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• AlphaMELTS modeling geochemically distinguishes melt depletion from refertilization. • Lherz harzburgites are pristine melting residues with insignificant refertilization. • Lherz lherzolites close to websterites represent secondary refertilized products. • It yields the timing of melt depletion (peak at 2.0 Ga) and similarly ancient refertilization (∼ 1.5-2.0 Ga). • Refertilization will profoundly affect the stability and rigidity of the SCLM. Geochemically distinguishing the products of melt depletion from refertilization and constraining the timing of such mantle-melt interactions in the subcontinental lithosphere (SCLM) remain outstanding research issues. Here we utilize alphaMELTS thermodynamic modeling of both partial melting and refertilization to revisit the origins of the Lherz mantle rocks from the Pyrenean orogenic mantle massifs. Thermodynamic modeling reveals subtle but critical differences between refertilization (i.e., elevated TiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 and higher HREE in both whole rocks and clinopyroxenes) and partial melting processes. Harzburgites from the Lherz massif comprise predominantly pristine residues of partial melting and subordinately refertilized products with low melt/rock ratios. The Lherz lherzolites that show close spatial associations with olivine websterite layers represent secondary rocks, derived from refertilization involving the pristine, refractory harzburgites and upwelling N-MORB-like melts. Lherzolites with no intimate spatial association to olivine websterites are open to an additional origin, i.e., via stationary cooling at the base of lithosphere after moderate adiabatic upwelling of asthenospheric mantle. The Re-depletion model ages (T RD) of refractory harzburgites yield a systematic peak melting age of 2.0 Ga. We have developed a novel solution for constraining the relatively ancient age of refertilization (∼ 1.5 – 2.0 Ga) through the approach of an adapted percolation model to assess the behavior of Re-Os and Lu-Hf isotopic systems. Together with a comprehensive dataset of global on- and off-cratonic SCLM, this study has successfully distinguished silicate-melt induced refertilization from partial melting on elemental level, demonstrated the contribution of different melting mechanisms to the distinctive SCLM compositional evolution in the history, and highlighted how profound a role that refertilization has played on the variations of geochemical buoyancy and mechanical robustness and eventually on the stability and longevity of the ancient SCLM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bats serve as natural hosts for various infectious agents that can affect both humans and animals, and they are geographically widespread. In recent years, the prevalence of bat-associated pathogens has surged on a global scale, consequently generating significant interest in bats and their ectoparasites. In this study, we specifically selected the Miniopterus fuliginosus as the host and conducted bat captures in Nanjian Yi Autonomous County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, and the other in Mouding Township, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, located in Yunnan Province, China. Ectoparasites were meticulously collected from the bat body surface, alongside blood samples for subsequent analyses. Following collection, the ectoparasites were methodically identified and subjected to comprehensive ecological analysis. Additionally, DNA was extracted from both the bat blood and bat flies, with conventional PCR techniques utilized for molecular screening of four pathogens: Anaplasma sp., Babesia sp., Hepatozoon sp., and Bartonella sp. The capture efforts yielded a total of 37 M. fuliginosus , from which 388 ectoparasites were recovered, including 197 gamasid mites (C r = 50.77%, P M = 94.59%, M A = 5.32, M I = 5.63) and 191 bat flies (C r = 49.23%, P M = 75.68%, M A = 5.16, M I = 6.82). Notably, Steatonyssus nyctali (Y = 0.28, m*/m = 2.44) and Nycteribia allotopa (Y = 0.23, m*/m = 1.54) predominated among different individuals of M. fuliginosus , exhibiting an aggregated distribution pattern. The infection rates of Bartonella sp. were identified to be 18.92% (7/37) among bats and 37.17% (71/191) among bat flies, based on the testing of 37 bats and 191 bat flies. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the Bartonella sequences exhibited similarity to those found in bats and bat flies within China and South Korea. This study not only contributes to our comprehension of ectoparasite infection in M. fuliginosus but also establishes a foundation for potential exploration of their role as vectors. [Display omitted] • Ecological analysis of ectoparasites on bats collected from Yunnan, China. • Investigating the presence of four pathogens carried by bats and their ectoparasites. • Providing reference for the vector potential of ectoparasites on bats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of excessive rainfall or waterlogging on maize growth and yield have been widely studied, but the effects of planting density and N management under waterlogging remain unknown. We observed the changes in maize yield caused by excessive rainfall via a short-term experiment (2017 to present) in Changchun (125°14.231′–125°14.914′ E, 43°56.603′–43°57.274′ N), China. The experiment was conducted at four planting densities (45,000, 60,000, 75,000 and 90,000 plants/ha) and three nitrogen (N) rates (120, 180, and 240 kg/ha). The objective was to explore the effect of excessive precipitation on maize yield through changes in maize growing conditions, and the uptake, allocation, and utilization of N under different planting densities and N rates from 2019 to 2022. The precipitation during the whole growth period of maize in 2019 (542.9 mm) and 2020 (560.0 mm) was normal, while it was excessive in 2021 (829.10 mm) and 2022 (953.56 mm), especially during the vegetative stage from V12 to VT (355.60–482.10 mm). Excessive rainfall negatively affected the growth, photosynthetic characteristics (P n: −20.00 %, SPAD: −50.50 %), absorption (−56.86 %), distribution (−15.83 %), N utilization efficiency (NUE: −29.69 %), and grain yield (−44.67 %) of maize. Our results indicate that yield loss was minimized (−22.88 %) when the planting density was appropriately reduced (from 75,000 to 60,000 plants/ha) and the N rate was increased from 180 to 240 kg/ha. The effect of different waterlogging durations on yield exhibited a significantly negative linear relation (R2 > 0.80). This study revealed the physiological mechanism of the sustained effects of excessive rainfall on maize growth and yield. Waterlogging significantly affected the SPAD of maize (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.04), resulting in insufficient kernel N content (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.16) and decreased NUE (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.48). These factors significantly affected yield and exerted a significant negative correlation with planting density (p < 0.05). Our findings improved understanding of planting density and N management for growth and yield of maize under excessive rainfall conditions in mid-high latitude agriculture areas of the world. [Display omitted] • Quantified the impact on maize growth after the excessive rainfall, ultimately resulting in 44.67 % of yield reduction. • Analyzed the significant linear negative correlation between waterlogging duration and biomass loss. • Planting density, photosynthetic indexes and NUE were key factors affecting grain yield after the excessive rainfall. • Appropriately reduced planting density and increased N rate are effective ways to cope with excessive rainfall climates. • Waterlogging during the V12–VT period were major causes of stunted growth and reduced yields in maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]