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[Display omitted] • This review advances in the development of colorimetric and fluorometric paper-based devices (PADs) • PADs with metal nanoparticles and quantum dots employed as sensing probes in the point-of-care diagnosis. • PADs are integrated with desktop scanners and smartphones measure the grey scale/RGB values for quantitative measurement. • This innovative paper-based detection platforms for diverse diagnostic scenarios and their utility in resource-limited settings. This review paper comprehensively explores recent advancements in the development of colorimetric and fluorometric paper-based analytical devices (PADs) for rapid point-of-care diagnosis of specific disease biomarkers. The paper elucidates the principles of colorimetry and fluorometry, focusing on their application in the detection of various biomolecules. Notably, metal nanoparticles (NPs) and quantum dots (QDs) emerge as versatile sensing probes in these platforms. The fabrication of nanomaterials (NMs) on paper substrates is extensively discussed, covering techniques such as dip-coating, drop-casting, wax printing, inkjet printing and screen printing. The integration of PADs with portable devices is explored, including gray scale and RGB measurements using desktop scanners, smartphones and color detector apps for enhanced colorimetric and fluorometric analysis. The application of PADs with metal NPs for the detection of a wide array of biomolecules is highlighted. The versatility of these devices is demonstrated in detecting nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, bio thiols, urea, uric acid, antigens, antibodies, glucose, creatinine, bilirubin, vitamins and bacteria. The potential for point-of-care diagnosis in diverse healthcare settings is underscored, emphasizing the simplicity, cost-effectiveness and rapidity of these paper-based diagnostic platforms. This review provides an overview of the NMs-enabled colorimetric and fluorometric PADs, offering insights into the fabrication techniques, integration with portable devices and diverse applications in the field of biomarker detection. The amalgamation of metal nanoparticles and quantum dots with paper-based devices holds promising prospects for advancing point-of-care diagnostics of specific disease biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new paper in the journal Development explores the role of chemokines in embryonic development. The study focuses on an atypical chemokine receptor called ACKR3, which is found in the placenta. The researchers found that ACKR3 prevents a chemokine called CXCL12 from entering the embryonic bloodstream, ensuring proper haematopoiesis in the embryo. Interfering with ACKR3 function led to impaired bone marrow haematopoiesis, compromised fetal growth, and impaired immune and inflammatory responses in offspring. The researchers plan to further investigate the impact of interfering with placental ACKR3 on animals as they develop into adulthood and explore potential connections to human ACKR3 polymorphisms. [Extracted from the article]

A novel and facile method by sewing low-cost fiber electrodes on paper is proposed to fabricate electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs). Prussian Blue (PB) and Ag/AgCl were deposited on carbon fibers to prepare the working and reference electrodes. The hydrophilic carbon fiber was employed as the counter electrode. All electrodes were sewed on the paper substrate. The linear voltammetry scanning (LSV) and physical characterization results showed that the physico-chemical characteristics of the prepared electrode were maintained after sewing. As a proof of concept, the ePAD fabricating by sewing was used to detect hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). The limit of detection (LOD) achieved 0.9 µM and the ePAD possessed high anti-interference ability to a variety of common ions and biological molecules. Additionally, the robustness of the ePADs against bending (error 6.2 %) manifested that the ePAD had excellent practical applicability. The good reproducibility (3.65 %) displayed by the current responses confirmed that this strategy can be profitably adopted to easily assemble ePADs in a highly flexible manner. In addition, a user-friendly reagent-free ePAD was proposed to determine the content of H 2 O 2 in real water sample without treatment. The good recovery percentage (95.7–99.7 %) demonstrated the high feasibility of the reagent-free ePAD with facile carbon fiber-sewed electrodes in the detection of H 2 O 2 from complex water samples. These results confirm that the sewing method is feasible and promising. This work provides a new insight into fabrication of highly sensitive and highly selective ePADs with fiber electrodes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new dielectrically modulated (DM) twin cavity nanotube biosensor and its sensitivity evaluation suitability by the transit time (τ) and device efficiency (g m / I ds ). In addition, the vertical structure of the device also helps the uniform spreading of biomolecules within the nanogap cavity region. The inner cavity of the proposed biosensor offers more space for the stabilization of biomolecules and uses the benefits of material solubility. In this paper, the sensing ability of the biosensor is examined in terms of τ and g m / I ds for five neutral biomolecules. Furthermore, the charged biomolecule and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are separately investigated for positive as well as negative charge densities. Also, various optimizations on the device are analyzed for different biomolecules in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibrous materials are essential structural elements widely distributed throughout natural systems. In order to replicate and harness the unique properties of natural fibers, microfluidic technologies have been employed and refined to allow for a precise control over the mechanical properties, diameter, alignment, and morphology of spun fibers. To further their versatility and adaptability, and to better mimic their natural counterparts, microfluidics technologies have also allowed for the integration of multiple materials and functional components at the microscale giving rise to composite fibers. These fibers, composed of a combination of different materials, offer a wide range of properties and functionalities that surpass those of their individual components and can be tailored to specific applications. This review discusses various microfluidic fabrication methods, highlighting their advantages and limitations. The review also compares natural and synthetic polymers employed in microfluidic fiber manufacture and examines the influence of process parameters on the properties of composite fibers, such as mechanical strength, porosity, and biocompatibility and discusses the incorporation of nanoparticles, biomolecules, and microstructures within the fibers to tailor their functionality for specific biomedical applications. Finally, the paper provides an outline of current trends as well as future directions for the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology offers excellent prospects for application in biology and medicine. It is used for detecting biological molecules, imaging, and as therapeutic agents. Due to nano-size (1-100 nm) and high surface-to-volume ratio, nanomaterials possess highly specific and distinct characteristics in the biological environment. Recently, the use of nanomaterials as sensors, theranostic, and drug delivery agents has become popular. The safety of these materials is being questioned because of their biological toxicity, such as inflammatory responses, cardiotoxicity, cytotoxicity, inhalation problems, etc., which can have a negative impact on the environment. This review paper focuses primarily on the toxicological effects of nanomaterials along with the mechanisms involved in cell interactions and the generation of reactive oxygen species by nanoparticles, which is the fundamental source of nanotoxicity. We also emphasize the greener synthesis of nanomaterials in biomedicine, as it is non-hazardous, feasible, and economical. The review articles shed light on the complexities of nanotoxicology in biosystems and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a toroidal metamaterial for achieving highly sensitive sensors in the terahertz (THz) frequency range is proposed. Such a subwavelength structure consists of a pair of mirror-symmetric metal split-ring resonators and a single metal wire. By exciting the structure with vertically incident electromagnetic waves, high-Q transmission peaks are generated at 2.40 and 2.44 THz. Near-field analysis reveals that the reverse-flowing currents in the metal split-ring resonators and the metal wire create a pair of magnetic dipoles connected end to end, resulting in a vortex-like magnetic field known as a toroidal dipole. Calculations of multipole scattering energy further confirm that the rapidly enhanced toroidal dipole is the primary factor responsible for the high-Q transmission peaks. This toroidal metamaterial can be used to design refractive index sensors with a sensitivity of up to 20 GHz/RIU, enabling the detection of subtle changes in the surrounding environment's parameters. Our strategy paves an alternative route to the development of highly sensitive sensors for biological and chemical molecules in the THz frequency range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design and optimization of antimicrobial materials (polymers, biomolecules, or nanocomposites) can be significantly advanced by computational methodologies like molecular dynamics (MD), which provide insights into the interactions and stability of the antimicrobial agents within the polymer matrix, and machine learning (ML) or design of experiment (DOE), which predicts and optimizes antimicrobial efficacy and material properties. These innovations not only enhance the efficiency of developing antimicrobial polymers but also enable the creation of materials with tailored properties to meet specific application needs, ensuring safety and longevity in their usage. Therefore, this paper will present the computational methodologies employed in the synthesis and application of antimicrobial polymers, biomolecules, and nanocomposites. By leveraging advanced computational techniques such as MD, ML, or DOE, significant advancements in the design and optimization of antimicrobial materials are achieved. A comprehensive review on recent progress, together with highlights of the most relevant methodologies' contributions to state-of-the-art materials science will be discussed, as well as future directions in the field will be foreseen. Finally, future possibilities and opportunities will be derived from the current state-of-the-art methodologies, providing perspectives on the potential evolution of polymer science and engineering of novel materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a highly sensitive biosensor based on a plasmonic nanostructure-enhanced resonance effect. The sensor exploits a hexagonal photonic crystal composed of plasmonic nano-cylinders, including a graphene nano-cylinder as a defect, which can considerably increase the concentration of electric fields. This amplification enables the detection of tiny variations in refractive indices linked to a laser source for plasmonic excitation. Each defect consists of a hollow metallic cylinder surrounded by graphene, all within a metallic matrix. During the sensing process, surface plasmon polaritons interact with the core-guided modes of the patterns, which are subsequently filled with the analytes to be measured. The nano-cylinders' width is optimized to take advantage of their unique optical properties in nanoscale confinement, resulting in high sensitivity. The sensor achieves an impressive sensitivity of 17,750 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) and a FoM of 2218 (RIU−1) for n = 1.456 at the optimum value of ΔR = (Rout − Rin) = 200 nm. These metallic cylindrical channels exhibit distinct responses to different analytes across a wide range of ΔR, enabling simultaneous detection of various types of biomolecules. These exceptional properties make the sensor suitable for a broad range of applications, including real-time chemical and biological sensing. Furthermore, it offers the potential to create compact devices for measuring different refractive indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gallium(III) complex of warfarin was synthesized, and its structure was determined by means of theoretical, analytical, and spectral analyses. Significant differences in the IR and Raman spectra of the complex were observed as compared to the spectra of the ligand and confirmed the suggested metal-ligand binding mode. The theoretical study of the Ga(III) complex of warfarin has been done to elucidate the structure-activity relation, inter- and intra-molecular interactions, and frontier molecular orbital energy analysis based on DFT computations. A molecular docking study has been performed to predict the biological activity of the molecule. In this paper, we report preliminary results about the cytotoxicity of the investigated compounds. The cytotoxic effects of the ligand and its Ga(III) complex were determined using the MTT method on different tumor cell lines. The screening performed revealed that the tested compounds exerted cytotoxic activity on the evaluated cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are known to possess unique characteristics, which allow them to overcome a number of issues that plague traditional fluorescence probes. UCNPs have been employed in a variety of applications, but it is arguably in the realm of optical sensors where they have shown the most promise. Biomolecule conjugated UCNPs-based fluorescence probes have been developed to detect and quantify a wide range of analytes, from metal ions to biomolecules, with great specificity and sensitivity. In this review, we have given much emphasis on the recent trends and progress in the preparation strategies of bioconjugated UCNPs and their potential application as fluorescence sensors in the trace level detection of food industry-based toxicants and adulterants. The paper discusses the preparation and functionalisation strategies of commonly used biomolecules over the surface of UCNPs. The use of different sensing strategies namely heterogenous and homogenous assays, underlying fluorescence mechanisms in the detection process of food adulterants are summarized in detail. This review might set a precedent for future multidisciplinary research including the development of novel biomolecules conjugated UCNPs for potential applications in food science and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distance-based topological indices are numerical parameters that are derived from the distances between atoms in a molecular structure, and they provide a quantitative measure of the topology and geometry of a molecule. The distance-based topological indices uses to predict various properties of molecules, including their boiling points, melting points, and solubility. It also predicts the biological activity of molecules, including their pharmacological and toxicological properties. Pentagonal chain molecules are organic compounds that consist of a linear chain of five-membered (pentagons) connected by carbon and bonds. These molecules have unique structural and electronic properties that make them useful in a variety of applications. Motivated by the pentagonal chain molecules, we have considered a pentagonal chain graph and it is denoted by Pn. We have computed some distance based topological indices for Pn. The paper focuses on a pentagonal chain molecules denoted by G, and derives several distance-based topological indices. These indices compromise insights into physicochemical properties, aid in identifying structural characterizations, and enhance understanding of molecular properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topological indices are molecular descriptors associated with the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the molecules. The main goal of this paper is to explore some mathematical properties of generalized irregular neighborhood related descriptor. Also, the particular cases of these descriptors are calculated for the molecular structure of some basic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) along with statistical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central America is home to one of the most abundant herpetofauna in the Americas, occupying only 7% of the continent's total area. Vipers and lizards are among the most relevant venomous animals in medical practice due to the consequences of envenomation from the bite of these animals. A great diversity of biomolecules with immense therapeutic and biotechnological value is contained in their venom. This paper describes the prominent leading representatives of the family Viperidae, emphasizing their morphology, distribution, habitat, feeding, and venom composition, as well as the biotechnological application of some isolated components from the venom of the animals from these families, focusing on molecules with potential anti-thrombotic action. We present the leading protein families that interfere with blood clotting, platelet activity, or the endothelium pro-thrombotic profile. In conclusion, Central America is an endemic region of venomous animals that can provide many molecules for biotechnological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic myopathies are a group of genetic disorders that affect the normal functioning of muscles due to abnormalities in metabolic pathways. These conditions result in impaired energy production and utilization within muscle cells, leading to limitations in muscle function with concomitant occurrence of related signs and symptoms, among which fatigue is one of the most frequently reported. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of muscle fatigue in these conditions is challenging for the development of an effective diagnostic and prognostic approach to test targeted therapeutic interventions. This paper outlines the key biomolecules involved in muscle fatigue in metabolic myopathies, including energy substrates, enzymes, ion channels, and signaling molecules. Potential future research directions in this field are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene regulation is the process by which various substances in cells regulate the behaviour of gene expression, thereby controlling almost all cellular activities. Therefore, studying gene regulation not only helps to uncover the internal laws governing life processes but also plays a crucial role in predicting, diagnosing, treating, and designing drugs for genetic diseases. By utilizing multi-source biological information such as gene expression profiles, transcription factor information, and protein interaction data, a network model can be developed to depict the regulatory relationships between genes, facilitating further research. To address the limitations of traditional gene regulatory network construction methods, a novel dynamic model has been created by combining hybrid genetics and threshold restriction. This model comprises two parts: solution space reduction and parameter fitting. During solution space reduction, singular value decomposition is employed to define a mathematically feasible gene regulatory network, reducing unnecessary calculations. Subsequently, the control genes of each gene are constrained within a certain range using threshold limitation, enhancing computational efficiency while adhering to bioinformatics principles. In the parameter fitting phase, parallel genetic algorithms are utilized to expediently optimize the entire solution space. The mountain climbing method is then applied to solve problems meticulously within a limited scope, improving calculation accuracy. In this study, this approach was applied to establish genetic regulatory systems for complex skin melanoma and type 2 diabetes. Through comparison with actual networks, the validity of the method was confirmed. Compared to traditional genetic and particle swarm optimization methods, the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified. This paper models the intricate mechanism of gene regulation and elucidates the regulatory process involving genes, proteins, and small biological molecules in greater detail than other models, aligning more closely with intracellular dynamics laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a 4H–SiC Schottky barrier field-effect transistor with a P+ doping Pocket based on dielectric modulation effect for label-free detection of biomolecules has been proposed. Upon optimization of the length and position of P+ doping pocket, the sensitivity of the biosensor achieves the maximum when it is located within the channel 1 nm away from the Schottky contact with a length of 5 nm. Simulations have been performed for different dielectric constants and biomolecules with different charge densities by Sentaurus TCAD. The results show that the new structure has an on-current sensitivity of 1.03 × 108, a maximum transconductance sensitivity of 6.24 × 107, a threshold voltage sensitivity of 65 mV, and an I on /I off ratio sensitivity of 1.8 × 104 for neutral biomolecules with K = 12. In addition, the fill factor of the cavity and linearity of the proposed structure are considered in this paper. Further, the on-current sensitivity of our proposed structure is gauged against state of the art, which demonstrate a high sensitivity of our proposed biosensors. The smaller size and prominent sensitivity characteristics of the biosensor proposed in this paper have made it widely used in the field of biomedical detection that requires high integration and efficient detection. [Display omitted] • A 4H–SiC Schottky barrier field-effect transistor with a P+ doping Pocket based on dielectric modulation effect for label-free detection of biomolecules has been proposed. • The length and position of P+ doping pocket is optimized. • The results show that the new structure has an on-current sensitivity of 1.03 × 108, a maximum transconductance sensitivity of 6.24 × 107, a threshold voltage sensitivity of 65 mV, and an I on /I off ratio sensitivity of 1.8 × 104 for neutral biomolecules with K = 12. • The fill factor of the cavity and linearity of the proposed structure are considered in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for a published paper titled "Multifunctional Injectable Hydrogel Loaded with Cerium-Containing Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles for Diabetic Wound Healing." The authors have identified errors in Figure 4A and in several sections of the paper, including the synthesis and characterization of BG/Ce-BG, in vivo wound healing in a diabetic skin defect model, and the wound healing effects on a diabetic skin defect model. The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused and state that the scientific conclusions of the paper are unaffected. The correction has been approved by the Academic Editor and the original publication has been updated. [Extracted from the article]

[Display omitted] • Reviews the latest advances in solid-state nanopore technology and its challenges. • Exploring methodology to fabricate high precision nanopores to improve resolution. • Providing insights in the preferable technique for solid-state nanopore DNA sequencing. • The potential of solid-state nanopore DNA sequencing for single biomolecule applications. Solid-state nanopore technology has been widely used for the analysis of a variety of biomolecules and will be applied to more aspects of analysis in life sciences and clinical applications. Providing a label-free, polymerase chain reaction-free approach, solid-state nanopore DNA sequencing is anticipated to become a promising next-generation technology for deciphering DNA sequences, alongside attributes such as longer read lengths, high throughput, and cost-effectiveness. It could also play a significant role in the future of disease diagnosis and treatment, and genetic disease prevention applications. This paper reviews the latest advances in the field of solid-state nanopore technology, and discusses its challenges and prospects in DNA sequencing applications. We explore methodologies to fabricate high precision nanopores, as well as to improve spatial and temporal resolution for solid-state nanopores. We also explore the potential for optimizing and improving the feasibility of solid-state nanopore DNA sequencing, with a view toward the use of these devices for single biomolecule detection and single nucleotide recognition applications. This paper aims to provide insights into the preferable technique for researching on solid-state nanopore DNA sequencing technology and its clinical applications, even for RNA and protein sequencing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Impact of Molecule Concentration, Diffusion Rates and Surface Passivation on Single-Molecule Fluorescence Studies in Solution" published in the journal Biomolecules. The correction addresses a mistake in Table 1 of the original publication, where the molar concentration values were miscalculated for certain detection volumes. However, the authors state that this error does not affect the scientific conclusions of the paper. The corrected table is provided in the correction notice. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Optimized Ellagic Acid–Ca Pectinate Floating Beads for Gastroprotection against Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Injury in Rats" has been retracted by the journal Biomolecules. Concerns were raised about the duplication of images in other publications, which showed different experimental conditions. An investigation confirmed that Figure 10B from this article overlapped with Figure 7B of one publication and Figure 4B of another publication. The authors were unable to provide a satisfactory explanation for the overlap, and as a result, the Editorial Board and Editor-in-Chief decided to retract the paper. The retraction was approved by the Editor-in-Chief, although the authors did not agree with the decision. [Extracted from the article]

• We describe a repository of FDA-approved protein- or peptide-based drugs. • We discuss the various routes used to administer therapeutic proteins. • The manually curated THPdb2 database contains comprehensive information describing 894 unique therapeutic proteins and peptides. • User-friendly search and similarity search tools are integrated into the database. During the past 20 years, there has been a significant increase in the number of protein-based drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This paper presents THPdb2, an updated version of the THPdb database, which holds information about all types of protein-based drugs, including peptides, antibodies, and biosimilar proteins. THPdb2 contains a total of 6,385 entries, providing comprehensive information about 894 FDA-approved therapeutic proteins, including 354 monoclonal antibodies and 85 peptides or polypeptides. Each entry includes the name of therapeutic molecule, the amino acid sequence, physical and chemical properties, and route of drug administration. The therapeutic molecules that are included in the database target a wide range of biological molecules, such as receptors, factors, and proteins, and have been approved for the treatment of various diseases, including cancers, infectious diseases, and immune disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript presents a comparative biosensing analysis of a dielectrically modulated dual-drain vertical TFET (DD-VTFET) by considering three distinct device arrangements based on the cavity position. DD-VTFETs with single cavity at the source and drain edge are called SC-DD-VTFET and DC-DD-VTFET, respectively, while for SDC-DD-VTFET, dual cavities are created at both the source and drain edge. Asymmetry in cavity position results in different electrostatics for each biosensor, leading to variation in their sensing performance. The on-current sensitivity is found to be lower for the DC-DD-VTFET due to the absence of cavity near the channel-source interface, while the SC-DD-VTFET shows poor performance in terms of ambipolar current sensitivity compared to the SDC-DD-VTFET. Moreover, the study includes the consideration of neutral and charged biomolecules (both positive and negative) with varying dielectric constants of 5, 7, 10 and 12. The sensitivity of partially filled nanogaps with fill-factor (FF) of 42% and 60%, influenced by steric hindrance, are also compared for all three DD-VTFET based biosensors which includes different step profiles of biomolecules, such as concave, convex, increasing, and decreasing. To consider the non-ideal state of the DD-VTFET based biosensors, the effect of irregular placement of the probe within the nano-cavity on different sensitivity parameters for a particular k -value of biomolecules is also analysed using TCAD simulator. Furthermore, the performance of the DD-VTFET based biosensor is quantitatively benchmarked against previously published works available in the literature. For a fully filled cavity with neutral biomolecules having dielectric constant of 12, SDC-DD-VTFET based label-free biosensor provides ON-current and current-switching ratio sensitivities approximately in the order of 10 5 , while the ambipolar current sensitivity of 2.1 × 10 3 is observed which makes the sensor equally suitable for sensing the biomolecules even at negative gate bias. • This paper investigates a dielectrically modulated DD-VTFET biosensor with different cavity positions. • SC-DD-VTFET biosensor with cavities on source and drain edges provides better sensitivity than devices with a single cavity. • The impact of charged biomolecules (both positive and negative) with varying k -value are also discussed in this work. • The study analyses DD-VTFET biosensors with variable fill-factors, assessing sensitivity under steric hindrance condition. • The effect of irregular probe placement within the nano-cavity on different sensitivity parameters is also analysed using TCAD simulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has focused on collagen-gelatin, the gelation process, as well as blend interaction between collagen/gelatin with various polysaccharides to boost mucoadhesion and gastric retention. The interaction between mucoadhesive materials and mucin layers is of significant interest in the development of drug delivery systems and biomedical applications for effective targeting and prolonged time in the gastrointestinal tract. This paper reviews the current advancement and mucoadhesive properties of collagen/gelatin and different polysaccharide complexes concerning the mucin layer and interactions are briefly highlighted. Collagen/gelatin and polysaccharide blends biocompatible and biodegradable, the complex biomolecules have shown encouraging mucoadhesive properties due to their cationic nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds with mucin glycoproteins. The mucoadhesion mechanism was attributed to the electrostatic interactions between the positively charged amino (NH 2) groups of blend biopolymers and the negatively charged sialic acid residues present in mucin glycoprotein. At the end of this article, the encouraging prospect of collagen/polysaccharide complex and mucin glycoprotein is highlighted. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A cost-effective and highly sensitive dopamine molecule detection system was developed by designing an AuNPs/2D MOF/Au/D-shaped fiber SPR sensor. • The composite structure of AuNPs/2D MOF/Au achieved the secondary amplification of SPR signal, facilitated the coupling between SPR and LSPR, offered abundant active sites, and effectively ensured the detection of small biological molecules. • The optimal deposition concentration and time of AuNPs/2D MOF were optimized, resulting in a remarkable 104.61% increase in sensitivity and a significant 73.87% increase in figure of merit (FOM). • The electric field enhancement and electron transition of composite structures were verified using the finite element method and band theory, respectively. • Modified amino acid probe DNA is used as an aptamer to couple with dopamine molecules, enabling low limit detection in PBS solution and serum solution. The optical fiber sensor, which exploits surface plasmon resonance (SPR), finds extensive application in biological detection owing to its miniaturized and real-time measurement capabilities. Nevertheless, SPR sensors alone exhibit limited sensitivity when detecting small biological molecules. This paper presents a novel gold nanoparticle (AuNPs)/two-dimensional metal–organic framework (2D MOF Cu-TCPP)/Au/D-shaped fiber SPR sensor for dopamine detection. The composite structure of AuNPs/2D MOF/Au was designed to facilitate the coupling of SPR and local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), resulting in a substantial enhancement of the intensity of the surface electric field. A 104.61 % increase in sensitivity and a 73.87 % increase in figure of merit (FOM) were achieved by optimizing the optimal deposition concentration of AuNPs/2D MOF. The finite element method was utilized in COMSOL software to demonstrate that the coupling of SPR and LSPR can significantly enhance the sensitivity value (10,000 nm/RIU). Additionally, the sensitization mechanism of the sensor is elucidated by the energy band theory. Moreover, probe DNA was utilized as a linker to capture dopamine molecules, achieving a low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.07 ± 0.07*10−14 M. These results demonstrated that the proposed sensor enables accurate and highly sensitive detection of dopamine molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cavitation leads to several chemical/mechanical changes such as the production of free radical, localized high pressure & temperature, microstreaming, microjets, and shock waves. Although cavitation is detrimental in many unit operations, however the cavitation can be employed to induce desired effects in a range of bioprocesses. Extraction of high value ingredients from biomass either for analytical or product application is of particular interest. The changes that cavitation imparts on the matrix like erosion, size reduction, formation of pores increases the diffusion of solvents leading to improved recovery of target compounds. To establish cavitation processes it is necessary to understand the positive and negative effects cavitation has on the biomolecules and changes it imparts on the end product. Thus, this review paper focuses on the principles of cavitation, major types of cavitation such as acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation, its effects on biomolecules. Factors influencing the efficiency of cavitation assisted extraction. • Cavitation process involves formation and disintegration of bubbles. • Both acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation aid in effective formation of homogenous bubbles. • Cavitation induces localized high pressure and temperature and radical formation. • Cavitation is effective in improving the extraction of biomolecules from foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has focused on collagen-gelatin, the gelation process, as well as blend interaction between collagen/gelatin with various polysaccharides to boost mucoadhesion and gastric retention. The interaction between mucoadhesive materials and mucin layers is of significant interest in the development of drug delivery systems and biomedical applications for effective targeting and prolonged time in the gastrointestinal tract. This paper reviews the current advancement and mucoadhesive properties of collagen/gelatin and different polysaccharide complexes concerning the mucin layer and interactions are briefly highlighted. Collagen/gelatin and polysaccharide blends biocompatible and biodegradable, the complex biomolecules have shown encouraging mucoadhesive properties due to their cationic nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds with mucin glycoproteins. The mucoadhesion mechanism was attributed to the electrostatic interactions between the positively charged amino (NH 2) groups of blend biopolymers and the negatively charged sialic acid residues present in mucin glycoprotein. At the end of this article, the encouraging prospect of collagen/polysaccharide complex and mucin glycoprotein is highlighted. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

iRhom2 is a crucial cofactor involved in upregulation of TNF receptors (TNFRs) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) from the cell surface by ADAM17. Tumor necrosis factor- α converting enzyme (TACE) is another name given to ADAM17. Many membrane attached biologically active molecules are cleaved by this enzyme which includes TNFRs and the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor- α. The TNF receptors are of two types TNFR1 and TNFR2. iRhom2 belongs to the pseudo-protease class of rhomboid family, its abundance is observed in the immune cells. Biological activity of ADAM17 is affected in multiple levels by the iRhom2. ADAM17 is trafficked into the Golgi apparatus by the action of iRhom2, where it gets matured proteolytically and is stimulated to perform its function on the cell surface. This process of activation of ADAM17 results in the protection of the organism from the cascade of inflammatory reactions, as this activation blocks the TNF- α mediated secretion responsible for inflammatory responses produced. Present paper illustrates about the iRhom2-TNF-α-BAFF signaling pathway and its correlation with several autoimmune disorders such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Hemophilia Arthropathy, Alzheimer's disease and Tylosis with esophageal cancer etc. [Display omitted] • iRhom2-TNF-α-BAFF signaling pathway are involved in maturation of ADAM 17, which by fragmenting various biological molecules plays a vital role in TNFα, IL-6, EGFR and Notch signaling. • iRhom 2 is involved in the regulation of the enzyme TACE which controls the shedding of TNF-α. • iRhom2-TNF-α-BAFF signaling pathway and its misregulation has provided us with a wide range of knowledge of targeting the exact cause of autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, tylosis esophageal cancer, Alzheimer's disease, hemophilic arthropathy and other metabolic disorders. • Targeting the iRhome2 receptor may be a prototype for prevention of various autoimmune disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new multi-component nanocomposite electrode was built by anchoring heteropoly blue CoP 6 Mo 18 on NiO-loaded carbon nanofibers (NiO-CNFs) via electrospinning and solvothermal methods. The hybrid electrode can quickly and efficiently detect DA and L-Trp alone or together because of synergism between electronic sponge characteristics of CoP 6 Mo 18 and high porosity conductive network of NiO-CNFs. [Display omitted] • A biosensors was built by anchoring CoP 6 Mo 18 POMs on NiO-CNFs. • The composite electrode has a strong response to DA and DRL in a wider linear range. • The sensor can quickly and efficiently detect DA and L-Trp alone or together. • The synergism of NiO-CNFs and CoP 6 Mo 18 enhance biometrics ability of sensor. Non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensors have great application value in the identification and detection of organic biological small molecules, especially in biomedical detection. In this paper, a carbon-based sensing material consisting of basket-type polyoxometallates (POMs) modified with synergistic multicomponent active centers was prepared. A novel POMs with heteropolyblue properties, {Co(phen) 3 } 3 [{Co(H 2 O) 2 }{Co(H 2 O) 3 } 4 }{Sr ⊂ P 6 MoVI 16 MoV 2 O 73 } 2 ]·8H 2 O (CoP 6 Mo 18), was modified on NiO-loaded carbon nanofibers (NiO-CNFs) to construct novel nanocomposites CoP 6 Mo 18 @NiO-CNFs. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) tests show that the nanocomposite electrode had a strong response to L-tryptophan (L-Trp) and dopamine (DA) with lower detection limit of 22.2 nM and 27.8 nM (S/N = 3) in the linear range of 66.7 nM-478 μM and 83.3 nM-437 μM, respectively. The results demonstrated that the modified electrode can quickly and efficiently detect DA and L-Trp alone or together due to catalytic synergy between CoP 6 Mo 18 and NiO-CNFs. The combination of the two materials not only enhances the current response signals of the electrodes to the analytes DA and L-Trp, but also effectively improves the selectivity and stability of the sensor. Importantly, the prepared sensor can be used for trace detection of DA and L-Trp in pre-treated human serum samples in practical applications, and the recovery rate is as high as 98.9 %, which suggests that the CoP 6 Mo 18 @NiO-CNFs/GCE sensor has potential application value in biology and medical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a well-recognized analytical technique used for elemental analysis. This method is gaining considerable attention also in biological applications thanks to its ability for spatial mapping and elemental imaging. The implementation of LIBS in the biomedical field is based on the detection of metals or other elements that either naturally occur in the samples or are present artificially. The artificial implementation of nanoparticle labels (Tag-LIBS) enables the use of LIBS as a readout technique for immunochemical assays. However, one of the biggest challenges for LIBS to meet immunoassay readout standards is its sensitivity. This paper focuses on the improvement of LIBS sensitivity for the readout of nanoparticle-based immunoassays. First, the LIBS setup was optimized on photon-upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) droplets deposited on the microtiter plate wells. Two collection optics systems were compared, with single pulse (SP) and collinear double pulse (DP) LIBS arrangements. By deploying the second laser pulse, the sensitivity was improved up to 30 times. The optimized SP and DP setups were then employed for the indirect detection of human serum albumin based on immunoassay with UCNP-based labels. Compared to our previous LIBS study, the detection limit was enhanced by two orders of magnitude, from 10 ng mL−1 to 0.29 ng mL−1. In addition, two other immunochemical methods were used for reference, based on the readout of upconversion luminescence of UCNPs and absorbance measurement with enzyme labels. Finally, the selectivity of the assay was tested and the practical potential of Tag-LIBS was demonstrated by the successful analysis of urine samples. In this work, we improved the sensitivity of the Tag-LIBS method by combining new labels based on UCNPs with the improved collection optics and collinear DP configuration. In the instrumental setup optimization, the DP LIBS showed better sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio than SP. The optimizations allowed the LIBS readout to surpass the sensitivity of enzyme immunoassay, approaching the qualities of upconversion luminescence readout, which is nowadays a state-of-the-art readout technique. [Display omitted] • Signal enhancement of double pulse LIBS for the detection of upconversion nanoparticles. • Immunoassay for human serum albumin with a detection limit of 0.29 ng mL−1. • Successful analysis of real urine samples. • Close correlation of LIBS with ELISA and upconversion scanner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Design guidelines for a unique double-gated TFET-based biosensor (DG-TFET-BS) • Identifying main factor(s) affecting DG-TFET-BS performance with < 100 % fill-factor. • Projected DG-TFET-BS outperforming its MOS counterpart (MES) in sensing performance. • Capturing the change in biomolecule properties (k-value, diameter) with temperature. • More stability of MES against temperature and position variability than DG-TFET-BS. In this paper, marking the first instance, we introduce design guidelines for a unique double-gate TFET-based biosensor, considering the practical aspect of a non-100% fill-factor in the nanogap cavity, facilitating the successful conjugation and detection of diverse biomolecules with varying diameters and k-values. Throughout our study, we have sought to identify the most influential parameter(s) among k-value, fill-factor, and gate-oxide thickness, impacting the biosensor's sensing performance. Intriguingly, we have discovered that the complex interplay of electrostatics in the device is governed by a collective effect of these parameters, affecting sensing performance. Nevertheless, optimizing the nanogap cavity thickness is a trade-off between performance and fabrication complexity. Subsequently, we have conducted a comparison between the proposed biosensor and its MOS counterpart, evaluating their sensitivity, and stability against temperature fluctuation and position variability. While the projected TFET-based biosensor excels in sensitivity, it lags in the latter two aspects, making the choice between the two types of biosensors application-specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Regulation strategies for the structure and properties of graphitic carbon nitride were summarized. • Recent advances in sensing applications of graphitic carbon nitride were reviewed. • Prospects and challenges for the application of graphitic carbon nitride were discussed. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN), as a nanomaterial, has garnered significant attention due to its excellent biocompatibility and superior photoelectric properties. This paper provides an overview of the recent advancements in g-CN nanomaterials (g-C 3 N 4 , g-C 3 N 5) within the realm of biological detection. It commences with a discussion on the synthesis of g-CN materials, followed by photoelectric properties regulation through various modification strategies such as element doping and heterostructure construction. Furthermore, it delves into the applications of g-CN in detection field including protein, nucleic acids, small biological molecules, metal ions, environmental pollutants. Lastly, we present an overview of the opportunities and challenges in the development of g-CN materials, looking towards future prospects. In order to synthesize and apply g-CN nanomaterials in a sustainable manner, it is crucial to prioritize environmental friendliness and focus on building biosensors that are recyclable, cost-effective, and integrated. The aim of this review is to inspire further development and application of g-CN based materials in the field of biological detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phospholipids are key biomolecules with important roles as components of membranes, lipoproteins and as signalling molecules. However, phospholipids are quite prone to oxidation. Upon oxidation they generate several types of oxidation products including long chain oxidation products, as hydroperoxyl and hydroxy derivatives, and highly reactive oxidation products, like small aldehydes and truncated oxidized phospholipids. The formation of protein adducts with small electrophilic aldehydes (like malondialdehyde) is now well studied, however, the aggregation of proteins with truncated oxidized phospholipids lacks research. This paper provides a short overview of the formation of protein adducts with truncated oxidized phospholipids as well as a gathering of the research on this topic. The literature found reports the synthesis, detection and fragmentation of this type of adducts, mainly focusing on truncated oxidized phospholipid' products from phosphatidylcholine class and few peptides and proteins, as human serum albumin and Apo B100, leaving unattended the screening in vivo and in disease correlation, thus lacking possible association with their biological role. These adducts are a consequence of oxidative modifications to important biomolecules and their involvement in the organism is still unclear, revealing the urgent need for more investigation in this area. [Display omitted] • Adducts of proteins with truncated oxidized phospholipids are under studied. • Adduct formation may alter protein function. • Mass spectrometry is the technique of choice to study protein-oxPL adducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raman imaging has been employed for a wide range of biological sample analyses, is often chosen for its non-invasiveness, and ability to provide rich information from samples with minimal preparation requirements. In this paper we give a brief overview of the applications of spontaneous Raman imaging in bioanalysis and then consider what Raman imaging in 2050 might look like. We discuss the state of Raman imaging around its inception, then provide a snapshot of current technology, then look towards 2050. We then discuss some of the potential bottlenecks for the continuing development of Raman imaging for biological sample analysis and, where appropriate, outline approaches to overcome these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]