16 h showed the elevation of CYP3A11, but the decreases of UGT2B7, glutathione (GSH), and GSH S-transferase-μ/-π levels in the livers. Diclofenac (200 mg/kg) injection into the mice after 16-h fasting caused more significant liver damage compared to that in the diclofenac-treated fed mice, as shown by the higher serum ALT and AST activities. Diclofenac-promoted hepatic oxidative stress (oxidized proteins, 4-hydroxynonenal, and malondialdehyde), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (BiP, ATF6, and CHOP), and apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP) were enhanced by fasting. Autophagic degradation was inhibited in the diclofenac-treated fasting mice compared to that of the corresponding fed mice. The results suggest that fasting can make the liver more susceptible to diclofenac toxicity by lowering GSH-mediated detoxification; increased oxidative/ER stresses and apoptosis and suppressed autophagic degradation may be the cellular mechanisms of the aggravated diclofenac hepatotoxicity under fasting conditions. [Display omitted] • Fasting potentiated diclofenac-induced liver injury in mice. • Fasting increased diclofenac-promoted oxidative stress, ER stress, and apoptosis. • Fasting aggravated diclofenac-induced suppression of autophagic degradation. • Fasting increased hepatic CYP3A11, but decreased GSH and GST levels. • Fasting decreased GSH-mediated diclofenac detoxification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish farms often suffer from viral infections that can lead to mass mortality. Early detection of these infections can help prevent the spread of the infection. microRNA (miRNA) is a new biomarker for detecting early infections in farmed olive flounder. We developed a disposable miRNA biosensor by utilizing screen-printed carbon electrodes with polymer-dispersed silver nanowires (P-AgNWs). The target miRNA here was miR-15b-5p, which is considered a specific candidate for detecting viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection in fish. A capture probe (CP), a thiol-modified DNA oligonucleotide chain complementary to the miR-15b-5p, was immobilized on the surface of P-AgNWs. While the hybridization of miR-15b-5p with the CP is monitored using square wave voltammetry techniques based on the specific binding of methylene blue (MB) to the DNA-RNA hybrid formed between CP and the miR-15b-5p. The miRNA biosensor demonstrated a wide linear response range of 1.0–100 fM under optimum conditions with a low detection limit of 0.70 fM. According to a series of voltammetric experiments, the approach demonstrated acceptable precision and sensitivity for determining the miR-15b-5p levels in olive flounder infected with VHSV. • Disposable miRNA (miR-15b-5p) biosensor by modified screen-printed carbon electrodes. • Detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection in fish. • The miR-15b-5p biosensor showed a linear range: 1.0–100 fM & LOD: 0.70 fM. • The performance of the miR-15b-5p biosensor was validated using qPCR results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • FNW CO 2 -based pyrolysis is integrated with the SMR to produce clean hydrogen. • The hydrogen production yield was increased by pyrolysis of FNW under CO 2. • The process was operated without external energy supply through energy optimization. • An environmental impact analysis was conducted for hydrogen production using FNW. Fishing net waste (FNW) represents more than half of marine debris, posing a substantial challenge to marine ecosystems. Conventional disposal methods, such as landfills and incineration, contribute to environmental pollution and overlook valuable material recovery. To address this issue, an innovative process that converts FNWs into high-purity hydrogen (H 2) through pyrolysis under CO 2 conditions, integrated with a natural gas (NG) reforming process, was proposed. The resulting gas undergoes a water–gas shift (WGS) reaction with NG-reforming syngas, amplifying H 2 production yield. High-purity H 2 is achieved through pressure swing adsorption (PSA). The high-temperature flue gas from pyrolysis oil combustion is utilized to generate electricity via the steam Rankine cycle (SRC) process. Furthermore, CO 2 in the flue gas is liquefied and stored through a carbon capture and storage (CCS) process. Techno-economic evaluation and life-cycle assessment (LCA) were performed to scrutinize the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed process. This study first demonstrated that the CO 2 -based waste fishing net pyrolysis integrated H 2 production process yielded 10.66 kmol h−1 of H 2 , providing a significant step toward sustainable H 2 production. Second, 87.13 % of wasted energy was recovered through the thermal integrated energy optimization of the waste fishing net and NG reforming process, and an additional 539.1 kW of electricity was generated through the SRC process, demonstrating high energy efficiency. Finally, although the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) was slightly greater than that of the steam methane reforming (SMR) process, LCA revealed a significantly low greenhouse gas (GHG) index. Therefore, the proposed process serves as an eco-friendly approach to increase hydrogen production yield, which is a clean raw material with no carbon emissions, concurrently addressing the recycling of FNWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel voltammetric sensor was developed to selectively determine dopamine (DA) concentration in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). This sensor utilizes a modified pencil graphite electrode (PGE) coated with a newly synthesized poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT):poly (styrene sulfonate- co -2-(3-(6-Methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-yl) ureido) ethyl methacrylate) (P(SS- co -UPyMA)) composite. The PEDOT:P(SS-co-UPyMA) (PPU) composite was characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopies. The PPU-coated PGE was characterized using electrochemical techniques, including cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. Compared to uncoated, PPU-coated PGE demonstrated improved sensitivity and selectivity for DA. The sensor exhibited a dynamic linear range of 0.1–300 μM for DA, with a detection limit of 44.4 nM (S/N = 3). Additionally, the PPU-coated PGE showed high reproducibility and storage stability for four weeks. To demonstrate its practical applicability, the PPU-coated PGE sensor was used for ex vivo brain slice samples from control and Parkinson's disease model mice. [Display omitted] • Disposable voltametric dopamine sensor based on modified pencil graphite electrode. • Newly synthesized PEDOT:PSS copolymer as electrode modifier. • The dopamine sensor showed a linear range: 0.1–300 μM & LOD: 44.4 nM. • The sensor was used on ex vivo brain samples from Parkinson's disease model mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutamate (GLU) is a primary excitatory neurotransmitter, and its dysregulation is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders. A major challenge in GLU estimation is the existence of other biomolecules in the brain that could directly get oxidized at the electrode. Hence, highly selective electroenzymatic biosensors that enable rapid estimation of GLU are needed. Initially, a copolymer, poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate- styrene) was synthesized through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization to noncovalently functionalize reduced graphene oxide (rGO), named DS–rGO. Glutamate oxidase macromolecule immobilized DS–rGO formed enzyme nanosheets, which was drop-coated over Prussian blue electrodeposited disposable electrodes to fabricate the GLU biosensor. The interconnectivity between the enzyme nanosheets and the Prussian blue endows the biosensor with enhanced conductivity and electrochemical activity. The biosensor exhibited a linearity: 3.25–250 μM; sensitivity: 3.96 μA mM−1 cm−2, and a limit of detection: 0.96 μM for GLU in the Neurobasal Medium. The biosensor was applied to an in vitro primary rat cortical model to discriminate GLU levels in Neurobasal Medium, before and after KCl mediated depolarization, which provides new insights for elucidating neuronal functioning in the brain. Amperometric biosensor for detecting GLU in the in vitro model of primary rat cortical neurons before and after KCl mediated depolarization. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Miniaturized electrochemical sensors for HMIs detection has been discussed. • Different types of modified electrodes and their surface modifications with nanomaterials have briefly been discussed. • Electrochemical sensing mechanism of different nanomaterials for HMs detection has been discussed. • Exposing the feature challenges and perspectives of the miniaturized electrochemical sensors filed. Despite the significance of the environment for human subsistence, many daily activities and industrial processes introduce numerous pollutants, which may result in environmental damage and pose a substantial risk to human health. To address these issues, the rapid and efficient screening of pollutants such as heavy metals (HMs) in environmental matrices is highly desirable. Electrochemical techniques, particularly electrochemical sensors (screen printed, paper based, and laser induced graphene based electrodes) have considerable potential for the on-site screening of HM pollutants in complex sample matrices owing to their high sensitivity, long-term stability, low cost, compact instrumentation (onsite analysis), simple sample handling requirements, and high accuracy. Consequently, numerous miniaturized electrochemical devices modified with different nanomaterials (carbon nanocomposites, metal, and metal oxide nanocomposites) have been developed, and miniaturized electrochemical sensing techniques have been applied in a wide variety of areas. Herein, we review recent research on miniaturized electrochemical sensing techniques for the detection of environmental heavy metal pollutants with the aim of providing an overview of the latest progress and perspectives in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]