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An extensive literature base has investigated women's underrepresentation in decision-making positions with sport organizations, yet women's access to these positions remains limited. Diversification strategies, based on distributive justice, have failed to create further opportunities. A new approach is needed to address this latent issue. The concept of gender allyship is presented to address the limitations of distributive justice paradigms that involves men and women to work as members of a coalition to improve gender equity in sport organizations. Utilizing grounded theory, this paper presents the core category of awareness and related subcategories self-awareness, organizational awareness, and industry awareness, as a means of informing the performance of gender allyship. The findings provide interesting theoretical and empirical implications for understanding the development of awareness, its subcategories, and how it contributes to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractDeath is commonly accepted as the irreversible ending of all biological functions that keep an organism alive. However, understanding death is more complicated than merely comprehending the biological elements of death. Beyond the biological elements of death, it is also critical to understand death’s social, cognitive, and environmental aspects as they influence death awareness, death anxiety, grief and bereavement, and death education. This paper explores the development of mature death concept in children, from early childhood to adolescence. Drawing on a range of developmental and death awareness theoretical frameworks, the authors create a comprehensive model describing the development of mature death concept. The goal of this paper is to propose one theoretical perspective that connects traditional cognitive, socioemotional, and ecological developmental theories with current death awareness theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aim Methods & Procedures Outcomes & Results Conclusions & Implications WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS What is already known on the subject What this paper adds to existing knowledge What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Speech and language therapists (SLTs) play an important role in assessing and rehabilitating communication disorders in people with dementia, but there is evidence to suggest that they do not receive appropriate training to provide management and support during their training.To investigate the level of awareness and knowledge that practising SLTs from Brazil have about dementia and their role in the care of dementia through an online survey.An online survey tool was developed to collect information from practising Brazilian SLTs regarding their knowledge about dementia, awareness about their role in the care of people with dementia, and opinions on how SLTs may be better prepared to work in the dementia field. The survey was disseminated via social media, websites, and e‐mail lists of researchers and stakeholders.A total of 227 SLTs completed the survey. Participants showed good knowledge of dementia in general, while their answers were less accurate on primary progressive aphasia. Regarding the awareness by SLTs of their role in the care of people with dementia, most agreed or strongly agreed that SLTs could help people in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of dementia (> 80%). However, fewer participants agreed or strongly agreed that they felt confident in contributing to the treatment and diagnosis process of dementia (about 50%). To improve the training of SLTs in Brazil, most participants believed that it would be necessary to improve the teaching of dementia at the undergraduate speech and language therapy curriculum level and to develop recommendations or guidelines about speech and language therapy practice in dementia.The results of this survey point to a need for improvement in the knowledge and confidence of Brazilian SLTs about dementia. To reach this goal, targeted training courses and applied practice opportunities should be embedded within university curricula and training programmes. Many studies confirm the importance of speech and language therapy in the non‐pharmacological treatment of people with dementia. However, other evidence suggests to a possible lack of training for Brazilian SLTs, especially in the curriculum of undergraduate courses. This study reveals that Brazilian SLTs have substantial knowledge of dementia and recognize the significance of their role in treating people with dementia. However, a minority expressed confidence in their ability to assess and treat people with dementia. The findings of this research demonstrate that Brazilian SLTs have good knowledge of dementia and endorse their professional role in dementia care; however, they lack confidence in their own skills and expertise in diagnostic assessment and treatment of dementia. Interventions aimed at boosting the SLT's confidence level could lead to improved patients outcomes and overall quality of care within clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of English and its increasing importance in intercultural encounters have challenged essentialist perspectives of culture in English language teaching. In addition to using English as a means of communication, students are expected to develop intercultural awareness, which allows them to analyse and reflect on their intercultural encounters and to participate in social activities. Such a need draws great attention to language teachers' perceptions of and engagement in intercultural teaching. As a narrative inquiry, this paper examines the reflections of English language practitioners who have returned from an overseas study experience and have become English language teachers in China. It focuses on their study abroad experiences, encompassing both their achievements and challenges in the context of intercultural learning, and examines how these experiences have influenced their current involvement in intercultural teaching. The findings help shed light on the shifts in teachers' perceptions of intercultural encounters and how the processes of making sense of intercultural experiences inform their orientation towards intercultural learning. The paper considers the importance of helping teachers use their experiential understanding of language and culture to generate a critical pedagogical stance to promote intercultural education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a collaboration between advocacy organisation, Sweltering Cities, artists and researchers who developed a multi-site research project that provided South West Sydney residents an opportunity to engage in drama and poetry workshops that gave voice to their lived experience of rising surface temperatures, as well as their desire for environmental protection and climate action. The research featured in this paper contributes to previous research that finds aesthetic modes of engagement to be powerful with regard to ecological awareness, capable of being a positive motivator of small shifts in thinking which are a precursor to climate action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are becoming widely considered in remote healthcare monitoring applications. However, WBAN nodes have limited resources; therefore, effective and reliable routing protocols are pivotal research challenges. Furthermore, balancing the traffic load among sensor nodes is also highly required to increase network stability. In recent years, many interesting routing solutions have been proposed for WBANs; however, the significant feature in terms of stability and energy in these solutions has not been sufficiently addressed. Therefore, in this context, the Hot‐Sspot Aaware Multicost‐based Energy‐efficient Routing (H‐SAMER) protocol is proposed in this paper. The suggested protocol used multieffective cost function for next‐hop node selection based on the data type, where the patient's data are categorized into three classes: normal data, on‐demand data, and emergency data. Furthermore, the H‐SAMER protocol adds awareness to the transmission of control packets by adding the cost value to the RREQ packets. Thus, the simulation scenario shows that the H‐SAMER saves energy 8.57%, 88%, 98%, 97%, and 100% greater than E‐HARP, EH‐RCP, CO‐LAEEBA, EECBSR, and ELR‐W, respectively. Moreover, the first node death of the proposed H‐SAMER is delayed to round number 7500, which proves H‐SAMER to be a stable and reliable effective solution for WBANs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first large-scale study of resources as a form of language management – that is, a way of influencing children's language practices. We introduce the distinction between child-directed resources (i.e. those providing parents with opportunities to engage with their children in the languages they are transmitting) and parent-directed resources (i.e. those providing parents with information about multilingual child-rearing). This study focused on the awareness and use of, as well as the desire for, such resources among Québec-based parents (n = 819) raising infants/toddlers (0-4 years) with multiple languages in the home. Data were collected with a questionnaire. Quantitative data were analyzed statistically, and qualitative data were analyzed using a computer assisted discourse study. We compared parents transmitting at least one immigrant heritage language – usually in addition to English and/or French (HL parents), and parents transmitting only English and French (non-HL parents). Overall, the findings show that non-HL parents were comparatively satisfied with existing child- and parent-directed resources in English and French. By contrast, HL parents had a stronger desire for additional resources in their HLs. All parents desired multilingual resources. The paper discusses the theoretical and practical contributions of this study as well as directions for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapidly emerging development of technology-mediated tourism experiences and place-based digital services for visitors, there is a lack of awareness regarding the spatial implications of technological implementations. Based on a participatory action research method applied in this study on five research-based destination development projects in Sweden, we propose a spatially sensible approach when developing enhanced experiences for visitors through digital technology. This paper is motivated by the emerging criticism of how media technology is shaping and reshaping spaces. Drawing on the theoretical underpinnings of the growing field of geomedia studies, we propose "geomedia sensibility" as a way to offer a sensible approach in the co-creation of digital experiences at destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a two-layer network model featuring inherent community structures is introduced to examine the interplay between awareness transmission and epidemic spreading. The model incorporates an unaware-aware-unaware (UAU) framework within the informational upper layer, shaped by community structures, and a susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) paradigm within the epidemic lower layer. The role of individual self-awareness is also considered, with the hypothesis that individuals spontaneously become aware of the disease when the local awareness rate in their vicinity exceeds a predetermined threshold. The epidemic threshold is delineated through the application of the microscopic Markov chain approach (MMCA). Findings indicate that the individual self-awareness mechanism impacts epidemic thresholds in a dual-phase manner, with distinct high and low threshold stages. It is observed that when the community structure remains static, fluctuations in the transmission probability of awareness — whether intra-community or inter-community — do not significantly influence the threshold or the ultimate scale of the epidemic. Analysis suggests that a denser community structure, along with increased inter-community connectivity, facilitates the spread of awareness and effectively suppresses the propagation of the epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractLittle research has examined the aspects of PMs’ use among individuals who are blind or visually impaired (BVI) who face extra challenges while entering credentials, such as low typing rates, low typing accuracy, shoulder surfing attacks, and verification of the entered data. This paper explores how knowledgeable BVI individuals are of digital security threats; the status of accessibility in security software; awareness of PMs among BVI; and the factors that drive rejection or adoption of PMs. Our findings revealed that the self-reported knowledge of digital security threats is high; there are many accessibility shortcomings in various security software; and the awareness of PMs among BVI individuals is relatively high, although actual use is far less. About 1/4-th of the participants in the study who tried using PMs rejected them. We found that inaccessibility, cross-platform differences, and security concerns as the top rejection factors. By contrast, convenience, effort saving, and accuracy were the primary adoption factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When I fiddle with my hair, or adjust my posture, it is plausible that these activities fall well below my cognitive radar. Some have argued that these are examples of ‘sub‐intentional actions’, actions which are not intentional under any description at all. If true, they are direct counterexamples to the dominant view on which the difference between actions and other events is their intentionality. In this paper, I argue that the case for sub‐intentional actions fails. Firstly, I show that the main argument for the sub‐intentionality of these actions has a structural fault. Secondly, I argue that two apparently natural ways to remedy this fail. Thirdly, I argue that one of the main arguments for thinking of the phenomena as actions undermines thinking of them as sub‐intentional. Finally, I argue that a natural defensive move for the defender of sub‐intentional actions actually undermines the theoretical significance of the view. Ultimately, my aim is to show that although the case for sub‐intentional actions seemed both simple and compelling, it is in fact deeply troubled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education is an essential part of ecotourism, and first-hand experiences in nature can lead to increased awareness and concern for the environment. Environmental education in ecotourism, however, is generally shaped by anthropocentric views of human-nature relationships which emphasise human exceptionalism and human agency in protecting nature. This paper re-imagines child-nature relationships in ecotourism through a post-humanist lens, based on semi-structured interviews with professionals in ecotourism, conservation and education. We set out to re-imagine how conservation awareness may be promoted among young children by de-constructing the human-nature binaries and stewardship pedagogies upon which environmental education and conservation are founded. The research shows that ecotourism sites can provide an ideal space for nature-based learning with young children. This requires thinking differently when planning outdoor spaces for young children, by inviting them to construct understandings of the interconnectedness of nature, and to learn and intra-act with the more-than-human world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In software development, developer turnover is among the primary reasons for project failures, leading to a great void of knowledge and strain for newcomers. Unfortunately, no established methods exist to measure how the problem domain knowledge is distributed among developers. Awareness of how this knowledge evolves and is owned by key developers in a project helps stakeholders reduce risks caused by turnover. To this end, this paper introduces a novel, realistic representation of problem domain knowledge distribution: the ConceptRealm. To construct the ConceptRealm, we employ a latent Dirichlet allocation model to represent textual features obtained from 300 K issues and 1.3 M comments from 518 open‐source projects. We analyze whether the newly emerged issues and developers share similar concepts or how aligned the individual developers' concepts are with the team over time. We also investigate the impact of leaving developers on the frequency of concepts. Finally, we also evaluate the soundness of our approach on a closed‐source software project, thus allowing the validation of the results from a practical standpoint. We find out that the ConceptRealm can represent the problem domain knowledge within a project and can be utilized to predict the alignment of developers with issues. We also observe that projects exhibit many keepers independent of project maturity and that abruptly leaving keepers correlates with a decline of their core concepts as the remaining developers cannot quickly familiarize themselves with those concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Even in severe states of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD), accounts of an unexpected or paradoxical return of awareness and lucidity have been reported in some patients, documented formally, and studied. Objective: A scoping review was undertaken to survey the literature on the topic. Methods: Five databases were searched using pertinent search terms. Results were deduplicated and subsequently screened by title and abstract for relevance. Remaining reports were read and included or excluded using specific inclusion criteria. 30 results consisted of a mix of perspective papers, case reports, qualitative surveys of caregivers, law journal comments, and mechanistic speculation. Results: An equal mix of primary and secondary research was identified. Conclusions: The papers collected in this review provide a valuable methodological outline for researching the topic of lucid episodes in ADRD. The verified legitimacy and simultaneous inexplicability of these events promote philosophical discussion, mechanistic investigations, and sorely needed research in the field of ADRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What: Regarding education, disability inequality is arguably a structural and systemic issue. The social model of disability, enshrined in teacher education programs in the UK, espouses the ways in which school environments, rather than disabled children themselves, need to adapt and change. However, the role of psychology in addressing disability-related systemic injustice is less clear. The aim of this paper is to consider the potential role of the psychology of education in working towards disability justice in schools. Why? Many inclusive teacher-education programmes set out the ways in which environments may be created to include disabled children. Psychologists have focused on disabled children's needs to access and participate in the classroom, but often do not consider their exclusion in social model terms, from curriculum materials, classroom displays, or material culture more generally. Favazza and colleagues (e.g. 2017) now offer a sizeable body of research showing that disability representation in school classrooms is negligible. This lack of representation is reflected among the staff in the teaching profession, where the 2016 census suggests that 0.5% of English teaching staff declared a disability (DfE, 2017), and more recent census data show that disability data were not collected (DfE, 2023a). It is this lack of representation of disabled people and its possible psychological underpinnings that this paper addresses. How? This paper uses social and affirmative model lenses to (a) explore the ways in which disability may be seen as a structural inequality in contemporary UK education and (b) suggest ways in which researchers and practitioners in the Psychology of Education may work towards disability justice. This may be achieved by considering extant research practice and through research focusing on the perceptions of and attitudes towards disability, alongside existing psychological work that focuses on disabled children's individual needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's age, we see the increasing influence of technology on people, which begs to raise the question: "Is society determined by technology?" Rising up within the constraints of each society, technology had its limitations, as it catered to the needs and interests of the masses. As society evolved, so did its requirements. We are at a stage where dependence on technology has gone through the roof with new innovations coming up in the sector, the rise of artificial intelligence, for instance. Technology has replaced the concept of being a mere tool and is creating/demanding space of its own. With advancements in various fields like robotics which churn out machines that can mimic human behaviour and are equipped with anthropomorphic features, it has become rather difficult to view them as mere commodities waiting for one's (human master's) command. Keeping this in view, the paper primarily focuses on the relationship between society and technology, with special emphasis on artificial intelligence, through an analysis of the films Ra One (Bollywood), Android Kunjappan (Mollywood), and Ironman 3 (Hollywood). Secondarily, an experimental study was carried out to know the perception of the Engineering students, the future technologists, who are the stakeholders of the 21st-century technological world, with an aim to know their perception of technology and bring an awareness of the limitations of technology and its role in the creation of utopian and dystopian world. Finally, the paper examines the consequence of technological determinism and autonomy from a colonial perspective and intends to bring preparedness among the students to perceive technology conscious of its limitation and bring harmony between society and technology that leads towards building a utopian world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines and explores the challenges, issues, and problems with their solutions regarding Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education along with the awareness enjoyed by science teachers. The selection of papers for this study was done through systematic literature review techniques. The 11 themes were generated through the thematic analysis of the papers that is, STEM education and its awareness; its challenges, issues, and problems; its curriculum; inquiry and learning environment; technologies; learning and models of integration; a blended learning approach; students' problem-solving abilities and skills; its implementation and evaluation; it's research and current trends; and interdisciplinary collaboration and intervention. Policy and planning, infrastructure, and the state of society were found the main factors of the poor conditions of STEM education. STEM research studies suggest that a curriculum with a blended learning approach has to be integrated by interventions of models depicting technological and inquiry-based environments to bring awareness among teachers, which strengthens the students' problem-solving abilities and skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change enhanced by human beings has become one of the greatest challenges humanity has faced in its entire existence. In this paper, an analysis is made of the variables that influence the environmental perception of the population of thirty countries —28 European countries, USA and China—, in order to estimate the most explanatory factors and identify the causes of the appreciable differences in awareness between States. The study is based on a representative survey conducted between 2021 and 2022 among more than thirty thousand people in the above-mentioned countries. After a first level of aggregate analysis to establish perceptual differences between States, a more detailed study is carried out which, after considering a wide variety of socio-demographic variables, leads to the conclusion that the population’s perception and awareness of the climate issue is markedly ideological. Nevertheless, within what is conventionally understood as awareness, it is possible to differentiate between multiple aspects: awareness of the seriousness, perception of impacts, predisposition to an eventual change in habits, support for government measures, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, higher education (HE) faces new challenges, such as incorporating consideration of diversity and inclusion into its operations. Such challenges, many of which are part of strategic institutional plans, offer teachers an opportunity to introduce new practices in the classroom. In this paper, we look at introducing language students to the task of audio description (AD) – that is, making visual content available to blind and visually impaired people by verbal means. We first present a framework for evaluating the learning that might derive from such an activity in the context of FL study, and then use this framework to evaluate a sequence of five tasks undertaken with Irish learners of Spanish. The tasks provided opportunities for the students to reflect on the communication needs of blind and visually impaired people and to understand how these could be addressed effectively in AD. The students practised AD in various contexts: both 'improvised' or 'spontaneous' AD as well as more carefully prepared AD, and undertaking AD in both the L1 (English) and the FL (Spanish). The pedagogic approach investigated here was inherently multidisciplinary and aimed to help learners become self-reflecting agents and mediators in their L1 and FL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune condition that can highly impact patients' quality of life (QoL). However, there is a lack of knowledge about SLE, affecting the general population and health care professionals (HCPs) alike. This lack of knowledge has negative implications for patients and the healthcare system, worsening prognosis, negatively impacting QoL, and increasing healthcare utilization. The aim of this paper is to draw attention, according to the perspective of the participants of this study, to the lack of awareness of SLE and its consequences in Spain, and to suggest improvements. Patients and methods: This qualitative, descriptive, observational, multicenter, and cross-sectional study included 40 patients with moderate or severe SLE, recruited during their routine visits in six university hospitals in Spain. The study also included 11 caregivers and 9 HCPs. All participants were individually interviewed. Data from the interviews were coded and analyzed thematically by two anthropologists following a phenomenological perspective. Results: Our study identified a lack of disease awareness among primary care physicians, emergency medicine doctors, and other specialists treating SLE symptomatology. This led to diagnostic delays, which had a clinical and emotional impact on patients. Furthermore, symptom awareness was found to be context dependent. Differences in symptom awareness between HCPs and patients led to a mismatch between the severity evaluation made by doctors and patients. Some HCPs did not consider the limitations of the current severity evaluation of SLE, and therefore attributed symptoms potentially caused by SLE to the unfavorable socioeconomic conditions patients lived in. Finally, a lack of social awareness among friends, family members, and romantic partners led to lower social support, increased isolation, and negative physical and emotional impact for patients. Gender differences in the provision of support were identified. Conclusion: This study highlights the need to increase SLE awareness among patients, HCPs, and the broader public in order to improve patient QoL. Being aware of the clinical and emotional impact of such lack of awareness, as well as the role played by context on the patient experience of SLE, is a crucial step towards achieving this goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the correlation of ResearchGate among the faculties of sciences in the central universities of North-East India using Altmetrics approaches. As more innovation is seen and the discipline is in its early stages, the Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology is the primary study area. The study focuses primarily on faculty activities on the ResearchGate platform, which include frequency of publications, citations, research interest, number of followers and followings, and various publication formats. It has also sparked interest in determining the relationships between different ResearchGate metrics. According to the study, most faculties have good citation scores and an average number of publications. The survey analysis reveals a lack of awareness, concentration, and dedication to the development of the disciplines. The result of the investigation shall serve as a pathway for various future goals for selfimprovement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cybersecurity Awareness INventory (CAIN) was introduced by Tempestini and colleagues (2023, “The Cybersecurity Awareness INventory (CAIN): Early Phases of Development of a Tool for Assessing Cybersecurity Knowledge Based on the ISO/IEC 27032.” Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy 3 (1): 61–75) as a proficiency test designed to estimate individuals’ knowledge of cyber threats. The questionnaire was based on ISO/IEC 27032:2012 (Information Technology – Security Techniques – Guidelines for Cybersecurity) and consisted of 46 items. In this paper, we present the results of a survey study conducted on a sample of 1511 Italian workers belonging to the same large organisation. The administration of the CAIN to an Italian sample forced us to make an adaptation to the Italian language of the questionnaire. Using Rasch analysis, we improved the CAIN by eliminating some items that did not fit the expected response patterns, leading to a newer and more parsimonious 30-item version. the CAIN score was also used as the dependent variable in a series of ANOVA designs using several security behaviours as factors. That allowed us to test its predictive validity, confirming the ability of the instrument to discriminate between different user profiles with respect to reported security behaviours. Overall, the revised test showed better performance in terms of reliability and validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast scenario transfer for portrait styles has been a universal concern in the area of image processing. Conventionally, it was realized mostly by manual manipulation based on expertise experience, which costs a large amount of human labor. To fit the growing business volume in the era of Internet 4.0, it is supposed to investigate reliable autonomous workflow that generates portrait-style results via intelligent algorithms. Therefore, this paper proposes a fast scenario transfer method for portrait styles through collaborative awareness of convolutional neural network (CNN) and generative learning (GAL). On the one hand, a CNN structure is designed to make feature extraction towards the initial images, which can be used for following image generation. On the other hand, the GAL is utilized to generate new images with post-transferred scenario styles, so that the expected scenario style transfer results can be output by generating new images through long-term iterations. Especially, the loss function is designed by simultaneously considering local and global characteristics. Finally, the analysis and experimental results show that the correction process can be completed by injecting the extracted input face features into the feature maps of corresponding sizes in the generation process using a pre-trained feature extractor. Thus, the face conversion efficiency can be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaboration in extended reality (XR) environments presents complex challenges that revolve around how users perceive the presence, intentions, and actions of their collaborators. This paper delves into the intricate realm of group awareness, focusing specifically on workspace awareness and the innovative visual cues designed to enhance user comprehension. The research begins by identifying a spectrum of collaborative situations drawn from an analysis of XR prototypes in the existing literature. Then, we describe and introduce a novel classification for workspace awareness, along with an exploration of visual cues recently employed in research endeavors. Lastly, we present the key findings and shine a spotlight on promising yet unexplored topics. This work not only serves as a reference for experienced researchers seeking to inform the design of their own collaborative XR applications but also extends a welcoming hand to newcomers in this dynamic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Endometriosis affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age and leads to significant morbidity and financial burden. Consequently, countries such as France and Germany are formulating strategies to combat endometriosis. In this study, we propose the implementation of our three‐dimensional model (3D‐E) to raise awareness about endometriosis and enhance timely diagnosis, treatment, and long‐term care for affected patients. Methods: Based on the adapted Six Sigma Principle and the modified recommendation of Sales et al. for implementing evidence‐based findings into a clinical routine, we first conducted a comprehensive investigation to identify risk factors leading to diagnostic delay of endometriosis. After identifying improvable factors, the applicable options were selected due to defined criteria such as integrability in the clinical routine, cost‐effectiveness, and evidence‐based‐principle. Finally, solutions feasible for health care providers were integrated and the 3D‐E model was established. Results: Some of the main risk factors contributing to diagnostic delays are symptoms acceptance and misinterpreted symptoms, especially if presenting to nongynecologists in cases of extragenital endometriosis with atypical presentation. Therefore, we tried to sensitize colleagues (first dimension) with a review paper in Germany's largest medical journal and started an elective for medical students (second dimension) at our university. In order to involve additional health care professionals in endometriosis care (third dimension), we are preparing the concept of the EndoNurse. Conclusion: The 3D‐E model is a relatively low‐cost, comprehensive, and worldwide adaptable approach for facilitating knowledge transfer, sensitizing health care providers, and improving endometriosis diagnostics and therapy for patients with endometriosis who are in the center of the model. Synopsis: The 3D‐E model could have the potential to be a first step to improve endometriosis awareness and care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an intertextual and culture-specific expression, allusion activates two texts simultaneously, embedding them with intended meaning from the source culture but not necessarily in the target culture. In the context of L1 translation being the majority, allusions can be puzzles that cause "cultural bumps" for translators unfamiliar with the source culture and language. It is a concern whether translators can accurately and appropriately handle allusions, e.g., proper-name and key-phrase allusions. This paper focused on the novice translator's utilization of translation strategies in both directions of translation to find out how they deal with proper-name allusions and what might influence their choice of strategies. The results suggest that the translators have distinct preferences for the strategies used to translate proper-name allusions in both directions of translation. The findings further identified potential factors that motivated the novice translators' decision-making process. They revealed their translation competence and awareness that may influence the decision-making of translators handling proper-name allusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As part of the Federal Government of Nigeria's desire to increase medical coverage among the citizenry, the National Emergency Medical Service and Ambulance Scheme (NEMSAS) was set up and piloted in the FCT in 2022. To gauge the progress so far, this study sought to assess the level and determinants of public awareness and utilization of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) among residents of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2023 among 1177 respondents residing in FCT Abuja at the time of the survey. Data was collected by trained research assistants using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and purposive sampling was adopted. The level of awareness and the socio-demographic determinants of the level of awareness in the FCT were assessed. Logistic regression was used to find predictors of EMS awareness and utilization. Results: 57.8% of respondents are aware of EMS, while 42.2% are not. 62.7% are uncertain about the source of information for EMS with only a minority relying on word of mouth (17.7%), traditional media (11.1%), or social media (8.5%). 91.4% have not accessed or utilized EMS via the toll-free emergency line, while only 8.6% reported doing so. There are median EMS awareness and utilization differences across gender, age, location, and employment status of the respondents. Additionally, the multivariate logistic regression showed that age, location, and employment status are significant predictors of EMS awareness and utilization. Males have lower odds of awareness and utilization of EMS compared to females. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between EMS access and utilization (Chi-square = 80.748, p < 0.001). However, awareness did not necessarily translate to utilization. Conclusion: The relationship between EMS awareness and utilization and the unmasked predictors in this paper should be factored into the design of interventions to increase access and utilization of EMS in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large quantity of resident space objects orbiting Earth poses a threat to safety and efficient operations in space. Radar sensors are well suited to detecting objects in space including decommissioned satellites and debris, whereas the more commonly used optical sensors are limited by daylight and weather conditions. Observations of three non-operational satellites using a VHF radar system are presented in this paper in the form of micro Doppler signatures associated with rotational motion. Micro Doppler signatures are particularly useful for characterising resident space objects at VHF given the limited bandwidth resulting in poor range resolution. Electromagnetic simulations of the micro Doppler signatures of the defunct satellites are also presented using simple computer-aided design (CAD) models to assist with interpretation of the radar observations. The simulated micro Doppler results are verified using the VHF radar data and provide insight into the attitude and spin axis of the three resident space objects. As future work, this approach will be extended to a larger number of resident space objects which requires a automated processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 21st century, people are trying alternative methods for solving their disputes instead of the traditional legal system, these methods and systems are called Alternative dispute resolution methods. These alternative methods are known by various names such as mediation, arbitration, and conciliation. It has deep roots in Pakistan's history, it is known by the name of jirgas and panchayat, but such mechanisms had no legal status. To give legal status to it, new laws have been introduced by the parliament to establish a legal body for solving community-level disputes, and it is now known as the Dispute Resolution Council (DRC). DRCs have become a well-liked and practical method for settling disputes in the community. It has community representatives and leaders who offer quick and convenient ways to resolve disputes as compared to the traditional legal system. However, despite its recognition and acceptance in the community, It still faces several problems and challenges, that need to be addressed to increase the effectiveness of the DRCs. To find these challenges and issues, the researcher has used the qualitative method for finding the answers to the research questions. Among the difficulties that are identified are a lack of trained staff, proper funding, low awareness in the public and confidence, lack of expertise to deal with complex issues, and likeness in the appointment of the members. It is suggested in the research paper that the government should allocate proper funding to the DRCs, arrange proper training for the members of the members, enhance public awareness and confidence, better interaction with the formal judicial system, strong monitoring system, and proper legislation for the appointment of its members. These suggestions if put into practice will guarantee that DRCs in Pakistan offer the citizens easy, accessible, cheap, and effective justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1947 independence was unsuccessful as far as the conservation of architecture monuments in Pakistan. The awareness and the importance of preserving architecture monuments that prevailed during the British time was majorly absent after independence. Lack of awareness lead to the disappearance of architecture monument‟s works and the plundering of many others. The paper focuses on the study of Nawab Nusrat Khan Tomb, which has been one of the victims of these negligence and policy changes. The monument has been neglected to this time under various different government conservation policies and surrounding pressures to this day. The monument to till day exist within a strong site context and if not conserved or worked upon would deteriorate. The present study establishes a methodological basis to proceed with the conservation policy of many of these disappeared architecture monuments‟ with keeping in mind the limited resources. So, to stop the further decay of these buildings and to preserve them for future generations. One of the major reasons for selecting this tomb is nothing has been written or documented about the tomb to this day. In order to save for the next generation. A minimum conceptual framework is developed with minimum resources so that many other monuments like these can be conserved or documented before they totally diminish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of nutrition information on a nutrition label is to communicate to consumers the nutritional content of prepackaged foods so that they would be able to identify healthy foods before purchase. Many systematic reviews in the area of consumer awareness, knowledge, understanding, and use of nutrition labels have focused on the United States, Canada, Asia, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, and little attention has been given to African countries. To review the state of consumer awareness, knowledge, understanding, and use of nutrition labels within the African region, identify barriers to the use of nutrition labels, identify consumers who are more likely to use labels, and assess the factors that affect purchasing decisions. Searches were done in electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, Web of Science) and the reference lists of relevant research articles (back referencing). The review was limited to cross-sectional peer-reviewed research articles which were published in the English Language between January 2000 and June 2022. Twenty-six peer-reviewed papers from 10 African countries that met our inclusion criteria are included in this systematic review. The overall crude means of levels of awareness, knowledge, understanding, and use of nutrition labels were found to be 74.2%, 56.4%, 45.3%, and 69.1%, respectively. Consumer levels of knowledge and understanding of nutrition labels across the 10 African countries were low compared to the awareness and use of nutrition labels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Awareness and human factors are becoming ever more important in cybersecurity, particularly in the context of small companies that may need more resources to deal with cybersecurity effectively. This paper introduces a theoretical framework for game analysis of the role of awareness in strategic interactions between the manager and a hacker. A computable approach is proposed based on Bayesian updating to model awareness in a cybersecurity context. The process of gaining awareness considers the manager's perception of the properties of the hacker's actions, game history, and common knowledge. The role of awareness in strategy choices and outcomes is analyzed and simulated, providing insights into decision-making processes for managers and highlighting the need to consider probabilistic assessments of threats and the effectiveness of countermeasures. The accuracy of the initial frequencies plays a significant role in the manager's success, with aligned frequencies leading to optimal results. Inaccurate information on prior frequencies still outperforms complete uncertainty, emphasizing the value of any available intelligence. However, the results suggest that other awareness modeling approaches are necessary to enhance the manager's agility and adaptiveness when the prior frequencies do not reflect the immediate attacker's type, indicating the need for improved intelligence about cyber-attacks and examinations of different awareness modeling approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speech emotion recognition is of great significance in the industry such as social robots, health care, and intelligent education. Due to the obscurity of emotional expression in speech, most works on speech emotion recognition (SER) ignore the consistency of speech emotion recognition, leading to fuzzy expression and low accuracy in emotional recognition. In this paper, we propose a semantic aware speech emotion recognition model to alleviate this issue. Specifically, a speech feature extraction module based on CNN and Transformer is designed to extract local and global information from the speech. Moreover, a semantic embedding support module is proposed to use text semantic information as auxiliary information to assist the model in extracting emotional features of speech, and can effectively overcome the problem of low recognition rate caused by emotional ambiguity. In addition, the model uses a key-value pair attention mechanism to fuse the features, which makes the fusion of speech and text features preferable. In experiments on two benchmark corpora IEMOCAP and EMO-DB, the recognition rates of 74.3% and 72.5% were obtained under respectively, which show that the proposed model can significantly improve the accuracy of emotion recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most significant problems affecting a concrete bridge's safety is cracks. However, detecting concrete bridge cracks is still challenging due to their slender nature, low contrast, and background interference. The existing convolutional methods with square kernels struggle to capture crack features effectively, fail to perceive the long-range dependencies between crack regions, and have weak suppression ability for background noises, leading to low detection precision of bridge cracks. To address this problem, a multi-stage feature aggregation and structure awareness network (MFSA-Net) for pixel-level concrete bridge crack detection is proposed in this paper. Specifically, in the coding stage, a structure-aware convolution block is proposed by combining square convolution with strip convolution to perceive the linear structure of concrete bridge cracks. Square convolution is used to capture detailed local information. In contrast, strip convolution is employed to interact with the local features to establish the long-range dependence relationship between discrete crack regions. Unlike the self-attention mechanism, strip convolution also suppresses background interference near crack regions. Meanwhile, the feature attention fusion block is presented for fusing features from the encoder and decoder at the same stage, which can sharpen the edges of concrete bridge cracks. In order to fully utilize the shallow detail features and deep semantic features, the features from different stages are aggregated to obtain fine-grained segmentation results. The proposed MFSA-Net was trained and evaluated on the publicly available concrete bridge crack dataset and achieved average results of 73.74%, 77.04%, 75.30%, and 60.48% for precision, recall, F1 score, and IoU, respectively, on three typical sub-datasets, thus showing optimal performance in comparison with other existing methods. MFSA-Net also gained optimal performance on two publicly available concrete pavement crack datasets, thereby indicating its adaptability to crack detection across diverse scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper puts forth a class of algebraic structures, relativized Boolean algebras (RBAs), that provide semantics for propositional logic in which truth/validity is only defined relative to a local domain. In particular, the join of an event and its complement need not be the top element. Nonetheless, behavior is locally governed by the laws of propositional logic. By further endowing these structures with operators—akin to the theory of modal Algebras—RBAs serve as models of modal logics in which truth is relative. In particular, modal RBAs provide semantics for various well-known awareness logics and an alternative view of possibility semantics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sartre maintains that "all consciousness is consciousness of something." Idiosyncratically, he also understands this "intentionality principle" to entail that what consciousness is "of" is necessarily distinct from it (or "outside of" it, or "transcendent to" it). Nonetheless, he also maintains that all consciousness is necessarily conscious of—or rather, "(of)"—itself in a non‐intentional (in his terms: "non‐positional/non‐thetic") manner. Given that this non‐positional/thetic self‐consciousness is not intentional, it is evidently immune to the "difference" principle, but this is less clear with respect to self‐reflection (which Sartre simply calls "reflection"). It seems impossible for reflection to be "intentional" because intentionality entails difference—yet it also seems problematic to consider reflection "non‐intentional" because it then becomes difficult to distinguish reflection from non‐positional/thetic self‐consciousness as such (which is inherently "unreflective"). This can be called Sartre's "dilemma of reflection." While Sartre seems to alternate between portraying reflection as intentional and as non‐intentional (it generally appears like the former), this paper argues that it should be conceived as both according to different respects. By piecing together various passages of Sartre's texts and drawing out their implications, Sartre can be shown to have the resources for an answer to his own dilemma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context and Background: The specialised land court in Zambia is known as the Lands Tribunal, and it was created in 1996 through the 1995 Lands Act. The Tribunal was established with the objective of achieving speedy, low cost, flexible and efficient means of settling conflicts over land. Inspite of being existence for 27 years, little has been done on the progress and challenges of the Lands Tribunal in resolving conflicts over land in the country. Goal and Objectives: This paper aims at establishing the progress made by the Lands Tribunal in resolving conflicts over land and investigating the challenges faced by the Lands Tribunal in resolving conflicts over land. Methodology: The study incorporated the use of both primary and secondary data collected between January and October 2023. Secondary data were obtained through documents which include peer-reviewed journal articles, theses, books, media, Zambian land laws, and technical reports. Secondary data was supplemented by primary data obtained from three purposively selected institutions: Lands Tribunal, Law Association of Zambia, and Zambia Land Alliance (Kitwe office). The data collection method used with the key informants was in-depth face-to-face interviews. Office management at each institution chose the key informant based on their expertise and experience on the subject. Results: In order to strengthen the Tribunal's operations, the Lands Tribunal Act of 2010 was enacted, enhancing the Tribunal's operations by granting it more authority and responsibilities (that is, expanding jurisdiction). Research findings showed that between 2014 and 2023, the Lands Tribunal handled 3318 cases. According to research findings, if the Tribunal was operating efficiently and effectively, it could have handled more than 3,318 cases between 2014 and 2022 considering the numerous problems facing the general courts which adversely affect the general public to resolve their land conflicts. However, the Tribunal could not handle more cases because of various challenges which include inadequate funding, Inadequate staff, poor conditions of service for members of the Tribunal, inadequate transport, delay in the delivery of judgments, low public awareness of the Lands Tribunal, centralised operations of the Lands Tribunal, and forum shopping [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assistive aerial teleoperation in unknown environments can be challenging due to the limited sensing range of cameras and the insufficient human–computer interaction. Obstacles occluding the field of view (FOV) of camera reduce the visibility of unknown environments, and it coupled with insufficient pilot instructions directly affect human intention recognition. To address this issue, the planned trajectory generated by assistive teleoperation should align with human intention while considering perception awareness (PA) of the FOV. However, most of the existing works considering PA solely increase the FOV visibility while neglect the human intention constraints. As a result, the PA constraints can cause the heading of the quadrotor to deviate from human expectation, requiring more human–computer interactions to correct it. In this paper, we propose a human-guided motion planner with perception awareness to solve these issues. Specifically, in the path-finding stage, we introduce a spatio-temporal path similarity metric method. This method, combined with motion primitive propagation, finds an initial path that is collision-free and roughly aligned with human intention. In the subsequent trajectory optimization stage, we jointly consider PA with respect to occlusion and human intention constraints, effectively optimizing FOV visibility without deviating the heading of quadrotor from human intention. Extensive experiments and benchmark comparisons demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method in solving assistive aerial teleoperation for even novice operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This article focuses on communication in team-based esports, particularly in the ways that callouts enable players in team-based First-Person Shooters (FPS) to collaboratively link their own perception and awareness of in-game actions to that of their teammates. Callouts are short, community-based utterances that players use to communicate vital details of fast-paced action in competitive games. Aim: We provide an empirically-based theorization of why callouts appear to be especially important in team-based FPS games, which, because of the limited fields of vision and split-second decision-making, require players to communicate what is happening to the others in the team as they navigate the game environment. Methods: To describe this distributed perception, we borrow from studies on active military settings that term this seeing together as interperceptivity and employ ethnomethodology in our analysis of the minute details of players' actions in the screen recordings as they extended their team's collective perception and awareness of in-game activities and events. Results: Through this paper, we contribute to the ongoing research on understanding communication and collaboration in team-based games. The callout sequences (and aligning actions) are orienting towards sharing individual perceptions for the (co)construction of an interperceptivity of in-game activities. Hence, callouts form a precondition for coordinated play. Conclusion: The introduction of this concept to game studies can help in making sense of a key capability in networked team-based games; that is, how players collectively construct a situational awareness that encompasses teammates' perception. Also, because of the essential role of callouts and interperceptivity in highly-skilled networked play, we point to some of the cultural contexts in which this practice is accomplished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security literacy can be viewed as being different, at different levels of management. This paper presents and explains a security literacy model from a managerial level perspective and how different security literacy methods (awareness, training, education) supports the model of the different information security needs of strategic (why), tactical (how), and operational (what) management. The model was developed from academic literature content. The model suggests that security goes beyond technical knowledge and instead involves critically thinking about what to do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the recent pandemic caused by COVID‐19, media awareness played a crucial role in educating people about social distancing, wearing masks, quarantine, vaccination, and medication. Media awareness brought individual behavioral changes among the people, which in turn helped reduce the infection rate. Motivated by this, we have formulated a mathematical model introducing a media compartment to mitigate measles disease transmission. In this paper, the SEIR model is used to study measles disease in three cases: one with a delay in vaccination, the second with regular vaccination, and the third with the impact of media awareness on the spreading of measles disease. Further, the dynamical behavior of the models is studied in terms of positivity, boundedness, equilibrium, and basic reproduction number (BRN). The sensitivity analysis of the models is conducted, which verifies the importance of the BRN (R0$$ {R}_0 $$) to be less than one for disease eradication. The numerical study confirms the impact of media awareness on exposed and infected populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the adoption of environmental social governance (ESG) activities from a customer perspective has been rarely conducted in the hospitality literature. Hence, applying learning process theory, this paper aims to examine how customers' subjective knowledge of ESG affects their perceived ESG benefits through awareness, which in turn, influences their visit intention. Through one preliminary study and two studies, this work confirms the mediation of awareness and perceived ESG benefits in the relationship between subjective knowledge and visit intention. The findings highlight the importance of developing marketing strategies to inform and educate customers about ESG better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greater public awareness of the occurrence of sexual assault has led to the creation of mobile phone apps designed to facilitate consent between sexual partners. These apps exhibit serious practical shortcomings in realistic contexts; however, in this paper I consider the hypothetical case in which these practical shortcomings are absent. The prospect of this viable consent app creates an interesting challenge for consequentialism – one that is comparable to the objection that the theory justifies killing innocent persons to prevent large numbers of less serious harms like experiencing brief, painful headaches. I outline and reject the most straightforward way for consequentialists to address this challenge, and I argue that the empirical calculations at stake reveal something rarely appreciated: consequentialists ought to sometimes favour reinforcing deontological constraints in common-sense morality rather than seeking to undermine them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Navigation context comprises observation environment and carrier activity. While global navigation satellite system (GNSS) can provide high-precision navigation, positioning, and timing services for users, users can also annotate the types of navigation scenarios they are in by distinguishing the quality and features of terminal observation values. Navigation context clustering is important for adaptive seamless navigation and location services, which can significantly promote context adaptability, configuration flexibility, and system robustness. Methods: In terms of current issues that the division of water/underwater context is simple and has insufficient granularity, the quality and characteristics of GNSS observation signals in different water depth layers are analyzed by collecting GNSS observations in different water regions. Results and Conclusions: The results show that the underwater navigation context has remarkable layering. Considering that the navigation context has inherent properties such as segmentation, merging, and connectivity, this paper subdivides the underwater navigation context into three layers: Submerged water (about less than 6.5 cm), shallow water (about greater than 6.5 cm and less than 8.5 cm), and deep water (about greater than 8.5 cm) through K-means clustering, and conducts navigation context classification experiments using various GNSS signal features. It reveals that the clustering accuracy rate is 90.4%, indicating the effectiveness of submerged-shallow-deep navigation context division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sustainable Development Goal 3 aspires to ensure health and well-being for all and aims to achieve universal health coverage. The Indian government has developed policies, including schemes such as the Integrated Development Child Scheme (ICDS), to improve the health care outcomes for both mother and child. However, several studies have found that the ICDS program was not particularly effective, primarily because of implementation problems. To address these issues, several initiatives have been launched with the goal of strengthening community-based mechanisms to enhance the effectiveness of the ICDS program. In this context, this paper examines the role of citizen participation by enhancing service delivery under the ICDS. The study presents a case study of Nuh district, an aspirational district in India, where a civil society organization has played a crucial role in increasing citizens' awareness of their rights, entitlements, and redressal mechanisms, empowering them to demand better service delivery. The study utilizes a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, including structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, and non-participatory observations. The research involved interviews with eligible household representatives and Anganwadi workers (AWWs) from ICDS centres, conducted through structured questionnaires, as well as non-participatory observations at all ICDS centres over three consecutive working days. The findings of the study underscore that improving access to information about rights and entitlements leads to increased communitybased monitoring of public institutions and encourages citizens to voice their concerns through the use of redressal mechanisms. Nevertheless, a lack of trust persists in formal grievance resolution mechanisms, which prompts the community to rely primarily on informal channels to address issues. This includes raising and resolving concerns through interactions with gram sabhas, government officials, and AWWs. Nonetheless, as community involvement in local governance grows, government authorities become more responsive to certain citizen demands, ultimately resulting in enhanced service delivery. This study highlights the essential role of citizen participation in promoting accountability and better service delivery within public health programs like ICDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objectives of the study were to determine the frequency of plastic bag usage among secondary school students of Islamabad and to assess their knowledge about plastic bag-associated pollution, its disposal and legislation. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from December 2020 to December 2021 in high schools in Islamabad. A sample size of 377 was calculated through Raosoftware comprising 53.6% male and 46.4% female students. Ethical approval was taken with the number ERC/ID/47. A consecutive non-probability sampling technique was used. Inclusion criteria were students of the 8th to 10th class and those who gave consent and filled out the questionnaire. A properly structured questionnaire was used. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Frequencies and percentages were calculated. A chi-square test of significance was applied for categorical variables. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: About 97.6 % of the participants considered plastic as a contributory factor to environmental pollution and 67.6% used plastic bags as carrying materials. Awareness about alternatives like clothed bags was observed in about 85.9% of students. Regarding legislation, half of the study population opined that the community is responsible for banning plastic bags while the other half suggested that it's the responsibility of the Government. Significant p-value was observed between gender (0.036), age (0.000), education (0.000), knowledge about plastic hazards (0.01), health hazards (0.029) and usage of plastic bags. Conclusion: The usage of plastic bags was high among the students. Although they were well aware of the hazardous effects of plastic bags, most of them were routinely using plastic bags for daily activities. Different factors that were responsible for the higher usage of plastic bags included a lack of alternatives to plastic bags, easy availability, low cost and lightweight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the awareness and usage of Academic Social Networking Sites (ASNS) among female research scholars and faculty members in Tamil Nadu, India. A structured questionnaire was used to survey 838 female research scholars through online platforms. The results showed that most respondents use at least one ASNS, with Google Scholar being the most popular. The primary reasons for using ASNS are to disseminate scholarly work and discover research papers. However, a lack of awareness and time was the main reason for not having an account with these sites. The respondents learned about ASNS primarily through friends and colleagues and suggested increasing their use and awareness through seminars and training courses, library posters, and integration in the student courses. The study highlights the importance of ASNS in the research work of female scholars and faculties while also recognizing the need for increased awareness and access to these resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union introduced Regulation No. 1151/2012 to delineate the optional quality term "mountain product," aiming to preserve and promote the originality and authenticity of mountain foodstuffs. This research endeavors to delve into the comprehension and perception of the mountain label, considering awareness of the label and willingness to pay. With the remarkable increase in the adoption of the mountain label among producers in the mountain regions of Romania, this study seeks to investigate whether consumers purchasing the product in the market are cognizant of the provisions outlined by the National regulatory bodies and authorities for the mountain label. A general consumer survey with questionnaires was planned, organised, and implemented within Brașov city to elicit necessary findings. Although, the consumer was aware regarding the benefits associated with products with mountain label and also the places to easily find the mountain label, the consumers (50.77%) perceived mountain labelled product to be expensive. Similarly, only 47% of the respondents were interested in paying more for the products with mountain labels and 50% were completely unsure about their purchasing decisions, which indicates a clear unsurety in the mind of the consumers. The consumers (70%) seemed unaware about the mountain label although they had general idea regarding mountain products and the categories of products that are made available in the market verified by the agencies. The findings of this research can be beneficial to initiate different promotional campaigns launched at consumers to better educate them regarding mountain labels and to avoid misleading the consumer with any use of terms related with mountains and assist in overall mountain sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]