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Colour pattern variation provides biological information in fields ranging from disease ecology to speciation dynamics. Comparing colour pattern geometries across images requires colour segmentation, where pixels in an image are assigned to one of a set of colour classes shared by all images. Manual methods for colour segmentation are slow and subjective, while automated methods can struggle with high technical variation in aggregate image sets. We present recolorize, an R package toolbox for human‐subjective colour segmentation with functions for batch‐processing low‐variation image sets and additional tools for handling images from diverse (high‐variation) sources. The package also includes export options for a variety of formats and colour analysis packages. This paper illustrates recolorize for three example datasets, including high variation, batch processing and combining with reflectance spectra, and demonstrates the downstream use of methods that rely on this output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4D Food Printing (4DFP) is a state-of-the-art technology that creates complex food structures with complex shapes, textures, nutrition, and flavours that will change physicochemical properties due to different stimuli and processing with space and time. Using bioactive ingredients ensures value addition and is suitable for health. 4D printed food construct with bioactive ingredients can create printable materials that can transform the food products in colour, flavours, nutrition, and aroma over time by applying various stimuli. This review paper highlights the types of bioactive ingredients used in 4DFP. The diverse sources of these bioactive ingredients are also explored. The various applications of bioactive ingredients in 4DFP discussed in length. The various methods of incorporation of these bioactive ingredients are also reviewed. The role of bioactive ingredients in making a product 4D printed is also explained. The role of these ingredients in affecting the storage characteristics of 4D printed food products is examined. The aim of this paper is to cover the overall role of bioactive ingredients in 4DFP. Further research and development are necessary to fully unlock the potential of 4D printed foods enriched with bioactive ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Many toxic animals display bright colour patterns to warn predators about their toxicity. Their colour patterns are sometimes mimicked by other non-toxic organisms to evade predation. These mimics, however, may not match their model organisms perfectly. It is unclear how much their colour patterns can vary away from the model before they become ineffective. In this study, we investigated how predation risk of the non-toxic Common Mormon butterfly (Papilio polytes) is affected by two progressive modifications of its wing pattern that make it more distinct from its toxic model, the Common Rose (Pachliopta aristolochiae). In the first modification, we exchanged the position of the red and white colour patches but kept the overall pattern constant. In the second modification, we created an eyespot-like shape from the pre-existing pattern elements by moving their positions in the wing, altering the overall wing pattern. We deployed butterfly paper models in the field, where all models displayed the same colours but had different patterns. Both modifications increased attack risk by predators relative to wildtype patterns, with the eyespot-like modification having the highest predation risk. Our results show that avian predators can distinguish between all three patterns tested, and that predators learn to avoid colours, not in isolation, but as part of specific patterns. Many toxic animals display bright colour patterns to warn predators about their toxicity. This sometimes leads other sympatric palatable organisms to evolve mimetic colour patterns to also evade predation. These mimics, however, are often imperfect, and it is unclear how much their colour patterns can vary away from the model before they become ineffective. In this study, we investigated how predation risk of the palatable Common Mormon butterfly (Papilio polytes) is affected by two alterations of its wing pattern that make it progressively more distinct from its model, the Common Rose (Pachliopta aristolochiae). We deployed butterfly paper models in the field, where all models displayed the same colours but had different patterns. In the first modification from the Wildtype pattern, we exchanged the position of the red and white colour patches but kept the overall pattern constant. In the second modification, we created an eyespot-like shape from the pre-existing pattern elements by moving their positions in the wing, altering the overall wing pattern. Both modifications increased attack risk from predators relative to Wildtype patterns, with the eyespot-like modification having the highest predation risk. Our results show that avian predators can distinguish between all three patterns tested, and that pattern is important in aposematic signals. Predators learn to avoid aposematic colours, not in isolation, but as part of specific patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flower perianth has various, non‐mutually exclusive functions, such as visual signalling to pollinators and protecting the reproductive organs from the elements and from florivores, but how different perianth structures and their different sides play a role in these functions is unclear. Intriguingly, in many species there is a clear colour difference between the different sides of the perianth, with colour patterns or pigmentation present on only one side. Any adaptive benefit from such colour asymmetry is unclear, as is how the asymmetry evolved. In this viewpoint paper, we address the phenomenon of flowers with differently coloured inner and outer perianth sides, focusing on petals of erect flowers. Guided by existing literature and our own observations, we delineate three non‐mutually exclusive evolutionary hypotheses that may explain the factors underlying differently coloured perianth sides. The pollen‐protection hypothesis predicts that the outer side of petals contributes to protect pollen against UV radiation, especially during the bud stage. The herbivore‐avoidance hypothesis predicts that the outer side of petals reduces the flower's visibility to herbivores. The signalling‐to‐pollinators hypothesis predicts that flower colours evolve to increase conspicuousness to pollinators. The pollen‐protection hypothesis, the herbivore‐avoidance hypothesis, and the signalling‐to‐pollinators hypothesis generate largely but not entirely overlapping predictions about the colour of the inner and outer side of the petals. Field and laboratory research is necessary to disentangle the main drivers and adaptive significance of inner–outer petal side colour asymmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the narrative expression skill of design students through manipulating image structure. Moreover, narrative expression is the skill of interpreting design with narrative. The study is a classroom experiment conducted naturally, and the experimental data is obtained and analysed by quantitative analysis. We found differences in students' narrative tendencies and richness in overall narrative expression. The teaching and training of design narrative can effectively help students familiarise themselves with the design process and personal skill integration and encourage students to pay attention to the design of elements and content. This will improve students' design competencies under skills different from technology. The paper concludes that students must improve and integrate design competencies through practical methods under other narrative tendencies. Furthermore, the lecturer can explore and adjust design teaching through design narrative training to strengthen or balance students' design performance competency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we reported the synthesis of a new family of thermal stable Ba 3 V 2-x Mn x O 8 blue-green pigment materials based on the [MnO 4 ]3- (V) chromophore. All samples were synthesized by a conventional high-temperature solid state method. Powder X-ray diffraction results showed that the structures of the as-prepared materials were hexagonal crystal system and the space group was R-3m. Infrared and Raman spectra indicated random disorder and structural modification of the pigment. Diffuse reflection spectra were obtained over the range of wavelength 200–1200 nm indicated that the blue-green color of the pigment is caused by optical absorption due to the CT transition in the tetrahedral MnO 4 and the d-d transition of Mn5+ in the yellow-red light region. With the increase of temperature, the color of the pigment basically remains unchanged, showing the good thermal stability. Thus, this paper provides a family of new thermal stable blue-green pigment based on tetrahedral Mn(V) coordination with potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of Mutilla europaea (Linnaeus, 1758), has never been carefully investigated in Northern Europe. The density of M. europaea is highest along parts of the coast in Northern Europe and its distribution overlaps the border of the temperate zone in this area, which is not surprising, given that it is well documented that temperature regulates the ecology of insect communities (presumably because temperature is associated with several physiological other adaptations and plastic responses). This paper presents new information on its distribution in Northern Europe and reveals that abiotic factors are associated with this species' distribution in the area around the Baltic Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the changes in meat colour over time in Aubrac cattle of both genders. Specifically, the study concentrated on Longissimus Dorsi muscles, examining the colour values of the meat at 0, 24, and 48 hours after death. The development of the CIE Lab* colour space allows for the expression of colours in a three-dimensional system. The L*, a*, and b* values represent lightness, the red-green colour component, and the yellow-blue colour component, respectively. These values enable the evaluation and description of the colour of a meat sample. Taking into account the overall obtained results (example: the meat colour saturation recorded an average value of 14.28 ± 1.11 in males, and 17.72 ± 2.76 in females), we can appreciate that in the Aubrac cattle breed, there are significant differences between males and females, concerning all analysed parameters regarding colour (brightness, hue intensity, colour intensity of the meat, colour saturation, and Hue index) observed in the anatomical region under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to study of the correlation between RGB colour indicators and lead concentration in leafy plants. Cabbage and lettuce crops were watered with 3 levels of Lead Pb-contaminated (2.4 and 6 mg/lit). To distinguish the heavy metal contamination and their impact on vegetative characteristics for plants, the results showed with the levels of poisoning (0,2,4, and 6 mg/lit) showed the maximum value of Hue and vegetative were 0.76. and 0.032, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 2.15 and 1.51. Also with the levels of poisoning (0,2,4, and 6mg/lit) showed the maximum value of simple red-green ratio and Green-red vegetation index was 1.61. and 0.23, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 1.28 and 0.12. for Cabbage crops while for lettuce the results showed with the levels of poisoning (0, 2, 4, and 6 mg/lit) showed the maximum value of Hue and vegetative were 0.71. and 0.027, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 0.41 and 0.024. Also with the levels of poisoning (0,2,4, and 6 mg/lit) showed the maximum value of simple red-green ratio and Green-red vegetation index was 1.65. and 0.43, also showed the minimum value for the same indices were 1.6 and 0.2. Linear regression analysis was performed on the equations to predict the monitoring Hue and vegetative and simple red-green ratio and Green-red vegetation index The red, green, blue band and intensity, the simple blue-green ratio addition to visible atmospherically resistant index simple green leaf and normalized greenblue difference index The RGB-based vegetation index 2 and RGB-based vegetation index 3 at different poisoning levels. The existence of a strong relationship between them and contains a high coefficient of determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global decarbonisation requires the widespread adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity, addressing challenges related to land use has become relevant. The conflict between PV installations and other land uses, such as forestry or agriculture, highlights the urgency for alternative solutions. Integrating PV technology into the built environment is a compelling strategy to mitigate these challenges, enabling electricity generation precisely where it is needed. In the context of buildings integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), PV modules serve a dual purpose, functioning both as electricity generators and integral components of the architectural design. Therefore, the architecture requirements — specifically in terms of shape, size, and colour— become relevant for BIPV modules. This paper offers a general overview of the diverse colouring technologies employed for BIPV modules, describing their functioning, challenges, and advantages. An examination of the current landscape of coloured PV products involving considerations of pricing and power output is presented. Additionally, this work addresses the critical topics of reliability and stability in colour solutions, outlining methodologies for quantitative colour characterization. It provides foresight into the potential challenges facing installations in the future and explores the multifaceted social, economic, and environmental implications of this evolving technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]