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AbstractA series of cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on marine soft clay deposits to establish and validate a predictive model for cumulative plastic strain. Additionally, a numerical model of particle flow code in cyclic triaxial tests was developed. The effects of confining pressure, moisture content, and dynamic stress ratio on the dynamic properties of marine soft clay were examined, considering factors such as volume deformation and microscopic failure patterns. The results indicated that both the predictive model and numerical model showed strong consistency with the experimental data. The plastic strain of marine soft clay was influenced by moisture content, stress ratio, and confining pressure in a consistent manner, with moisture content being the primary factor. A predictive model for the cumulative plastic strain of marine soft clay was successfully established, allowing for the evaluation of dynamic properties from the perspective of cumulative plastic strain. During the loading process in the numerical model, microcracks within the soil structure gradually compacted, and the main displacement of the specimen extended from the vertical center axis to the sides, ultimately resulting in shear damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an infiltrative malignancy characterized by a significantly elevated recurrence rate. Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1), which plays an oncogene role in many cancers, acts as an inhibitor of the Wingless protein (Wnt) signaling pathway. Currently, there is a lack of consensus regarding the role of DKK1 in OSCC or its clinical significance. OBJECTIVE: To examine the role and effect of DKK1 in OSCC. METHODS: The identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in OSCC was conducted by utilizing databases such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). A comprehensive analysis of gene expression profile interactions (GEPIA) and Kaplan-Meier curve were conducted to investigate the associations among DEGs, patient survival and prognosis in individuals with OSCC. The biological function of DKK1 in OSCC was investigated by using molecular biology approaches. RESULTS: The expression of DKK1 was found to be upregulated in OSCC tissues at various stages. High levels of DKK1 expression exhibited a positive correlation with the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates among OSCC patients. DKK1 knockdown suppressed the proliferation and induced apoptotic response in OSCC cells. Moreover, DKK1 exerted a positive regulatory effect on HMGA2 expression, thereby modulating cell growth and apoptosis in OSCC. The expression of DKK1 was found to be positively correlated with the infiltration of immune cells in patients with OSCC. Additionally, higher levels of CD4 + T cells were associated with improved 5-year survival rates. CONCLUSION: DKK1 is a prognostic biomarker for patients with OSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecular weight (MW) of an enzyme is a critical parameter in enzyme-constrained models (ecModels). It is determined by two factors: the presence of subunits and the abundance of each subunit. Although the number of subunits (NS) can potentially be obtained from UniProt, this information is not readily available for most proteins. In this study, we addressed this gap by extracting and curating subunit information from the UniProt database to establish a robust benchmark dataset. Subsequently, we propose a novel model named DeepSub, which leverages the protein language model and Bi-directional Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), to predict NS in homo-oligomers solely based on protein sequences. DeepSub demonstrates remarkable accuracy, achieving an accuracy rate as high as 0.967, surpassing the performance of QUEEN. To validate the effectiveness of DeepSub, we performed predictions for protein homo-oligomers that have been reported in the literature but are not documented in the UniProt database. Examples include homoserine dehydrogenase from Corynebacterium glutamicum, Matrilin-4 from Mus musculus and Homo sapiens, and the Multimerins protein family from M. musculus and H. sapiens. The predicted results align closely with the reported findings in the literature, underscoring the reliability and utility of DeepSub. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The death of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily due to from critically ill patients, especially from ARDS complications caused by SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, it is essential to contribute an in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and to identify biomarkers for predicting critically ill patients at the molecular level. Immunogenic cell death (ICD), as a specific variant of regulatory cell death driven by stress, can induce adaptive immune responses against cell death antigens in the host. Studies have confirmed that both innate and adaptive immune pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the role of ICD in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 has rarely been explored. In this study, we systematically evaluated the role of ICD-related genes in COVID-19. We conducted consensus clustering, immune infiltration analysis, and functional enrichment analysis based on ICD differentially expressed genes. The results showed that immune infiltration characteristics were altered in severe and non-severe COVID-19. In addition, we used multiple machine learning methods to screen for five risk genes (KLF5, NSUN7, APH1B, GRB10 and CD4), which are used to predict COVID-19 severity. Finally, we constructed a nomogram to predict the risk of severe COVID-19 based on the classification and recognition model, and validated the model with external data sets. This study provides a valuable direction for the exploration of the pathogenesis and progress of COVID-19, and helps in the early identification of severe cases of COVID-19 to reduce mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The death of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily due to from critically ill patients, especially from ARDS complications caused by SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, it is essential to contribute an in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and to identify biomarkers for predicting critically ill patients at the molecular level. Immunogenic cell death (ICD), as a specific variant of regulatory cell death driven by stress, can induce adaptive immune responses against cell death antigens in the host. Studies have confirmed that both innate and adaptive immune pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the role of ICD in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 has rarely been explored. In this study, we systematically evaluated the role of ICD-related genes in COVID-19. We conducted consensus clustering, immune infiltration analysis, and functional enrichment analysis based on ICD differentially expressed genes. The results showed that immune infiltration characteristics were altered in severe and non-severe COVID-19. In addition, we used multiple machine learning methods to screen for five risk genes (KLF5, NSUN7, APH1B, GRB10 and CD4), which are used to predict COVID-19 severity. Finally, we constructed a nomogram to predict the risk of severe COVID-19 based on the classification and recognition model, and validated the model with external data sets. This study provides a valuable direction for the exploration of the pathogenesis and progress of COVID-19, and helps in the early identification of severe cases of COVID-19 to reduce mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for about 2% of cancer diagnoses and deaths worldwide. Recent studies emphasized the critical involvement of microbial populations in RCC from oncogenesis, tumor growth, and response to anticancer therapy. Microorganisms have been shown to be involved in various renal physiological and pathological processes by influencing the immune system function, metabolism of the host and pharmaceutical reactions. These findings have extended our understanding and provided more possibilities for the diagnostic or therapeutic development of microbiota, which could function as screening, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers, or be manipulated to prevent RCC progression, boost anticancer drug efficacy and lessen the side effects of therapy. This review aims to present an overview of the roles of microbiota in RCC, including pertinent mechanisms in microbiota-related carcinogenesis, the potential use of the microbiota as RCC biomarkers, and the possibility of modifying the microbiota for RCC prevention or treatment. According to these scientific findings, the clinical translation of microbiota is expected to improve the diagnosis and treatment of RCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Heat stress (HS) constantly happens to dry lot feeding sheep during the summer, inevitably causing substantial losses to animal production due to its unfavorable effects on health, welfare and production performance. In the current study, HS played disadvantageous roles in growth performance, physiological indices, antioxidative capacity, immunomodulation, ruminal fermentation and microbial composition. Dietary supplementation with folic acid and taurine can effectively ameliorate adverse effects of HS by improving the proportion of beneficial bacteria such as Quinella and Succinivibrio and decreasing the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Asteroleplasma. This study provides a practical approach for the application of folic acid and taurine in HS-challenged sheep. The aim of this study was to investigate if the supplementation of folic acid and taurine can relieve the adverse effects of different levels of heat stress (HS) on growth performance, physiological indices, antioxidative capacity, immunity, rumen fermentation and microbiota. A total of 24 Dorper × Hu crossbred lambs (27.51 ± 0.96 kg) were divided into four groups: control group (C, 25 °C), moderate HS group (MHS, 35 °C), severe HS group (SHS, 40 °C), and the treatment group, under severe HS (RHS, 40 °C, 4 and 40 mg/kg BW/d coated folic acid and taurine, respectively). Results showed that, compared with Group C, HS significantly decreased the ADG of lambs (p < 0.05), and the ADG in the RHS group was markedly higher than in the MHS and SHS group (p < 0.05). HS had significant detrimental effects on physiological indices, antioxidative indices and immune status on the 4th day (p < 0.05). The physiological indices, such as RR and ST, increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the HS level and were significantly decreased in the RHS group, compared to the SHS group (p < 0.05). HS induced the significant increase of MDA, TNF-α, and IL-β, and the decrease of T-AOC, SOD, GPx, IL-10, IL-13, IgA, IgG, and IgM (p < 0.05). However, there was a significant improvement in these indices after the supplementation of folic acid and taurine under HS. Moreover, there were a significant increase in Quinella and Succinivibrio, and an evident decrease of the genera Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Asteroleplasma under HS (p < 0.05). The LEfSe analysis showed that the genera Butyrivibrio, Eubacterium_ventriosum_group, and f_Bifidobacteriaceae were enriched in the MHS, SHS and RHS groups, respectively. Correlated analysis indicated that the genus Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group was positively associated with MDA, while it was negatively involved in IL-10, IgA, IgM, and SOD (p < 0.05); The genus Anaeroplasma was positively associated with the propionate and valerate, while the genus Succinivibrio was negatively involved in TNF-α (p < 0.05). In conclusion, folic acid and taurine may alleviate the adverse effects of HS on antioxidant capacity, immunomodulation, and rumen fermentation of lambs by inducing changes in the microbiome that improve animal growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize the phenotype spectrum, diagnosis, and response to growth‐promoting therapy in patients with ACAN variants causing familial short stature. Methods: Three families with ACAN variants causing short stature were reported. Similar cases in the literature were summarized, and the genotype and phenotype were analyzed. Results: Three novel heterozygous variants, c.757+1G>A, (splicing), c.6229delG, p.(Asp2078Tfs*1), and c.6679C>T, p.(Gln2227*) in the ACAN gene were identified. A total of 314 individuals with heterozygous variants from 105 families and 8 individuals with homozygous variants from 4 families were confirmed to have ACAN variants from literature and our 3 cases. Including our 3 cases, the variants reported comprised 33 frameshift, 39 missense, 23 nonsense, 5 splicing, 4 deletion, and 1 translocation variants. Variation points are scattered throughout the gene, while exons 12, 15, and 10 were most common (25/105, 11/105, and 10/105, respectively). Some identical variants existing in different families could be hot variants, c.532A>T, p.(Asn178Tyr), c.1411C>T, p.(Gln471*), c.1608C>A, p.(Tyr536*), c.2026+1G>A, (splicing), and c.7276G>T, p.(Glu2426*). Short stature, early‐onset osteoarthritis, brachydactyly, midfacial hypoplasia, and early growth cessation were the common phenotypic features. The 48 children who received rhGH (and GnRHa) treatment had a significant height improvement compared with before (−2.18 ± 1.06 SD vs. −2.69 ± 0.95 SD, p < 0.001). The heights of children who received rhGH (and GnRHa) treatment were significantly improved compared with those of untreated adults (−2.20 ± 1.10 SD vs. −3.24 ± 1.14 SD, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study achieves a new understanding of the phenotypic spectrum, diagnosis, and management of individuals with ACAN variants. No clear genotype–phenotype relationship of patients with ACAN variants was found. Gene sequencing is necessary to diagnose ACAN variants that cause short stature. In general, appropriate rhGH and/or GnRHa therapy can improve the adult height of affected pediatric patients caused by ACAN variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we generalize the index of impulsive periodic orbits defined in planar systems to n-dimensional impulsive switched systems. The moving Poincaré section is applied, which extends the classical Poincaré section and makes it possible to always preserve the transversal property at the corresponding time t with the help of reparametrization. Further, we combine it with the implicit function theorem and linear approximation to rewrite the original n-dimensional differential equation, which contributes to the definitions of indexes of impulsive periodic orbits of arbitrary finite order m. Based on these indexes, we further obtain sufficient conditions to judge the Zhukovskiǐ quasi-stability, which permits a time lag and focuses on the study of approximate synchronization between orbits with the existence of impulsive switchings. At last, an example of harvesting fishery model with mutual impacts of infection and abrupt harvesting firstly is presented and some sufficient criteria based on model parameters are obtained to illustrate our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Because of lack of an appropriate surgical approach, laparoscopic surgery in patients with left/right Glisson pedicle involvement is still rarely conducted. This study aimed to discusses the methods of intrahepatic Glisson intrathecal dissection via a hepatic parenchymal transection-first approach for laparoscopic hemihepatectomy in patients with left/right Glisson pedicle involvement. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 21 patients who underwent laparoscopic hepatectomy in the Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) from March 2021 to May 2022. Results: The mean age of the patients was 53.1 ± 11.6 years; mean operation time, 191.9 ± 22.3 minutes; median intraoperative blood loss, 205 mL (160–300 mL); and median length of hospital stay, 8 days (7–9 days). None of the patients underwent conversion to open procedure. Thirteen patients had pathologically confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal tumor thrombi (PVTT), and 8 was confirmed hepatolithiasis. Intraoperative frozen pathology and final pathology showed tumor free surgical margins in HCC with PVTT patients. After conservative treatment, all the complications such as postoperative liver section effusion, pleural effusion, pneumonia, intra-abdomen bleeding, and bile leak were cured. During outpatient follow-up examination, no other abnormality was detected. All HCC with PVTT patients were treated with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor after the operation and survived tumor-free. Conclusions: Proposed here is a more safe and feasible method of laparoscopic hemihepatectomy in patients with left/right Glisson pedicle involvement, but many problems still needs further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of ultrasound and microreactors for the synthesis of nanomaterials is becoming increasingly popular, but effectively altering the ultrasonic field at the microscale to control the crystallization process remains a challenge. Herein, we investigated numerically and experimentally the effects of the ultrasonic field on the synthesis of boron-doped carbon nitride supported silver nanoparticles based on our homemade ultrasound-assisted coiled flow inverter microreactor (UCFIR). Specifically, the ultrasound promotes the radial mixing in the coiled flow inverter microreactor, even under low Reynolds number 10, resulting in better control over the crystallization process. The effects of key parameters, such as ultrasonic field distribution and ultrasonic power, on the particle size and size distribution of Ag/B-g-C3N4 have been demonstrated. The results show that when the ultrasound transducer is positioned on the 'abc' sides, the Ag/B-g-C3N4 with small and uniform Ag particles (4.12 ± 1.12 nm) can be obtained. As ultrasound power increased (0–176 W) and residence time decreased (17.5–140 s), the size of silver nanoparticles decreased, and their distribution narrowed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C. perfringens type D strains are the leading cause of enterotoxaemia in ruminants such as goats, sheep, and cattle. However, there has been no prior research on the genomic characteristics of C. perfringens type D strains from various regions in China. Here, we investigated the antibiotic resistance, genomic characteristics, and phylogenetic relationship of C. perfringens type D isolates recovered from goat farms in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia provinces. The antibiotic resistance test indicated that the isolates displayed high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values to sulfafurazole, whereas the other antibiotics tested, such as penicillin, enrofloxacin, and florfenicol, worked well on them. Additionally, only tetracycline resistance genes [ tetA (P) and tetB (P)] were identified from the isolates. A collective of 13 toxin genes, including etx and cpe were detected among the isolates. Sequence comparison revealed that the etx and cpe genes shared high sequence identities, and they could coexist on a pCW3-like plasmid, representing a potential risk to both animal breeding and public health. Phylogenetic analysis using core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) and core genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed the close genetic relationship and potential regional/transregional transmission of the C. perfringens type D isolates in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. Furthermore, pan-genomic analysis suggested the functional differences at the protein-coding gene level, although isolates from the same source shared a close genetic relationship. In conclusion, this study indicated the antibiotic resistance, virulence markers, potential transregional transmission, and genomic diversity of C. perfringens type D strains from various regions in China, which could provide references for the prevention of C. perfringens foodborne diseases and further research. • This study investigated genomic features of C. perfringens type D. • etx and cpe could co-exist on pCW3-like plasmids. • Genomic analysis indicated the potential transregional transmission of C. perfringens type D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orifice plates, as a representative type of resistance grid, have been widely adopted in scaled ventilation models of tunnels, since they can cause equivalent pressure loss effectively to simulate the friction resistance of long tunnels and thus reduce the length of the scaled tunnel. In this work, a combined experimental–numerical investigation comprising the effects of porosity n (ranged within 0.2–0.8) and relative thickness t / d (within 0.03–1.17, t the plate thickness and d the hole diameter) is carried out, which aims to characterize the key design parameters, i.e. pressure loss coefficient ξ and affecting length l , of thin orifice plates applied in scaled tunnels. Results show that previous models of ξ established for thick plates are not applicable any more because of the flow pattern transition when t / d ≤ 0.2, and an improved model is established to account for the flow characteristics of thin orifice plates by modifying the contraction coefficient C c and thickness coefficient C 0 via experiments. The affecting length l is defined as the distance required for the axial jet velocity to decay to 1.05 times the inlet velocity u i n after benchmark tests on different criteria, and an innovative predictive formula of l is then constructed based on jet theory. Finally, a systematic design guideline is proposed by fully evaluating the effects of t , d and n on ξ and l of orifice plates, which would benefit the superior configuration of resistance grids utilized in scaled tunnels. • The depressurization mechanism of orifice-plate resistance grids is elaborated. • An improved formula is proposed to estimate the local pressure loss of orifice plates. • A novel model characterizing the affecting length of orifice plates is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A series of sophisticated 3D discontinuous contact numerical models were established. • The tunnel structure exhibits three typical failure modes: face bulge, local sliding failure, and overall sliding collapse. • Structural damage assessment and failure modes of submarine tunnels have been revealed. Fault fracture zones represent unfavorable geological conditions that are often encountered in cross-sea tunnels. When such a tunnel crosses a fault, the sliding action of the fault easily results in significant tensile, compressive, and shear failure of the lining, thereby causing local buckling and even fractures. Therefore, in this study, a series of sophisticated 3D discontinuous contact numerical models were established; these models account for the underground rock stratum, hydrostatic pressure, and nonlinear behavior of materials. The developed models realistically reproduced the construction process for earth pressure balance shield tunnels, such as the jack force, grouting pressure, and grout hardening over time. The simulation results suggest that the relative spatial location and morphology of the fault fracture zone strongly influence the failure mode of the tunnel. The tunnel structure exhibits three typical failure modes: face bulge, local sliding failure, and overall sliding collapse. The dip angle and crossing angle of the fault will lead to the readjustment of shear forces and bending moments in the tunnel, leading to uneven displacement and localized torsional deformation of the adjacent lining. Additionally, increasing the ratio of diameter to thickness will decrease the overall rigidity and torsional resistance of the tunnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Epigenetic regulation is a crucial mechanism for maintaining cardiac homeostasis. • Dysregulation of histone modifications is a predisposing factor for cardiomyopathies. • The impact of different histone marks on the activation of transcription factors is conflicting. • Epigenetic drug discovery brings unique challenges to the discovery and development process. Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is a common response of the heart to various pathological stimuli. In recent years, various histone modifications, including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination, have been identified to have crucial roles in regulating chromatin remodeling and cardiac hypertrophy. Novel drugs targeting these epigenetic changes have emerged as potential treatments for pathological cardiac hypertrophy. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the roles of histone modifications in regulating the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy, and discuss potential therapeutic targets that could be utilized for its treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin-based slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) have attracted widespread attention due to their ability to enhance nutrient utilization efficiency and reduce environmental pollution in agricultural production. However, the extraction and separation processes of lignin from biomass sources are intricate, involving substantial quantities of non-reusable toxic reagents. Here, a sustainable and eco-friendly approach using deep eutectic solvents (DES) was employed to treat rice straw, effectively dissolving the lignin present. Subsequently, the in-situ lignin regeneration was facilitated through the addition of a zinc chloride solution. The regenerated lignin was tightly wrapped around and connected to cellulose micro/nanofibers, forming a homogeneous slurry. A simple coating technique was employed to uniformly coat urea particles with the lignocellulosic slurry, yielding lignocellulose-based SRFs. Results revealed that the nutrient release of the lignocellulose-based coated fertilizers in water exceeded 56 days. A pot trial demonstrated that the application of lignocellulose-based SRFs significantly promoted the growth of rice and improved grain yield (by 10.7 %) and nitrogen use efficiency (by 34.4 %) compared to the urea treatment in rice production. Furthermore, the DES demonstrated consistently high efficiency in biomass processing even after four cycles of reuse. This green strategy offers a novel approach for the preparation of SRFs coating materials, promoting agricultural sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compliant Mechanisms (CMs) have presented their inherently advantageous properties since the nature of CMs is to utilize elastic deformation of the built-in elementary flexible members to transfer motion, force and energy. To predict the performances of CMs and optimize their designs, modeling CMs turns out to be a major concern in this field, particularly, such as high-precision flexure-based CMs. Reported in the literature, the well-known Beam Constraint Model (BCM) expressed in Cartesian coordinate system serves as an effective tool to model the deflection of flexures. Inspired by BCM, in this paper, we take one step further to propose a Body-frame Beam Constraint Model (BBCM) to handle buckling and intermediate-range deflections under typical beam-end loading conditions. Numerical and analytical analysis also proves that BBCM can also provide reliable accuracy in complex loading conditions and complex beam geometries within small-to-intermediate-range deflections and may accurately characterize large deflections under some specific loading conditions as well. • We propose a body-frame beam constraint model for intermediate-range deflections. • The proposed model is analytical, closed-form and concise. • The proposed model considers buckling initiation and intermediate-range buckling. • The proposed model considers different types of loading besides beam-end loading. • The proposed model considers continuous deflected beam shapes and the energy stored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interplay between the immune system and cancer underscores the central role of immunotherapy in cancer treatment. In this context, the innate immune system plays a critical role in preventing tumor invasion. Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is crucial for innate immunity, and activation of MyD88 promotes the production of inflammatory cytokines and induces infiltration, polarization, and immune escape of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, abnormal MyD88 signaling induces tumor cell proliferation and metastasis, which are closely associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, MyD88 could serve as a novel tumor biomarker and is a promising target for cancer therapy. Current strategies targeting MyD88 including inhibition of signaling pathways and protein multimerization, have made substantial progress, especially in inflammatory diseases and chronic inflammation-induced cancers. However, the specific role of MyD88 in regulating tumor immunity and tumorigenic mechanisms remains unclear. Therefore, this review describes the involvement of MyD88 in tumor immune escape and disease therapy. In addition, classical and non-classical MyD88 inhibitors were collated to provide insights into potential cancer treatment strategies. Despite several challenges and complexities, targeting MyD88 is a promising avenue for improving cancer treatment and has the potential to revolutionize patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present higher Chern-Simons-Antoniadis-Savvidy (ChSAS) forms based on crossed modules. We start from introducing a generalized multilinear symmetric invariant polynomial for the differential crossed modules and constructing a metric independent, higher gauge invariant, and closed form using the higher curvature forms. Then, we establish the higher Chern-Weil theorem and prove that the higher ChSAS forms are a special case of this theorem. Finally, we get the link of two independent higher ChSAS theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We construct a two-tensor model with order-3 and present its W-representation. Moreover we derive the compact expressions of correlators from the W-representation and analyze the free energy in large N limit. In addition, we establish the correspondence between two colored Dyck walks in the Fredkin spin chain and tree operators in the ring. Based on the classification Dyck walks, we give the number of tree operators with the given level. Furthermore, we show the entanglement scaling of Fredkin spin chain beyond logarithmic scaling in the ordinary critical systems from the viewpoint of tensor model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of educator diversity is becoming increasingly evident as research demonstrates the positive impact of Teachers of Color and Indigenous Teachers (TOCIT) on student learning and achievement, particularly among underrepresented groups (Dee, 2004; Gershenson et al., 2018; Grissom & Redding, 2016; Shirrell et al., 2021). Despite this, progress toward diversifying the educator workforce remains slow, signaling the need to advance educator diversity through a radical reimagining of teacher development systems. The use of research–practice partnership (RPP), a research approach that facilitates collaboration between practitioners and researchers, may be a promising model for addressing this perennial challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Percutaneous repair is an alternative to open surgical repair of the Achilles tendon with comparable, functional results and low re‐rupture and infection rates; however, sural nerve injury is a known complication. The purpose of this study is to design a new surgical procedure, the minimally invasive peritendinous submembrane access technique (MIS‐PSAT). It offers optimal results, with excellent functional outcomes, and with minimal soft tissue complications and sural nerve injury. Methods: This retrospective study included 249 patients with acute closed Achilles tendon ruptures treated at our institution between 2009 and 2019. All patients underwent MIS‐PSAT at our institution and were followed up for 8–48 months. Functional evaluation was based on the Achilles tendon total rupture score (ATRS) and the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle‐Hindfoot Scale (AOFAS‐AHS), associated with local complications and isokinetic tests. Results: None of the patients had infection, necrosis, or sural nerve injury. Re‐rupture occurred in two cases. The average times to return to work and sports was 10.4 and 31.6 weeks, respectively. The average ATRS and AOFAS‐AHS scores were 90.2 and 95.7, respectively, with an excellent rate of 99.5%. Isokinetic tests showed that ankle function on the affected side was comparable with that on the healthy side (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The MIS‐PSAT for acute Achilles tendon rupture is easy to perform with few complications. Importantly, the surgical technique reduces the risk of sural nerve injuries. Patients have high postoperative satisfaction, low re‐rupture rates, and muscle strength, and endurance can be restored to levels similar to those on the healthy side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postpartum hypogalactia (PH) is prominent during lactation and may negatively impact the mother's or infant's health. Acupuncture is widely used to increase maternal breast milk production. However, the effects of acupuncture on PH remain unclear. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture in individuals with PH. Materials and methods: Articles on potentially eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on acupuncture for PH published from database inception to October 2023 were retrieved from the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, EBSCO, Scopus, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, WanFang, and VIP databases. Two reviewers independently screened the records, extracted essential information, and evaluated the methodological quality of the RCTs using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias (RoB) tool. The primary outcome was a change in serum prolactin (PRL) levels before and after treatment. Secondary outcomes included milk secretion volume (MSV), total effective rate (TER), mammary fullness degree (MFD), and exclusive breastfeeding rate (EBR). Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan v5.4. Finally, the quality of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation tool. Results: This study included 19 RCTs involving 2,400 participants. The included studies were classified as having an unclear to high RoB. Our findings indicated that, overall, acupuncture showed a significant effect in increasing serum PRL levels (standardized mean differences [SMDs] = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50, 1.68), MSV (SMD = 1.69, 95% CI: 0.53, 2.86), TER (relative risk [RR] = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.42), and EBR (RR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.07, 3.78) compared to that in the control group; however, no difference in MFD (SMD = 1.17, 95% CI: –0.09, 2.42) was observed. In the subgroup analysis, acupuncture combined with Chinese herbs or conventional treatment was significantly more effective in increasing serum PRL levels, MSV, and TER than did Chinese herbs or conventional treatment alone. Moreover, acupuncture alone resulted in significantly higher serum PRL levels compared to Chinese herbs; however, this benefit was not observed for TER and MFD. The quality of evidence was critically low. Conclusion: Acupuncture may effectively increase milk secretion in women with PH. However, owing to the low quality of evidence, further rigorously designed studies are warranted to confirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and prevalent brain tumor that poses significant challenges in treatment. SRSF9, an RNA-binding protein, is essential for cellular processes and implicated in cancer progression. Yet, its function and mechanism in GBM need clarification. Methods: Bioinformatics analysis was performed to explore differential expression of SRSF9 in GBM and its prognostic relevance to glioma patients. SRSF9 and CDK1 expression in GBM cell lines and patients’ tissues were quantified by RT-qPCR, Western blot or immunofluorescence assay. The role of SRSF9 in GBM cell proliferation and migration was assessed by MTT, Transwell and colony formation assays. Additionally, transcriptional regulation of CDK1 by SRSF9 was investigated using ChIP-PCR and dual-luciferase assays. Results: The elevated SRSF9 expression correlates to GBM stages and poor survival of glioma patients. Through gain-of-function and loss-of-function strategies, SRSF9 was demonstrated to promote proliferation and migration of GBM cells. Bioinformatics analysis showed that SRSF9 has an impact on cell growth pathways including cell cycle checkpoints and E2F targets. Mechanistically, SRSF9 appears to bind to the promoter of CDK1 gene and increase its transcription level, thus promoting GBM cell proliferation. Conclusions: These findings uncover the cellular function of SRSF9 in GBM and highlight its therapeutic potential for GBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) has developed as an eco‐friendly photovoltaic candidate owing to its non‐toxic composition and exceptional optoelectronic properties. However, the toxic and parasitic light‐absorbing CdS are widely used as electron transport layer (ETL) in Sb2Se3 solar cells, which severely limits its development. Herein, an alternative, zinc tin oxide (ZTO) ETL with varying composition‐dependent energy structure is deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique and used for constructing Cd‐free Sb2Se3 solar cells. It has been found that the ZTO ETL possessing an appropriate Zn/Sn ratio can alter the Sb2Se3/ZTO heterojunction band alignment to an ideal “spike‐like” arrangement. It not only suppresses the accumulation and recombination of charge carriers at the interface, but also effectively enhances carrier transport. In addition, thanks to the formation of passivated Sb2O3 ultra‐thin layer upon ALD process, the non‐radiative recombination within bulk Sb2Se3 can be effectively suppressed, and therefore enhancing carrier lifetime, extraction efficiency, and collection efficiency. Consequently, the as‐fabricated Mo/Sb2Se3/ZTO/ITO/Ag thin‐film solar cell demonstrates an impressive efficiency of 8.63%. This accomplishment establishes it as the most efficient Cd‐free Sb2Se3 solar cell to date, underscoring the significant advantages of incorporating ZTO ETL in the development of Sb2Se3 photovoltaic scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the safety and application value of combining Laennec extracapsular occlusion with ICG fluorescence imaging in laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy. Methods: Complete laparoscopic dissection was performed outside the Laennec sheath, blocking Glisson's pedicle of the corresponding liver segment or lobe. An appropriate amount of indocyanine green (ICG) dye was intravenously injected, and the boundary line between the pre‐cut liver segment and liver lobe was identified using fluorescence laparoscopy. Complete resection of the liver segment or lobe was performed based on anatomical markers. Clinical data, including operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, and postoperative complications, were collected. Results: A total of 14 cases were included in the study, including seven cases of primary liver cancer, three cases of metastatic liver cancer, three cases of intrahepatic bile duct calculi, and one case of hepatic hemangioma. All 14 patients underwent anatomic hepatectomy under fluorescent laparoscopy, with four cases involving the right liver, seven cases involving the left liver, two cases involving the right anterior lobe, and one case involving the right posterior lobe. Conclusion: Combining laparoscopic follow‐up of the Laennec membrane with Glisson outer sheath block and intraoperative ICG fluorescence imaging provides real‐time guidance for locating the resection boundaries during anatomic hepatectomy. This approach helps in controlling intraoperative bleeding, reducing operation time, and ensuring high safety. It holds significant value in clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of the 6-methyladenosine (m6A) epigenetic modification, playing a role in the initiation and progression of tumors. However, the regulatory mechanisms in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the molecular regulatory mechanisms of the lncRNA RASAL2-AS1 in the occurrence and development of HNSCC tumors. Methods: A bioinformatics analysis was conducted to analyze the expression level of RASAL2-AS1 in HNSCC and normal tissues. RASAL2-AS1 mRNA and protein levels were detected using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Wound healing, transwell assays, flow cytometry, M6A dot blot, and RNA immunoprecipitation experiments were conducted to explore the regulatory role of the RASAL2-AS1 and downstream targets METTL14/LIS1 signaling pathway in HNSCC. Immunohistochemical examination was conducted to evaluate the expression of METTL14 and LIS1 in HNSCC and normal tissues. A tumor xenograft model of BALB/c nude mice was established to assess the impact of RASAL2-AS1 on cell proliferation and growth. Results: RASAL2-AS1 high expression in HNSCC and cells deteriorated with survival rates of HNSCC. RASAL2-AS1 overexpression in HNSCC accelerated cell migration, colony formation, cell proliferation, cell cycle in S stage, while RASAL2-AS1 knockdown in HNSC cells inhibited cell cycle in G1 stage. After silencing METTL14, the above effects induced by overexpression of the RASAL2-AS1 were reversed. RASAL2-AS1 overexpression prompted LIS1 expression, whereas RASAL2-AS1 silencing reduced LIS1 levels in HNSCC cells, which was confirmed by immunohistological staining. Results demonstrated elevated expression of METTL14 or LIS1 in tongue cancer tissues. Overexpression of RASAL2-AS1 promoted tumor weight and tumor volume, which was counteracted by pcDNA3.1 RASAL2-AS1 plus silencing METTL14 and METTL14 and LIS1 were significantly decreased. Conclusion: Our study highlights the functional importance of the LncRNA RASAL2-AS1 in HNSCC and might assist in the development of a prognostic stratification and therapeutic approach. Which regulates HNSCC with the dependence of m6a manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hard carbon in the PC/EC-based electrolyte can achieve excellent cycle performance and rate performance for sodium-ion batteries. • For the first time, the differences of the ion solvation/desolvation behavior in the electrolytes are proposed to uncover the underlying mechanisms of the distinct electrochemical performance of HC in the PC/EC-based electrolyte and the PC-based electrolyte. • A SEI film with a higher percentage of organic composition is formed in the PC/EC-based electrolyte. • The PC/EC-based electrolyte exhibits a faster ion desolvation process compared to the PC-based electrolyte. Although hard carbon in propylene carbonate / ethylene carbonate (PC/EC)–based electrolytes possesses favorable electrochemical characteristics in rechargeable sodium–ion batteries, the underlying mechanism is still vague. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed to solve the puzzle, but none of them have satisfactorily unraveled the reason at the molecular–level. In this study, we firstly attempted to address this mystery through a profound insight into the disparity of the ion solvation/desolvation behavior in electrolyte. Combining the results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experiments, the work explains that compared to the sole PC–based electrolyte, Na+–EC 4 molecules in the PC/EC–based electrolyte preferentially undergo reduction and contribute to the emergence of a more stable protective film on the surface of hard carbon, leading to the preferable durability and rate capability of the cell. Nevertheless, applying the ion solvation/desolvation model, it also reveals that Na+–(solvent) n molecules in the PC/EC–based electrolyte can achieve faster Na+ desolvation processes than in the PC–based electrolyte alone, contributing to the enhancement of charge transfer kinetics. This research holds great importance in uncovering the possible mechanism of the remarkable electrochemical– properties of hard carbon in PC/EC–based electrolytes, and advancing its practical utilization in future sodium–ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to systematically compare the efficacy and safety of arthroscopic wafer procedure (AWP) versus ulnar shortening osteotomy (USO) for ulnar impaction syndrome (UIS) treatment. Methods: All the studies included in this meta-analysis compared the efficacy of AWP to USO for UIS and were acquired through a comprehensive search across multiple databases. The meta-analysis was performed by calculating the effect sizes with the Cochrane Collaboration's RevMan 5.4 software. Results: A total of 8 articles were included in this analysis, comprising 148 cases in the AWP group and 163 cases in the USO group. The pooled estimates indicated no significant differences in combined Darrow's Criteria or Modified Mayo Wrist Score, Modified Mayo Wrist Score, DASH scores, grip strength, VAS score, and postoperative ulnar variation. On the other hand, the patients in the AWP group exhibited fewer complications (OR = 0.17, 95%CI 0.05–0.54, P = 0.003) and a lower reoperation rate (OR = 0.12, 95%CI 0.05–0.28, P < 0.00001) than those in the USO group. Conclusions: The two surgical techniques were both effective in treating UIS but the AWP group showed fewer complications and a lower reoperation rate. Therefore, AWP may present a superior alternative for UIS treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This research revealed that the downregulation of fumarate hydratase in patients is associated with poor prognosis. Mechanistically, FH binds to RAN, which inhibits the nuclear import of the PCSK9 transcription factor SREBF1/2, thus reducing the expression of PCSK9. This leads to increased clonal expansion of CD8+ T cells while the number of Tregs remains unchanged, and the expression of PD-L1 does not change significantly, thus enhancing the immunotherapy response. Importantly, combined therapy targeting PCSK9 and PD-1 may be beneficial for patients with CRC and low FH expression. Considering these results, our findings hold potential for future clinical applications. Despite the notable achievements of programmed death 1 (PD-1) antibodies in treating various cancers, the overall efficacy remains limited in the majority of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases. Metabolism reprogramming of tumors inhibits the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, leading to down-regulation of fumarate hydratase (FH), which is related to poor prognosis in CRC patients. By establishing a tumor-bearing mouse model of CRC with Fh1 expression deficiency, we confirmed that the therapeutic effect of PD-1 antibodies alone was suboptimal in mice with low Fh1 expression, which was improved by combination with a protein invertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor. Mechanistically, FH binds to Ras-related nucleoprotein (RAN), which inhibits the nuclear import of the PCSK9 transcription factor SREBF1/2, thus reducing the expression of PCSK9. This leads to increased clonal expansion of CD8+ T cells while the number of Tregs remains unchanged, and the expression of PD-L1 does not change significantly, thus enhancing the immunotherapy response. On the contrary, the expression of PCSK9 increased in CRC cells with low FH expression, which antagonized the effects of immunotherapy. Overall, CRC patients with low FH expression may benefit from combinatorial therapy with PD-1 antibodies and PCSK9 inhibitors to enhance the curative effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Growing evidence showed that acupuncture may improve cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress, key to the pathogenesis in vascular dementia (VaD), but this is yet to be systematically analysed. This study aimed to summarize and evaluate the effect of acupuncture on oxidative stress in animal models of VaD. Method: Eight databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane library, CNKI, Wan Fang, CBM, and VIP were searched since their establishment until April 2023, for studies that reported the effect of acupuncture on oxidative stress in VaD animal models. Relevant literature was screened, and information was extracted by two reviewers. The primary outcomes were the levels of oxidative stress indicators. The methodological quality was assessed via the SYRCLE Risk of Bias Tool. Statistical analyses were performed using the RevMan and Stata software. Results: In total, 22 studies with 747 animals were included. The methodology of most studies had flaws or uncertainties. The meta-analysis indicated that, overall, acupuncture significantly reduced the expression of pro-oxidants including reactive oxygen species (standardized mean differences [SMDs] = -4.29, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -6.26, -2.31), malondialdehyde (SMD = -2.27, 95% CI: -3.07, -1.47), nitric oxide (SMD = -0.85, 95% CI: -1.50, -0.20), and nitric oxide synthase (SMD = -1.01, 95% CI: -1.69, -0.34) and enhanced the levels of anti-oxidants including super oxide dismutase (SMD = 2.80, 95% CI: 1.98, 3.61), glutathione peroxidase (SMD = 1.32, 95% CI: -0.11, 2.76), and catalase (SMD = 1.31, 95% CI: 0.05, 2.58) in VaD animal models. In subgroup analyses, acupuncture showed significant effects on most variables. Only partial modelling methods and treatment duration could interpret the heterogeneity of some outcomes. Conclusion: Acupuncture may inhibit oxidative stress to improve cognitive deficits in animal models of VaD. Nevertheless, the methodological quality is unsatisfactory. More high-quality research with a rigorous design and further experimental researches and clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings. Systematic review registration: This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023411720). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Vascular tortuosity is a prevalent morphological change that frequently occurs in arteries across different parts of the body. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between the tortuosities of the extracranial internal carotid artery (EICA) and extracranial vertebral artery (EVA) with mild cognitive impairment. METHODS: The tortuosity index (TI), vascular deviation degree, tortuosity degree, and angle number of the EICA and EVA were retrospectively analyzed and calculated in 160 patients who underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) in this study's department, and the Montreal cognitive assessment was adopted to evaluate the cognitive function of the patients. RESULTS: The differences in age, gender, arterial hypertension (AH), and diabetes mellitus (DM) between the normal group and the mild cognitive impairment group were statistically significant (p < 0.01). The TI was negatively correlated with the score of cognitive function. The tortuosities of the EICA and EVA were correlated with mild cognitive impairment (p < 0.05). The reduction in visual-spatial ability was correlated with the right EICA tortuosity, and the reduction in memory was correlated with the EVA tortuosity. Age, gender, HP, DM, and coronary heart disease (CHD) were potential risk factors for carotid tortuosity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There was a significant correlation observed between the TIs of both the EICA and EVA and the presence of mild cognitive impairment. Advanced age, female, HP, DM, and CHD were independent risk factors for EICA and EVA tortuosities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The basolateral amygdala (BLA) plays an integral role in anxiety disorders (such as post traumatic stress disorder) stem from dysregulated fear memory. The excitability of glutamatergic neurons in the BLA correlates with fear memory, and the afterhyperpolarization current (IAHP) mediated by small‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium channel subtype 2 (SK2) dominates the excitability of glutamatergicneurons. This study aimed to explore the effect of MPP2 interacts with SK2 in the excitability of glutamatergic neurons in the BLA and the extinction of conditioned fear in mice. Methods: Fear memory was analyzed via freezing percentage. Western blotting and fluorescence quantitative PCR were used to determine the expression of protein and mRNA respectively. Electrophysiology was employed to measure the excitability of glutamatergic neurons and IAHP. Results: Fear conditioning decreased the levels of synaptic SK2 channels in the BLA, which were restored following fear extinction. Notably, reduced expression of synaptic SK2 channels in the BLA during fear conditioning was caused by the increased activity of protein kinase A (PKA), while increased levels of synaptic SK2 channels in the BLA during fear extinction were mediated by interactions with membrane‐palmitoylated protein 2 (MPP2). Conclusions: Our results revealed that MPP2 interacts with the SK2 channels and rescues the excitability of glutamatergic neurons by increasing the expression of synaptic SK2 channels in the BLA to promote the normalization of anxiety disorders and provide a new direction for the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• H 2 S treatment inhibited the surface browning of fresh-cut apple. • H 2 S treatment reduced the accumulation of prenol lipids. • H 2 S treatment inhibited the reaction of quinone and amino acid in surface tissue. • H 2 S activated antioxidant defense response in inner tissue of fresh-cut apple. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is known to effectively inhibit the browning of fresh-cut apples, but the mechanism at a metabolic level remains unclear. Herein, non-targeted metabolomics was used to analyze metabolic changes in surface and internal tissues of fresh-cut apple after H 2 S treatment. The results showed that prenol lipids were the most up-accumulated differential metabolites in both surface and inner tissue of fresh-cut apple during browning process, which significantly down-accumulated by H 2 S treatment. H 2 S treatment reduced the consumption of amino acid in surface tissue. Regarding inner tissue, H 2 S activated defense response through accumulation of lysophospholipid signaling and induced the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds. We therefore propose that H 2 S inhibited the surface browning of fresh-cut apple by reducing the accumulation of prenol lipids, directly delaying amino acid consumption in surface tissue and indirectly regulating defense response in inner tissue, which provides fundamental insights into browning inhibition mechanisms by H 2 S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lipidated polysaccharide, HDPS-2II, was isolated from the dried larva of Holotrichia diomphalia , which is used in traditional Chinese medicine. The molecular weight of HDPS-2II was 5.9 kDa, which contained a polysaccharide backbone of →4)-β-Man p -(1 → 4,6)-β-Man p -(1 → [6)-α-Glc p -(1] n → 6)-α-Glc p → with the side chain α-Glc p -(6 → 1)-α-Glc p -(6 → linked to the C-4 of β-1,4,6-Man p and four types of lipid chains including 4-(4-methyl-2-(methylamino)pentanamido)pentanoic acid, 5-(3-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)hexan-2-ol, N-(3-methyl-5-oxopentan-2-yl)palmitamide, and N-(5-amino-3-methyl-5-oxopentan-2-yl)stearamide. The lipid chains were linked to C-1 of terminal α-1,6-Glc p in carbohydrate chain through diacyl-glycerol. HDPS-2II exhibited DNA protective effects and antioxidative activity on H 2 O 2 - or adriamycin (ADM)-induced Chinese hamster lung cells. Furthermore, HDPS-2II significantly ameliorated chromosome aberrations and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced γ-H2AX signaling and the expressions of NADPH oxidase (NOX)2, NOX4, P22phox, and P47phox in ADM-induced cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, HDPS-2II suppressed ADM-induced up-regulation of NOX2 and NOX4 in cardiomyocytes, but not in NOX2 or NOX4 knocked-down cardiomyocytes, indicating that HDPS-2II could relieve intracellular DNA damage by regulating NOX2/NOX4 signaling. These findings demonstrate that HDPS-2II is a new potential DNA protective agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CO 2 fracturing requires the low initial fracturing pressure to create multiple fracture patterns and a complex fracture network. • CO 2 fracturing changes the microscopic pore throat structure of shale. • CO 2 fracturing in shale reservoirs causes deterioration of the mechanical properties of the rock. • The mechanism of CO 2 fracturing is different for different phases. Continental shale reservoirs are resilient, and the fracture networks formed by conventional fracturing technologies are limited in size. The CO 2 fracturing technology can be adapted for the development of continental shale reservoirs. However, shale reservoirs have strong heterogeneity in the microscopic pore-throat system. The fracture extension and micro-mechanical mechanisms of CO 2 fracturing in shale reservoirs are not defined. To study the CO 2 fracturing mechanism in shale reservoirs, typical core samples were selected from the Chang 7 shale reservoir of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin. Moreover, true triaxial simulated fracturing, CO 2 -fluid-rock microscopic damage, and rock mechanics experiments were conducted before and after CO 2 fracturing. The experimental results were used to analyze the fracture initiation, steering, extension, and stopping criteria under different CO 2 fracturing methods, quantitatively characterize the damage degree of the microscopic pore-throat system in shale reservoirs after CO 2 -fluid-rock interaction, evaluate the deterioration mechanism of CO 2 fracturing on the mechanical properties of the shale reservoir, and clarify the complex fracture network formation mechanism as well as microscopic and mechanical control effects under different CO 2 fracturing methods in shale reservoirs. The results show that CO 2 -fracturing shale reservoirs have lower fracture initiation pressure. The main fracture communicates with the natural bedding planes of the shale, and various fracture modes, such as tensile damage, shear damage, and combined tensile-shear damage, are apparent. The degree of damage to the microscopic pore-throat system by the CO 2 -fluid-rock interaction ranges from 7.78% to 9.28%. The longitudinal and transverse wave velocities of the rock are reduced, Young's modulus and compressive strength are decreased, and the mechanical properties of the rock deteriorate. The L-CO 2 fracturing of shale forms large-scale fractures with high fracture complexity. The microscopic damage was dominated by physical damage, the damage of liquid CO 2 (L-CO 2) is more significant for medium and large pores. The deterioration of the rock mechanical properties was evident, and the rock brittleness index was reduced. Small-scale fractures form owing to the SC-CO 2 fracturing shale reservoirs. Microscopic damage is dominated by chemical damage, strong dissolution-acidification. The structural damage of supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2) is evident for small pores. Rock brittleness is higher after CO 2 fracturing. The results of this study reveals the fracture expansion mechanism of CO 2 fracturing shale reservoirs and the control law of microscopic and mechanical damage effects on fracture network formation. This study enriches the basic theoretical system and has high economic, environmental and scientific value for enhanced oil recovery in shale reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave hydrothermal treatment is a promising technology for the environmentally friendly disposal and resource utilization of dead pigs. However, the hydrothermal transformation mechanism of animal-based biomass is unclear, impeding the regulated conversion of target products. To address this, bovine serum albumin, glycerol-oleic acid, and glucose were selected as model compounds for protein (P), lipid (L), and carbohydrate (C), respectively. In this paper, the product distribution and related properties of single, binary, and ternary model compounds at different microwave hydrothermal temperatures (120–240 °C) were investigated, and the essential reaction pathway of the dead pig model compounds during microwave hydrothermal treatment was proposed. The results showed that lipids dominated the formation of bio-oil. L&C and L&P showed a slight synergistic effect on bio-oil yield at 240 ℃, while exhibited antagonistic effects at other temperatures. L&P&C showed antagonistic effects on bio-oil yield at all temperatures. The participation of glucose was more conducive to the formation of carbonized solid products. The model compounds of dead pigs underwent a series of reactions such as dehydration, decarboxylation, deamination and condensation during microwave hydrothermal treatment. To a certain extent, lipids promoted the Maillard reaction of protein and carbohydrate, while glucose promoted the esterification reaction of fatty acids. [Display omitted] • The microwave hydrothermal was selected to transform typical animal-based biomass. • The model compounds were used for learning the conversion mechanism of dead pig. • The interactions of model compounds for product distribution were investigated. • Exploration of reaction pathways of dead pig during microwave hydrothermal process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study theoretically and numerically investigates the dynamics of an underwater explosion bubble near a free surface. A refined theoretical model is proposed, based on the potential flow theory, in order to improve its accuracy and extend its range of application to near-field scenarios. Furthermore, the two-dimensional axisymmetric Structured Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (S-ALE) method implemented in LS-DYNA is utilized to capture the bubble-water interface in numerical simulations. A convergence study is performed on the sizes of mesh and computational domain to reduce computation time while maintaining adequate accuracy in the results. The chosen finite element modeling strategy is validated by the Gilmore model, classical empirical formulas, and a reference experiment. After that, the evolution of the bubble shape is simulated for various values of γ f (the dimensionless distance from the initial bubble centroid to the free surface) and δ (the buoyancy parameter). Observations reveal that the free surface results in a slight increase in the maximum bubble radius, which is quantified as a linear fitting equation to allow a precise determination of the initial bubble radius. By combining the present model, simulations, and literature data, it is found that there are differences in the relationships between the dimensionless bubble oscillation period τ and γ f among UNDEX and cavitation bubbles, as well as among UNDEX bubbles with varying maximum radii. In any case, there is a positive correlation between τ and γ f , while the influence of δ on τ varies depending on the exact value of γ f. Meanwhile, the present model's predictions concerning migration history and collapse position generally match with the simulations and reference data. A reversal in the direction of bubble migration is observed when γ f is very small, which is caused by the substantial dependence of the Bjerknes force on the pressure gradient between the bubble interior and the ambient environment. • The refined theory was fully validated by sophisticated numerical simulations. • A method was proposed to more accurately calculate the initial bubble radius. • The refined theory applies even to bubble very close to a free surface (γ f = 1). • The study showed in detail how γ f and δ affect bubble dynamics. • Differences in behaviors among cavitation and UNDEX bubbles were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven macromolecular polysaccharides (HPP-2S−HPP-8S) were purified from the gonads of sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. They were characterized as α-glucan homologues, sharing the same α-1,4-glucan backbone substituted at C-6 positions by glucose with HPP-1S that occurs as the major polysaccharide in H. pulcherrimus , while with higher degrees of branching, and additionally possessing minor amounts of mannose and ribose. The branching degree and amounts of non-glucose branches showed a generally increasing tendency across HPP-2S − HPP-8S. These polysaccharides exhibited significant macrophage-activating effects by augmenting the secretion of NO, TNF-α and IL-6, which probably involves the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. Notably, the polysaccharides with a higher degree of branching exhibited markedly enhanced immunomodulatory capacity with a lowest effective concentration of 1.95 μg/mL. This work provides new cases of bioactive α-glucans and reveals their potential application as immunomodulating agents. • Seven new polysaccharides were isolated from Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. • They were characterized as α-1,4-glucan homologues with varying degrees of branching. • The α-1,4-glucan with a higher degree of branching showed more potent stimulatory effect on macrophage. • HPP-6S could activate macrophage at a low concentration of 1.95 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • GOnZnO and MnZnO significantly reduced zinc content in manure. • GOnZnO and MnZnO mitigated the ARGs dissemination risks in cattle manure. • GOnZnO and MnZnO inhibited bacterial DNA replication pathways. • ARGs changes driven by the bacterial and eukaryotic DNA replication and community. The existence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) in diverse everyday environments, such as animal agriculture, natural surroundings, and waste products, presents potential threats to both human health and food safety. Herein, metagenomic sequencing technique was employed to investigate the impact of two zinc-based nanoparticles, Graphene Oxide-modified Zinc Oxide (GOnZnO) and Microorganism-mediated Zinc Oxide (Micro-ZnO), on the microbial community, ARGs, and DNA replication. The results showed that both GOnZnO and Micro-ZnO significantly reduced zinc levels in animal manure when compared to the control group of nano zinc oxide (nZnO). The order of ARGs copy numbers was nZnO > GOnZnO > Micro-ZnO, with a significant difference between the GOnZnO and Micro-ZnO groups. Additionally, the expression levels of various DNA replication genes, including DNA polymerase III holoenzyme , dnaB , dnaG , RNeseH , polA , and Lig , were significantly lower in the GOnZnO group compared to the nZnO group. The Micro-ZnO group exhibited even lower expression levels of these genes compared to the GOnZnO group. In contrast, GOnZnO and Micro-ZnO had no significant impact on archaeal DNA replication pathway-related genes. Specifically, the expression of RNASEH1 was significantly higher in the Micro-ZnO group compared to the GOnZnO and nZnO groups. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed changes in ARGs driven by bacterial and eukaryotic DNA replication and microbial community dynamics. However, there was no correlation observed between ARGs and archaeal DNA replication genes. Overall, these findings add to the existing literature regarding the application of GOnZnO and Micro-ZnO as potential agents for reducing ARGs pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aldolase A (ALDOA) promotes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth and is a potential therapeutic target. A previous study found an α-D-glucan (α-D-(1,6)-Glc p -α-D-(1,4)-Glc p , 10.0:1.0), named HDPS-4II, that could specifically inhibit ALDOA but its activity was not high enough. In this study, the derivatives of α-D-glucan binding to ALDOA were optimized using molecular docking, and its sulfated modification demonstrated the highest affinity with ALDOA among sulfated, carboxylated, and aminated derivatives. Sulfated HDPS-4II and dextrans with different molecular weights (1000 Da, 3000 Da, and 4000 Da) were prepared. Using MST assay, 3- O -sulfated HDPS-4II (SHDPS-4II) and 1000 Da dextran (SDextran1) showed higher affinities to ALDOA with K d of 1.83 μM and 85.04 μM, respectively. Furthermore, SHDPS-4II and SDextran1 markedly inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo by blocking ALDOA. These results demonstrate that sulfated modification of α-D-glucans could enhance their affinities with ALDOA and anti-HCC effects. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the potential mechanism behind the protective effect of Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides (CP) against alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Multiple chromography techniques were employed to characterize CP from polysaccharide, the molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides, monosaccharide composition, isomeric hydrogen and isomeric carbon, in order to clarify the material basis of CP. To create the ALD mouse model, we utilized the well-established Lieber-DeCarli alcoholic liquid feed method. Findings from the study revealed that CP administration resulted in significant improvements in intestinal permeability, upregulation of barrier proteins expression, and reduced levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in mouse liver and serum. Additionally, CP treatment reduced the presence of inflammatory cytokines both in serum and liver while enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver. Furthermore, CP effectively reduced alcohol-induced oxidative damage by downregulating Keap1 protein levels in the liver, leading to increased expression of Nrf2 protein. The 16S rDNA sequencing results revealed that CP significantly restored the intestinal microbiota composition in ALD mice. These findings establish a strong association between gut microbiota and liver injury indicators, highlighting the potential of CP in preventing and treating ALD by modulating the gut-liver axis. • CP was characterized through various analytical methods and its liver protective effect was evaluated. • CP exhibits protective effects on the intestinal barrier function in mice with ALD. • CP has the capability to modulate the gut microbiota and uphold intestinal homeostasis in ALD mice. • By activating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, CP mitigates inflammation and oxidative stress in ALD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel lysosome-targetable fluorescent probe Lys - HClO for HClO was fabricated. • The probe Lys - HClO displayed high selectivity and sensitivity toward HClO. • Lys - HClO was used for imaging of lysosome HClO in cells and zebrafish. • Lys - HClO was firstly utilized to image of lysosome HClO in atherosclerosis model. Atherosclerosis (AS) is a systemic vascular disease that typically takes decades before overt disease manifests itself. Due to this silent course, it is essential to create disease predictors before clinical lesions develop. In AS, dysfunction of lysosome induced by the accumulation of HClO changes cytokine secretion from macrophages. The formation of foam cells with an elevated HOCl level is regarded as an iconic feature of the early AS lesion. However, fluorescent probes targeting lysosome to monitor the variations of HClO level during the AS procedure have not reported. In this work, we firstly report a lysosome-targeted fluorescence probe, Lys - HClO , for evaluating AS by mapping the fluctuation of HClO with high selectivity and sensitivity. Meanwhile, probe Lys - HClO can be located in lysosome and successfully used to detected endogenous and exogenous HClO in cells. Furthermore, probe Lys - HClO was effectively applied to imaging endogenous HClO in zebrafish. Notably, with the assistance of probe Lys - HClO, we successfully monitored the significant up regulation of HClO in aorta of high-fat diet (HFD) -induced AS. These results indicate that Lys - HClO was a prospective image tool in studying early diagnosis of AS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]