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There is an increasing requirement for the discovery of new anthelmintics with resistance to existing drugs on the rise. Current strategies focus on targeting carbohydrate metabolism, with glycolytic enzymes and transporters proving to be attractive druggable targets; however, these often show a lack of efficacy during in vivo infections and have a lack of specificity. Recent studies have unearthed the ability of helminths to manipulate short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and bioactive lipid production, as possible alternative immunomodulatory strategies for establishing chronic infection. There is an urgent need to establish if these metabolic pathways are critical for parasite survival, as these could present as an exciting new avenue for anthelmintic discovery. Helminths can adapt to environmental conditions in the host, utilising anaerobic processes like fermentation and malate dismutation to produce energy from carbohydrate. Although targeting carbohydrate metabolism is an established therapeutic strategy to combat helminth infection, questions remain over the metabolic pathways they employ as adults to survive and evade host immunity. Helminths also use amino acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and cholesterol metabolism, a possible strategy favouring the production of immunomodulatory compounds that may influence survival in the host. Here, we discuss the significance of these differing metabolic pathways and whether targeting of helminth metabolic pathways may allow for the development of novel anthelmintics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR) by xenobiotics has been associated with metabolic diseases. This study aimed to reveal the impact of PXR activation on hepatic metabolome and explore novel mechanisms underlying PXR-mediated lipid metabolism disorder in the liver. Wild-type and PXR-deficient male C57BL/6 mice were used as in vivo models, and hepatic steatosis was induced by pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile, a typical rodent PXR agonist. Metabolomic analysis of liver tissues showed that PXR activation led to significant changes in metabolites involved in multiple metabolic pathways previously reported, including lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, the level of hepatic all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the main active metabolite of vitamin A, was significantly increased by PXR activation, and genes involved in ATRA metabolism exhibited differential expression following PXR activation or deficiency. Consistent with previous research, the expression of downstream target genes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) was decreased. Analysis of fatty acids by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer further revealed changes in polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism upon PXR activation, suggesting inhibition of PPARα activity. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel metabolomic signature of hepatic steatosis induced by PXR activation in mice. [Display omitted] • PXR activation and deficiency have different impact on hepatic metabolomics in mice. • PXR activation increased hepatic all- trans -retinoic acid by affecting the expression of genes involved in ATRA metabolism. • PXR activation inhibited PPARα-target genes involved in lipid metabolism and altered the composition of hepatic fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhodotorula kratochvilovae has shown to be a promising species for microbial oil production from lignin-derived compounds. Yet, information on R. kratochvilovae's detoxification and microbial oil production is scarce. This study investigated the growth and microbial oil production on the phenolic-containing effluent from poplar steam explosion and its detoxification with five R. kratochvilovae strains (EXF11626, EXF9590, EXF7516, EXF3697, EXF3471) and compared them with Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosum. The R. kratochvilovae strains reached a maximum growth rate up to four times higher than C. oleaginosum. Furthermore, all R. kratochvilovae strains generally degraded phenolics more rapidly and to a larger extent than C. oleaginosum. However, the diluted substrate limited the lipid production by all strains as the maximum lipid content and titre were 10.5% CDW and 0.40 g/L, respectively. [Display omitted] • All R. kratochvilovae strains are preferred to C. oleaginosum for detoxification. • R. kratochvilovae strains grow rapidly on lignocellulosic effluent. • R. kratochvilovae strains removed at least 91% of the phenolics after seven days. • The yeasts produced mainly unsaturated fatty acids on the effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Cell cycle arrest drives lung carcinoma cell ferroptosis-related resistance. • Cell cycle arrest increases TAG contents and promotes intracellular lipid deposition. • Resistance of lung cancer cells to ferroptosis induced by cell cycle inhibition is induced by diacylglycerol acyltransferases. • Intracellular lipid deposition in lung cancer cells resistant to slow-cycling treatment. • Ferroptosis inducers and iDGAT1/2 are effective in treating chemotherapy-resistant transplanted malignancies. Lung carcinoma is a frequently encountered cancerous growth that affects the respiratory tract and has a high occurrence rate globally. In light of the ongoing worldwide health emergency, the significance of efficient therapeutic agents and strategies is of utmost importance. A meticulous control of the cell cycle is crucial for comprehending the pathophysiology and molecular causes of lung cancer, as well as for the formulation of efficacious therapeutic medicines. The mechanism by which cells synchronize cell cycle with cell survival and death is still not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that the halting of the cell cycle has a strong inhibitory impact on ferroptosis, a specific type of controlled cell death triggered by excessive lipid peroxidation at the membranes of cells. Ferroptosis is halted through the mechanism of cell cycle arrest, which involves the deposition of intracellular lipids mediated by diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). Excessive amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are stored as triacylglycerols (TAGs) within inactive cells. As a result, inhibiting DGAT causes a rearrangement of PUFAs from TAGs to phospholipids and makes arrested cells more susceptible to ferroptosis. We demonstrate that certain lung cancer cells that are resistant to antimitotic drugs and have a slow-cycling behavior exhibit an increase in lipid droplets. Furthermore, we find that the growth of tumors resistant to 5-fluorouracil, lorlatinib, and docetaxel can be effectively suppressed by a combination treatment involving the use of ferroptosis inducers and DGAT inhibitors, which induces ferroptosis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the involvement of cell cycle arrest in conferring resistance to ferroptosis and propose a potential therapeutic approach for addressing the challenge of slow-cycling malignancies that exhibit resistance to ferroptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is imperative to optimise health and healthspan across the lifespan. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the hallmarks of ageing and inhibiting ROS production can potentially delay ageing whilst increasing healthy longevity. Lipids and lipid mediators (derivatives of lipids) are becoming increasingly recognized as central molecule in tissue and cellular function and are susceptible to peroxidation; hence linked with ageing. Lipid classes implicated in the ageing process include sterols, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and the oxidation products of polyunsaturated fatty acids but these are not yet translated into the clinic. Further mechanistic studies are required for the understanding of lipid classes in the ageing process. Lipidomics, the system level characterisation of lipid species with respect to metabolism and function, might provide a significant and useful biological age profiling tool through longitudinal studies. Lipid profiles in different ages among healthy individuals could be harnessed as lipid biomarkers of healthy ageing with potential integration for the development of lipid-based ageing clock (lipid clock). The potential of a lipid clock includes the prediction of future morbidity or mortality, which will promote precision and healthy longevity medicine. [Display omitted] • Lipids are vital for cellular function and are emerging as central molecules influencing the ageing process. • Profiling lipids and targeting lipid metabolism is promising in healthy longevity medicine as lipids change across lifespan. • Lipidomics is useful for capturing biological complexities; emergence of a lipid clock is promising for longevity prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety disorders constitute a spectrum of psychological conditions affecting millions of individuals worldwide, imposing a significant health burden. Historically, the development of anxiolytic medications has been largely focused on neurotransmitter function and modulation. However, in recent years, neurolipids emerged as a prime target for understanding psychiatric pathogenesis and developing novel medications. Neurolipids influence various neural activities such as neurotransmission and cellular functioning, as well as maintaining cell membrane integrity. Therefore, this review aims to elucidate the alterations in neurolipids associated with an anxious mental state and explore their potential as targets of novel anxiolytic medications. Existing evidence tentatively associates dysregulated neurolipid levels with the etiopathology of anxiety disorders. Notably, preclinical investigations suggest that several neurolipids, including endocannabinoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, may hold promise as potential pharmacological targets. Overall, the current literature tentatively suggests the involvement of lipids in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders, hinting at potential prospects for future pharmacological interventions. [Display omitted] • Neurolipids appear to be implicated in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders • Sphingolipids and lipid peroxidation markers are potential biomarkers for anxiety disorders • MAGL and FAAH inhibitors appear to be promising for reducing anxiety-related behaviour • Evidence for PUFA as an anxiolytic agent is inconclusive • Research in biochemical, neurophysiological, and clinical studies is needed to clarify neurolipids' role in anxiety [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of replacing ground corn with Parkia platycephala pods (PPs) in lamb diets on the physicochemical characteristics of meat, the fatty acid profile in meat, and ruminal biohydrogenation (RBH). Twenty-eight castrated male lambs (20.05 ± 0.44 kg, 120 ± 10 days old) were distributed in a randomized block design constituting four treatments and seven replications. Four diets were formulated by replacing ground corn with PPs at increasing levels: 0 % PPs and 100 % ground corn (299.4 g/kg dry matter [DM]), 33 % substitution of ground corn (199.5 g/kg DM) with PPs (100.3 g/kg DM), 66 % substitution of ground corn (99.7 g/kg DM) with PPs (200.5 g/kg DM), and 100 % PPs (300.6 g/kg DM) and 0 % ground corn. The PPs resulted in a reduction in C18:1 c 9 intake; increased C12:0, C15:0, C18:1 t 9, C18:1 t 11, and C18:2 n 6; and reduced C18:0 in ruminal digesta, with a quadratic effect for C4:0 (P < 0.05). The RBH rate of C18:1 c 9 and C18:2 n 6 (P < 0.05) decreased as the PP levels in the diets increased. Regarding fatty acids in meat, there was a reduction in C16:1 c 9, C18:1 c 9, and cis -monounsaturated fatty acids and a quadratic effect for C14:1 c 9 and C18:2 c 9 t 11 (P < 0.05) as the PP levels in the diets increased. Levels of 66 % and 100 % PPs in the diets provided higher C18:2 n6 in meat compared with the control diet (0 % PPs) and the diet containing 33 % PPs (P < 0.05). Under these experimental conditions, the replacement of corn with PPs in diets for lambs changed the fatty acid profile in the rumen digesta and lamb meat, promoting an increase in C18:1 t 11 in the rumen digesta. PPs can be used as an alternative ingredient in lamb feeding because they provide nutritional characteristics similar to those provided by corn. • Parkia platycephala pod (PP) has good levels of crude protein and phenolic compounds; • Chemical composition of PP pod can modulate the fatty acid profile of lamb meat; • PP pod replacing ground corn was tested in lamb diets; • PP pod replacing ground corn in diets increases the C18:1t11 in ruminal digesta; [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The effectiveness of antioxidants was based on the reactivity of the individual LOPs. • The polarity of antioxidants played a lesser role in suppressing the levels of LOPs. • Overall, resveratrol was the most effective antioxidant in suppressing LOPs at 180℃. • The antioxidant potential of resveratrol was observed at added levels of 50 and 100 ppm. • The high boiling point of resveratrol accounted for its effectiveness in the tested oil at 180℃. Several scientific studies have warned that the ingestion of dietary lipid oxidation products (LOPs) may initiate or exacerbate the development of several chronic non-communicable diseases in humans. Indeed, the constantly increasing consumption of culinary oils by larger global populations indicates the need for scientific techniques to suppress the evolution of LOPs in thermo-oxidised oils. This study employed a 600.13 MHz frequency NMR spectrometer in evaluating the effect of 10, 50, and 100 ppm concentrations of chemical compounds reported to have antioxidant properties in continuously-stirred and thermally stressed polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich hemp seed oil at a frying temperature of 180℃ for 180 min. Research data acquired showed that the antioxidants α- and γ-tocopherol, γ-oryzanol, β-carotene, eugenol, resveratrol, ascorbyl palmitate, gentisic acid, and L-ascorbic acid all played a vital role in suppressing the evolution of secondary aldehydic lipid oxidation products in hemp seed oil. However, the most ineffective LOP-suppressing agent was L-lysine, an observation which may be accountable by its poor oil solubility. Nonetheless, trends deduced for compounds acting as antioxidants were mainly unique for each class of agent tested. Conversely, the antioxidant capacity of resveratrol was consistently higher, and this effect was found to be independent of its added amounts. This report provides a direct approach in developing scientific methods for the suppression of LOPs in thermo-oxidatively susceptible PUFA-rich cooking oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thraustochytrids are marine microorganisms known for their fast growth and ability to store lipids, making them useful for producing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), biodiesel, squalene, and carotenoids. However, the high cost of production, mainly due to expensive fermentation components, limits their wider use. A significant challenge in this context is the need to balance production costs with the value of the end products. This review focuses on integrating the efficient utilization of waste with Thraustochytrids fermentation, including the economic substitution of carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and fermentation water. This approach aligns with the 3Rs principles (reduction, recycling, and reuse). Furthermore, it emphasizes the role of Thraustochytrids in converting waste into lipid chemicals and promoting sustainable circular production models. The aim of this review is to emphasize the value of Thraustochytrids in converting waste into treasure, providing precise cost reduction strategies for future commercial production. • Excel in lipid chemical production and lipid accumulation (>60%). • Thraustochytrids have the ability to naturally utilize multiple waste types. • Waste has the ability to enhance the production capacity in Thraustochytrids. • Potential for circular economy via internal, external recycling loops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is prevalent around the world, yet our understanding of the disease is still very limited. Recent work suggests that the cornerstone of AD may include the inflammation that accompanies it. Failure of a normal pro-inflammatory immune response to resolve may lead to persistent central inflammation that contributes to unsuccessful clearance of amyloid-beta plaques as they form, neuronal death, and ultimately cognitive decline. Individual metabolic, and dietary (lipid) profiles can differentially regulate this inflammatory process with aging, obesity, poor diet, early life stress and other inflammatory factors contributing to a greater risk of developing AD. Here, we integrate evidence for the interface between these factors, and how they contribute to a pro-inflammatory brain milieu. In particular, we discuss the importance of appropriate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the diet for the metabolism of specialised pro-resolving mediators (SPMs); raising the possibility for dietary strategies to improve AD outlook. • The cornerstone of AD may include the inflammation that accompanies it. • Failure of a normal pro-inflammatory immune response to resolve may lead to persistent central inflammation. • Individual metabolic, and lipid profiles can differentially regulate this inflammatory process. • We integrate evidence for the role of aging, obesity, poor diet, early life stress and other inflammatory factors in AD. • We examine the importance of appropriate dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for AD outlook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Application of ultrasound technology to freeze storage. • UIF-175 W can effectively minimized the changes in MP structure. • UIF-175 W can protect the lipid during the freeze process. • A schematic illustration of protein and lipid oxidations was proposed. In this study, large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) was frozen using multi-frequency ultrasound-assisted freezing (MUIF) with different powers (160 W, 175 W, and 190 W, respectively) and stored at −18 °C for ten months. The effect of different ultrasound powers on the myofibrillar protein (MP) structures and lipid oxidation of large yellow croaker was investigated. The results showed that MUIF significantly slowed down the oxidation of MP by inhibiting carbonyl formation and maintaining high sulfhydryl contents. These treatments also held a high activity of Ca2+-ATPase in the MP. MUIF maintained a higher ratio of α-helix to β-sheet during frozen storage, thereby protecting the secondary structure of the tissue and stabilizing the tertiary structure. In addition, MUIF inhibited the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value and the loss of unsaturated fatty acid content, indicating that MUIF could better inhibit lipid oxidation of large yellow croaker during long-time frozen storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated how lipid metabolism in the longissimus thoracis is influenced by the diet supplemented with grape seed procyanidins (GSPs) in growing-finishing pigs. Forty-eight crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to four groups, each receiving a basal diet, or basal diet added with 150, 200, and 250 mg/kg GSPs. Transcriptomics and metabolomics were employed to explore differential gene and metabolite regulation. The expression of key lipid metabolism-related genes was tested via qRT-PCR, and the lipid and fatty acid composition of the longissimus thoracis were determined. Dietary GSPs at different concentrations upregulated lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which is involved in lipolysis, and significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1B (CPT 1B) and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), implicated in transmembrane transport of fatty acids. Dietary supplementation of GSPs at 200 or 250 mg/kg markedly reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride content in longissimus thoracis. Dietary GSPs significantly decreased the contents of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, while increasing unsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, GSPs may regulate lipid metabolism, reducing cholesterol level, and improving fatty acid composition in the longissimus thoracis of growing-finishing pigs. Our findings provide evidence for the beneficial effects of GSPs as pig feed additives for improving lipid composition. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Higher contents of aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols were found in the PAW-DBD group. • Alterations in lipid profiles were studied by LC-MS-based lipidomics analyses. • 130 lipid species were identified as DALs. • TG was the major lipid of 130 DALs. • Glycerophospholipid metabolism was the predominant metabolic pathway. To explore the combination effects of plasma-activated water and dielectric barrier discharge (PAW-DBD) cold plasma treatment on the formation of volatile flavor and lipid oxidation in Asian sea bass (ASB), the volatile flavor compounds and lipid profiles were characterized by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry and LC-MS-based lipidomics analyses. In total, 38 volatile flavor compound types were identified, and the PAW-DBD group showed the most kinds of volatile components with a significant (p < 0.05) higher content in aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols. A total of 1500 lipids was detected in lipidomics analysis, phosphatidylcholine was the most followed by triglyceride. The total saturated fatty acids content in PAW-DBD group increased by 105.02 μg/g, while the total content of unsaturated fatty acids decreased by 275.36 μg/g. It can be concluded that the PAW-DBD processing increased both the types and amounts of the volatile flavor in ASB and promoted lipid oxidation by altering lipid profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the incidence rate and number of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are increasing, which has become one of the greatest threats to human health. However, there is still no effective therapy and medicine so far. Silphium perfoliatum L. is a perennial herb native to North America, which is used to improve physical fitness and treat liver and spleen related diseases in the traditional medicinal herbs of Indian tribes. This herb is rich in chlorogenic acids, which have the functions of reducing blood lipids, losing weight and protecting liver. However, the effect of these compounds on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remains unclear. Clarify the therapeutic effects and mechanism of the extract (CY-10) rich in chlorogenic acid and its analogues from Silphium perfoliatum L. on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and to determine the active compounds. A free fatty acid-induced steatosis model of HepG2 cells was established to evaluate the in vitro activity of CY-10 in promoting lipid metabolism. Further, a high-fat diet-induced NAFLD model in C57BL/6 mice was established to detect the effects of CY-10 on various physiological and biochemical indexes in mice, and to elucidate the in vivo effects of the extract on regulating lipid metabolism, anti-inflammation and hepatoprotection, and nontarget lipid metabolomics was performed to analyze differential metabolites of fatty acids in the liver. Subsequently, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the target of the extract and elucidate its mechanism of action. Finally, the active compounds in CY-10 were elucidated through in vitro activity screening. The results indicated that CY-10 significantly attenuated lipid droplet deposition in HepG2 cells. The results of in vivo experiments showed that CY-10 significantly reduce HFD-induced mouse body weight and organ index, improve biochemical indexes, oxidation levels and inflammatory responses in the liver and serum, thereby protecting the liver tissue. It can promote the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids in the liver and reduce the generation of saturated fatty acids. Furthermore, it is clarified that CY-10 can promote lipid metabolism balance by regulating AMPK/FXR/SREPB-1c/PPAR-γ signal pathway. Ultimately, the main active compound was proved to be cryptochlorogenic acid, which has a strong promoting effect on the metabolism of fatty acids in cells. Impressively, the activities of CY-10 and cryptochlorogenic acid were stronger than simvastatin in vitro and in vivo. For the first time, it is clarified that the extract rich in chlorogenic acids and its analogues in Silphium perfoliatum L. have good therapeutic effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It is confirmed that cryptochlorogenic acid is the main active compound and has good potential for medicine. [Display omitted] • Chlorogenic acids CY-10 from Silphium perfoliatum L. has excellent therapeutic effect on NAFLD. • CY-10 improves lipid metabolism and inflammatory response, prevent liver damage. • CY-10 promotes lipid metabolism balance by regulating the AMPK/FXR signaling pathway. • Cryptochlorogenic acid may be the key ingredient of CY-10 regulating lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soy sauce is a traditional condiment that undergoes microbial fermentation of various ingredients to achieve its desired color, scent, and flavor. Sporidiobolus pararoseus , which is a type of Rhodocerevisiae , shows promising potential as a source of lipids, carotenoids, and enzymes that can enrich the taste and color of soy sauce. However, there is currently a lack of systematic and comprehensive studies on the functions and mechanisms of action of S. pararoseus during soy sauce fermentation. In this review, it is well established that S. pararoseus produces lipids that are abundant in unsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic acid, as well as various carotenoids, such as β-carotene, torulene, and torularhodin. These pigments are synthesized through the mevalonic acid pathway and possess remarkable antioxidant properties, acting as natural colorants. The synthesis of carotenoids is stimulated by high salt concentrations, which induces oxidative stress caused by NaCl. This stress further activates crucial enzymes involved in carotenoid production, ultimately leading to pigment formation. Moreover, S. pararoseus can produce high-quality enzymes that aid in the efficient utilization of soy sauce substrates during fermentation. Furthermore, this review focused on the impact of S. pararoseus on the color and quality of soy sauce and comprehensively analyzed its characteristics and ingredients. Thus, this review serves as a basis for screening high-quality oleaginous red yeast strains and improving the quality of industrial soy sauce production through the wide application of S. pararoseus. • The synthesis pathway of lipids and carotenoids in S. pararoseus was illustrated. • S. pararoseus can compensate for lipid insufficiency during fermentation. • S. pararoseus can produce carotenoids under various environmental stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fatty acids are important functional components for brain tissue and play a significant role in maintaining various biological and physiological processes. • Lipids altered the transcriptomic profile of the pig brain, affecting essential genes and biological processes. • The CALB1 and TRPC3 modulated by a diet containing 3 % soybean oil may contribute to calcium homeostasis and assist in reducing the association with neurodegenerative diseases. • Differentially expressed genes modulated by lipid sources participate in essential processes for the maintenance of brain tissue. Lipids are fundamental to the structure and function of the brain, and their fatty acids (FA) composition is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which have protective effects and modulate gene transcription. For nutrigenomics studies, pigs (Sus scrofa) have been widely used as a biomedical model. Thus, the aimed to investigate whether different dietary oil sources modify the pig brain's lipid and transcriptomic profile. A 98-day study was performed using fifty-four male pigs. Treatments consisted of corn-soybean meal diets containing 3 % of soybean oil (SOY), canola oil (CO), or fish oil (FO). Total mRNA was extracted for sequencing. As a result, feeding diets with different oil sources affected the percentage of some FA. Palmitic acid showed a greater concentration in diets containing SOY with 27.037 %. Oleic acid and eicosenoic acid, showed a greater concentration in diets containing SOY, with 30.968 % and 2.096 %, respectively; and, total PUFA showed a better concentration in diets containing SOY and FO, with 11.685 % and 12.150 %, respectively. After quality control, considering the total reads obtained for the three groups, 94.87% were mapped against the reference genome SScrofa11.1. A comparison of gene expression between the groups of pigs was carried out by using the DESeq2 statistical package (R/Bioconductor). From SOY vs CO comparison, five differentially expressed genes (DEG, FDR < 0.05) were identified, from SOY vs FO forty-four DEG were verified, and from CO vs FO thirty-nine DEG were found. The functional enrichment analysis resulted in pathway maps (P < 0.05) related to apoptosis and cell proliferation, obesity and type 2 diabetes, neurophysiological process, and inflammation. The networks were associated with signal transduction, calcium transport, and oxidative stress. Overall, the results showed that diets with different oil sources could affect some brain tissue parameters and may help guide future research on the availability of dietary FA in the brain. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The development of peanut oil volatile flavor requires oil to participate in thermal reaction. • Heating peanut oil to degrade the unsaturated fatty acids in the oil creates reducing aldehydes. • Linoleic acid is one of the precursors in the formation of the volatile flavor of peanut oil. • Develop a volatile flavor model capable of distinguishing different reactions. Lipid is an important precursor for volatile flavor formation, but it is not clear how to study the reactions involved in forming key volatile flavor compounds in peanut oil. In this paper, we innovatively established a flavor research model to investigate the contribution of different chemical reactions to the aroma compounds of peanut oil. The results showed that lipid participation in thermal reactions is necessary for forming major aroma compounds in hot-pressed peanut oil. Compared to the Maillard reaction, the lipid oxidation-Maillard reaction produces more compounds with 46 volatile substances identified. During the heating process, six new key substances were formed and the level of unsaturated fatty acids decreased by 7.28%. Among them, linoleic acid may be an important precursor for the formation of aroma components of hot-pressed peanut oil. Our study could provide theoretical guidance for understanding the volatile flavor mechanism of peanut oil and improving volatile flavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Amylosucrase and pullulanase treatments of amylopectin produced linear α-glucans. • Linear α-glucans were prone to form V-type complexes with unsaturated fatty acid. • Digestibility of the complexes was controlled by their crystalline structure. • The formation of V-type structure improved the stability of unsaturated fatty acid. In this study, waxy corn starch (WCS) was modified by amylosucrase and pullulanase, producing linear starch chains with elongated length that favored the complexation with unsaturated fatty acids (uFAs). Compared to native WCS, the amylosucrase-modified WCS with an average chain length of 47.8 was easier to form V-type complexes with oleic acid, while increasing the degree of unsaturation impeded the formation of V-type complexes. The pullulanase treatment hydrolyzed the branching points of amylosucrase-modified WCS and the linear starch chains could forme V-type complexes with oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid, with V-type crystallinity decreasing from 38.2 % to 20.1 %. V-type complexes had a lower thermal stability than the B-type starch crystallites, and their peak melting temperature ranged from 67.2 to 79.0 °C. The content of resistant starch in the complexes was in the range of 21.8 %-40.9 % and the formation of V-type complexes decreased the susceptibility of uFAs to oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study enhanced Scenedesmus obliquus cultivation via optimization of C/N and C/P ratios in synthetic media and evaluation of a two-stage cultivation strategy through application of salinity stress in olive processing wastewater-based feedstocks. S. obliquus under 40/1 C/N ratio performed biomass and lipid productivity that reached 0.15 and 34.1 mg L−1 d−1 respectively, demonstrating high glucose removal efficiency. Application of a two-stage cultivation strategy employing 0, 10, 20 and 30 g L−1 NaCl during the second bioprocess segment resulted in elevated biomass productivity (0.14–0.19 g L−1 d−1), which was reduced under batch mode yielding 0.11 g L−1 d−1. Two-stage cultivation triggered higher lipid productivity (4.2%-156.9%) following 3 d and 6 d upon the onset of the second stage (42.7–55.2 mg L−1 d−1) as compared to batch conditions, while the utilization of reducing sugars in exhausted olive pomace hydrolysates and table olive processing wastewater reached 53.6%-61.2%. Proline, glycerol and reactive oxygen species accumulated at considerable levels employing 20 and 30 g L−1 NaCl, indicating that S. obliquus expressed cellular stress under elevated salinity content, which was not notably stimulated using 10 g L−1 NaCl. The use of olive processing wastewater in a two-stage cultivation strategy under stress conditions enables future development of algal biorefinery systems for production of S. obliquus biomass and polyunsaturated fatty acids as high added-value products from biowaste. [Display omitted] • Scenedesmus obliquus under C/N ratio of 40/1 maximized biomass and lipid contents • Two-stage Scenedesmus obliquus cultivation was performed under high salinity • The two-stage process elevated biomass and lipids production compared to batch mode • Lipid productivity from olive processing wastewater was elevated by 157% • Proline, glycerol and ROS accumulated at high levels using 20 and 30 g L−1 NaCl [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their valuable nutritional content, several hemp-derived products from hempseeds have recently been placed in the market as food and food ingredients. In particular, the lipid composition of hempseeds has raised interest for their rich content in biologically active polyunsaturated fatty acids with an optimum ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 compounds. At present, however, the overall polar lipidome composition of hempseeds remains largely unknown. In the present work, an analytical platform was developed for the extraction, untargeted HRMS-based analysis, and detailed annotation of the lipid species. First, five one- and two-phase solid-liquid extraction protocols were tested and compared on a hempseed pool sample to select the method that allowed the overall highest efficiency as well as easy coupling with lipid derivatization by photochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition with 6-azauracil. Underivatized lipids were annotated employing a data processing workflow on Compound Discoverer software that was specifically designed for polar lipidomics, whereas inspection of the MS/MS spectra of the derivatized lipids following the aza-Paternò-Büchi reaction allowed pinpointing the regiochemistry of carbon-carbon double bonds. A total of 184 lipids were annotated, i.e., 26 fatty acids and 158 phospholipids, including minor subclasses such as N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines. Once the platform was set up, the lipid extracts from nine hempseed samples from different hemp strains were characterized, with information on the regiochemistry of free and conjugated fatty acids. The overall analytical approach helped to fill a gap in the knowledge of the nutritional composition of hempseeds. [Display omitted] • One-phase lipid extraction more efficient than common two-phase extraction. • Methanol extraction was directly coupled with aza-Paternò-Büchi lipid derivatization. • 184 fatty acids and phospholipids were annotated in nine hempseed accessions. • Photochemical derivatization allowed pinpointing carbon-carbon double bonds. • Distinct regioisomeric compositions were determined in different accessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to its numerous physiological effects, Acer truncatum seed oil (ATO) is increasingly popular as a novel source of edible oil in China. To explore the characteristics of ATO accumulation, the potential biosynthetic mechanisms of the main fatty acids (FAs) were investigated during the six different developmental stages of A. truncatum seeds (i.e., S1 - S6). The results indicated that the ATO yields significantly increased from S1 to S5, and then decreased (S6), whereby the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids reached up to 82.63–90.65% of the total ATO content. The highest content of nervonic acid was observed at S6. Dynamic transcriptome data analyses revealed that 38,932 genes were actively transcribed in the five seed developmental stages (i.e., S1-S5), 103 of which were related to lipid metabolism. Combining with the gene expression and FA profiling, the potential metabolism of the main FA was further explored. Notably, changes in C18:1-CoA transformation were observed at the later periods of A. truncatum seed development (especially from S4 to S5), which might be the key factor limiting the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Additionally, 24 key functional genes related to lipid metabolism were highly correlated with VLCFA biosynthesis. Finally, 11 potential transcription factors from the bHLH, GRAS, bZIP, AP2/ERF, and MADS families exhibited highly positive correlations with these key functional genes in lipid metabolism, all of which might play important roles in regulating of VLCFA accumulation. • Characteristics of VLCFA accumulation were parsed during seed development. • Regulation of C18:1-CoA transfromation is the key steps in VLCFA accumulation. • Putative key genes and regulators were identified in VLCFA accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Lipid profiles of three varieties of sea cucumbers were investigated. • Differential distribution of lipids in different body parts was observed. • Polyunsaturated fatty acids are enriched in intestinal contents rather than meat. • Phospholipids having EPA acyl chain are abundant in black sea cucumber. Sea cucumbers are a rich source of bioactive compounds and are gaining popularity as nutrient-rich seafood. They are consumed as a whole organism in Pacific regions. However, limited data are available on the comparison of their lipid composition and nutritional value. In this study, untargeted liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was applied to comprehensively profile lipids in the skin, meat, and intestinal contents of three color-distinct edible sea cucumbers. Multivariate principal component analysis revealed that the lipid composition of the intestinal contents of red, black, and blue sea cucumbers differs from that of skin, and meats. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are abundant in the intestinal contents, followed by meats of sea cucumber. Lipid nutritional quality assessments based on fatty acid composition revealed a high P:S ratio, low index of atherogenicity, and high health promotion indices for the intestinal contents of red sea cucumber, suggesting its potential health benefits. In addition, hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the intestinal contents of sea cucumbers were relatively high in PUFA-enriched phospholipids and lysophospholipids. Ceramides are abundant in black skin, blue meat, and red intestinal content samples. Overall, this study provides the first insights into a comprehensive regio-specific profile of the lipid content of sea cucumbers and their potential use as a source of lipid nutrients in food and nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Investigated the change of free fatty acids, oxylipids, and volatile compounds. • Identified the oxylipids in rice bran during storage. • Tracked the dynamic changes of oxylipids in rice bran during storage. • Built a positive correlation between polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxylipids. Recent explorations into rice bran oil (RBO) have highlighted its potential, owing to an advantageous fatty acid profile in the context of health and nutrition. Despite this, the susceptibility of rice bran lipids to oxidative degradation during storage remains a critical concern. This study focuses on the evolution of lipid degradation in RBO during storage, examining the increase in free fatty acids (FFAs), the formation of oxylipids, and the generation of volatile secondary oxidation products. Our findings reveal a substantial rise in FFA levels, from 109.55 to 354.06 mg/g, after 14 days of storage, highlighting significant lipid deterioration. Notably, key oxylipids, including 9,10-EpOME, 12,13(9,10)-DiHOME, and 13-oxoODE, were identified, with a demonstrated positive correlation between total oxylipids and free polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), specifically linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA). Furthermore, the study provides a detailed analysis of primary volatile secondary oxidation products. The insights gained from this study not only sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of lipid rancidity in rice bran but also offers significant implications for extending the shelf life and preserving the nutritional quality of RBO, aligning with the increasing global interest in this high-quality oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breastfeeding is the gold standard in infant nutrition and continuous researches aim to optimize infant formula composition as the best alternative available. Human milk lipid content provides more than 50% of energy requirements for infants together with essential vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and other bioactive components. While fatty acids and vitamins human milk content has been extensively studied and, when needed those have been added to infant formulas, less is known about polyunsaturated fatty acids functional derivatives and other bioactive components. Here we describe the comparison of lipid compositions in breast milk from 22 healthy volunteers breastfeeding mothers and the six most common infant formula devoting particular attention to two families of signaling lipids, endocannabinoids, and eicosanoids. The main differences between breast milk and formulas lie in a variety of saturated fatty and unsaturated fatty acids, in the total amount (45–95% less in infant formula) and a variety of endocannabinoids and eicosanoids (2-AG, 5(s)HETE, 15(S)-HETE and 14,15-EET). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at the consecutive extraction of neutral and polar lipids (phospholipids) from skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) byproducts using an entrainer (ethanol) combination of green extraction system supercritical carbon dioxide. The head, viscera, and skin of tuna fish were subjected to extraction. The highest proportion of lipids was obtained from the skin (31.18% ± 0.59%), and the net phospholipids were obtained from the head (3.24%). Oils and phospholipids are rich in omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Phospholipids were identified and their composition was analyzed based on 31P NMR spectra. Three important classes of phospholipids are phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Tocopherol is the major vitamin present in oils and phospholipids from K. pelamis byproducts. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that the extracted neutral and polar lipids are stable at cooking temperatures and can be used in various industries. [Display omitted] • Neutral and polar lipids extracted from skipjack tuna using green extraction methodology. • Tuna head generated the highest phospholipid yield. • Both neutral and polar lipids had high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids. • The classes of phospholipids determined by 31P NMR. • Tocopherol was the major vitamin in extracted lipids confirmed by HPLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutrient removal, biomass production and nutritional value of the halophyte Salicornia ramosissima were evaluated in the context of an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) system. The experiment consisted of an indoor fish RAS whose effluent was used to feed two different halophyte hydroponic systems: a Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system or a Deep Water Culture (DWC) system. The highest yield of S. ramosissima was observed in the DWC (320 g m−2 day−1), this system showed significantly higher yields compared to the NFT. Both hydroponic systems were effective in removing nutrients from the fish RAS wastewater, contributing to the wastes valorization process. Maximal nutrient uptake efficiencies were: 82.8% and 68.6% NO 3 − in the DWC and the NFT, respectively; 72.6% PO 4 3− in the DWC and 82.9% in the NFT; 63.6% NO 2 − in the DWC vs 56.4% in the NFT; and 89.2% NH 4 + in the DWC vs 94.1% in the NFT. The lipid profile of the halophytes in the DWC was analysed. The total lipid content ranged from 2.99% to 3.83%. The fatty acids (FA) profile in the leaves was dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids (about 66%), which were represented by α-linolenic acid (41%) and linoleic acid (24%), followed by saturated fatty acids (28%) with palmitic acid (22%) as the major component. A small component of monounsaturated fatty acids accounts for about 12% of total FA. Regarding lipid classes, pigments were the most abundant compounds followed by glycolipids, phospholipids, flavonoids and sterols. The study supports the potential of S. ramosissima to valorise aquaculture wastes and its high nutritional interest. The experimental systems minimized waste and maximized resources utilization. Such integrated approaches can contribute to the sustainability and resilience of aquaculture systems while providing additional economic opportunities through the production of high value halophyte products. • Salicornia ramosissima was hydroponically cultivated in a NFT system and in a DWC system with fish RAS effluents. • The DWC system provided the best yield (320 g m−2 day−1). • Both systems removed >75% of DIN and 80% of DIP present in the effluent. • The lipid profile of S. ramosissima is affected by nutritional stress and cultivation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two Ulva species were exposed to four salinity levels. • Lipidome was characterised via GC–MS and HILIC-LC-MS. • Profound differences between the two Ulva species were found. • Fatty acids and polar lipids strongly accumulated at low salinity. • Higher nutritional profile of Ulva australis biomass at low salinity. The sea lettuce Ulva spp is becoming an increasingly important macroalgae for aquaculture. Sea lettuce can be grown on- and off-shore, displays high growth rates, and its biomass possesses attractive nutritional benefits. Among those are their fatty acids (FA) and lipid profiles, rich in omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) as well as bioactive lipids. In order to tailor those properties for food applications, we explored the use of a short-term (seven days) low salinity treatment to modulate the lipid profile of two species of Ulva. We found large quantitative differences between species, and while a low-salinity treatment negatively affected growth, Ulva australis' lipid profile was positively impacted. Total FA particularly ɷ-3 PUFAs, increased three-fold, as well as most polar lipid species including known bioactive compounds. This study highlights profound differences between species and describes a simple method to increase the nutritional properties of Ulva biomass for food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adaptive laboratory evolution and food waste upcycling was coupled to overcome the present bottleneck. • N. oceanica strain was improved under hyposalinity conditions to enhance lipids without affecting growth. • Evolved cells (ALE2) effectively consumed food waste hydrolysate and overproduced biomass. • Evolved cells exhibited tremendous oleaginicity and accumulated up to 45% lipids CDW using FWH. • ALE2 cells accumulated EPA up to 32% of total FAMEs. Disposal of food waste (FW) has become a significant problem that exacerbates the economy, environment and climate due to its rich nutrient content, thereby implying the necessity to upcycle FW by biotechnology means in a sustainable manner. Employing photosynthetic microalgae to FW upcycling hold great potential to simultaneously remediate the FW and to biosynthesize novel commodity metabolites. However, effective nutrient utilization of FW and metabolite overproduction by native algae is inadequate, and thus further development of strain and strategy is warranted to achieve a circular bioeconomy. Here, the marine Nannochloropsis oceanica was improved by adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) under low salt conditions for enhanced lipid and uncompromised growth features. Then, FW hydrolysate (FWH) was used as the carbon source to facilitate the mixotrophic cultivation of N. oceanica. Results showed that the biomass of scrutinized evolved cells (ALE70) resulted in enhanced biomass production of 830 mg/l using FWH. Interestingly, ALE70 strains accumulate lipids up to 49 % of total cell dry weight, which was 1.5-fold higher than the WT cells cultivated in FWH. Importantly, FAME analysis by GC–MS showed that FWH provision to the ALE70 strains resulted in notable fatty acid alteration, enriched explicitly with unsaturated fatty acid and EPA content was hiked by 32 % of FAME. Altogether, these findings demonstrated a potential duplex strategy by employing the evolved strains to upcycle the food waste for valuable metabolite biosynthesis effectively and also offer promising insights into algal-associated food waste valorization towards circular bioeconomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous enhancement in the productivities of microalgal biomass and lipids that are inversely correlated to each other has been a long-standing challenge before the scientists engaged in algal biodiesel research and innovation. This study, develops an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model and uses multi-objective optimization approach to determine the process parameters, namely, light intensity, CO 2 %, air flow rate, and C/N ratio to maximize biomass and lipid productivities of microalga, Chlorella sorokiniana, simultaneously. Experimental data based on central composite design (CCD) were used to train a feed-forward multilayer ANN with four critical parameters. The global sensitivity analysis was performed on the trained ANN model using Sobol's method to assess the relative significance of the four process variables. Since the objectives of maximizing biomass and lipid productivities conflict with each other, multi-objective optimization approach was used for deriving the optimal process parameters, experimental validation of which resulted in approximately 3 times increase in biomass productivity and 7 times increase in lipid productivity. On transesterification of the lipid, the biodiesel product with saturated to unsaturated fatty acids ratio of 48:52 conformed very well to the international standards, ASTM D6751 and EN14214, thereby making it an environment friendly green biofuel. Thus, the present study showcases the successful application of machine learning tool in analysing the global sensitivity analysis of process variables, and employ it for multi-objective optimization towards achieving maximum microalgal biomass and lipid productivities concomitantly for potentially sustainable production of biodiesel. [Display omitted] • Artificial Neural Network to develop a model for enhance biomass and lipid productivities • Sobol's sensitive analysis to assess the impact of four parameters on the process performance • Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) for multi-objective optimization to determine the trade-off between biomass and lipid productivities • Validation study of the predicted conditions for enhanced biomass and lipid productivities • FAME analysis of lipid from ANN-GA optimized condition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical stability of edible oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is a major challenge within the food and supplement industries, as lipid oxidation reduces oil quality and safety. Despite appearing homogeneous to the human eye, bulk oils are actually multiphase heterogeneous systems at the nanoscale level. Association colloids, such as reverse micelles, are spontaneously formed within bulk oils due to the self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules that are present, like phospholipids, free fatty acids, and/or surfactants. In bulk oil, lipid oxidation often occurs at the oil-water interface of these association colloids because this is where different reactants accumulate, such as PUFAs, hydroperoxides, transition metals, and antioxidants. Consequently, the efficiency of antioxidants in bulk oils is governed by their chemical reactivity, but also by their ability to be located close to the site of oxidation. This review describes the impact of minor constituents in bulk oils on the nature of the association colloids formed. And then the formation of mixed reverse micelles (LOOH, (co)surfactants, or antioxidations) during the peroxidation of bulk oils, as well as changes in their composition and structure over time are also discussed. The critical importance of selecting appropriate antioxidants and surfactants for the changes of interface and colloid, as well as the inhibition of lipid oxidation is emphasized. The knowledge presented in this review article may facilitate the design of bulk oil products with improved resistance to oxidation, thereby reducing food waste and improving food quality and safety. [Display omitted] • The changes of composition and structure of colloid during lipid oxidation caused by amphiphilic antioxidants or surfactants are reviewed for the first time. • The ability of antioxidants to interact with LOOHs in reverse micelles during the different stages of lipid oxidation can accelerate or delay oxidation. • The colloidal structural changes caused by non-antioxidant surfactants can produce antioxidant effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatic inflammation is commonly identified in Wilson disease (WD), a genetic disease of hepatic and brain copper accumulation. Copper accumulation is associated with increased oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species generation which may result in non-enzymatic oxidation of membrane-bound polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). PUFA can be oxidized enzymatically via lipoxygenases (LOX), cyclooxygenases (COX), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP). Products of PUFA oxidation are collectively known as oxylipins (OXL) and are bioactive lipids that modulate hepatic inflammation. We examined hepatic OXL profiles at early stages of WD in two mouse models, the toxic milk mouse from The Jackson Laboratory (tx-j) and the Atp7b knockout on a C57Bl/6 background (Atp7b −/−B6). Targeted lipidomic analysis performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry showed that in both tx-j and Atp7b −/−B6 mice, hepatic OXL profiles were altered with higher thromboxane and prostaglandins levels. The levels of oxidative stress marker, 9-HETE were increased more markedly in tx-j mice. However, both genotypes showed upregulated transcript levels of many genes related to oxidative stress and inflammation. Both genotypes showed higher prostaglandins, thromboxin along with higher PUFA-derived alcohols, diols, and ketones with altered epoxides; the expression of Alox5 was upregulated and many CYP-related genes were dysregulated. Pathway analyses show dysregulation in arachidonic acid and linoleic acid metabolism characterizes mice with WD. Our findings indicate alterations in hepatic PUFA metabolism in early-stage WD and suggest the upregulation of both, non-enzymatic ROS-dependent and enzymatic PUFA oxidation, which could have implications for hepatic manifestations in WD and represent potential targets for future therapies. • Early-stage Wilson disease presents alterations in arachidonic acid and linoleic acid metabolism. • Oxidative stress marker 9-HETE is increased with possible genotype-related variations. • Cyclooxygenase pathways are upregulated in mice with Wilson disease. • Higher polyunsaturated fatty acids- alcohols, diols, and ketones suggest upregulated lipoxygenases activities. • Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and soluble epoxide hydrolase activities are dysregulated in Wilson disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercialization of medicinal plants, as recognized in their uses by the nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical industries, is gaining more popularity and interest around the globe. The plant family Amaryllidaceae has a long history in the traditional medicinal system and is used to treat diverse diseases. In Brazil, the Crinum americanum L. has been applied by riverside communities for cancer treatment. In this study, the lipid fractions (LF) of leaves of C. americanum L., obtained by Soxhlet (SX) and ultrasonic bath (UAE), were characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluated for their anti-diabetic properties, antiglycante, antioxidant, and cytotoxic potential. The extraction yield was higher for UAE (9.45%) than SX (5.99%). Furthermore, the LF obtained by UEA had a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids (73.34%) when compared to the SX (48.94%). However, compounds extracted by both methods showed in vitro anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and anticancer activity against a lung cancer cell line. These results demonstrate that UAE can be used as an efficient and important method in relation to the SX, due to the preservation of the functional properties, reduction of time, and amount of solvent used to extract fatty acids. [Display omitted] • The extractions performed by UAE showed a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids. • The LF obtained by UAE comprises 42.13% omega-6% and 31.21% omega-3. • The LF obtained by UAE and SX is a promoting anti-diabetic and antiglycant agent. • LF obtained by UAE and SX showed a cytotoxic effect on the H460 cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decrease in the inclusion of fish oil (FO) in current aquafeed formulations reduces the availability of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) to marine fish like the European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax. Here we investigated the compositional and physiological responses of European seabass to a dietary gradient of n-3 LC-PUFA. Six isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets (D1-D6) were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile seabass (23 g), containing blends of FO and vegetable oil (VO) that resulted in a gradient of n-3 LC-PUFA varying from 0.23 to 3.40% of diet as fed. Sampling was carried out after four months feeding and biochemical composition, as well as lipid metabolic gene expression in liver and mid-intestine analysed. The only effect of diet on proximate composition was a decrease in hepatic lipid content as dietary n-3 LC-PUFA increase whereas, in contrast, fatty acid (FA) compositions of both tissues were substantially modified by diet. Concentrations of LC-PUFA biosynthesis intermediates decreased in both tissues as dietary n-3 LC-PUFA increased with some preference detected towards n-6 FA. Two genes, namely fads2 and igf1 , were moderately influenced by dietary VO in liver while genes involved in lipogenesis (srebp1, srebp2 and fas) and LC-PUFA biosynthesis (fads2 and elovl5) were markedly down-regulated, in mid-intestine of seabass in response to increasing dietary n-3 LC-PUFA. The expression of genes of β-oxidation (ppara, cpt1a and fabp1) did not vary among treatment. Collectively, our data suggest that the nutritional regulation of key lipid metabolic genes in European seabass was more pronounced in mid-intestine than in liver. Overall, when compared to a previous study of similar design in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), the European seabass seems less sensitive to a dietary gradient of vegetable oil. • Dietary VO increases hepatic lipid in Dicentrarchus labrax juveniles. • Fatty acid profiles in liver and intestine reflects that of diet. • Regulation of lipid metabolic genes was more obvious in intestine than liver. • Increasing dietary EPA + DHA down-regulated lipogenesis and LC-PUFA biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental nutrition plays important roles in reproductive performance and offspring health of broodstock yellow catfish. However, there is a lack of relevant knowledge concerning the broodstocks of many fish species. This study investigated the influence of dietary lipid levels on growth, spawning performance, tissue fatty acid profiles, sex hormone secretion, and offspring health status of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Five experimental diets were designed containing a 7:3 ratio of fish oil and corn oil blends with graded lipid levels (6.3%, 8.2%, 10.8%, 12.2%, and 14.4% by dry weight) and were fed to female broodstock yellow catfish for 8 weeks. The results showed that weight gain, egg diameter, fertilization ratio, and hatching ratio increased initially and then decreased with increasing dietary lipid levels, reaching optimal peaks in the L10.8 group. Broodstock fed a diet with 10.8% lipid obtained the highest 17-β estradiol concentration. The deposition of highly unsaturated fatty acids in tissues increased initially and then decreased with the increase in dietary lipids, reaching a peak in the 10.8% group. Plasma superoxide dismutase activity and total glutathione content were lowest in fish fed a diet with a 6.3% lipid level, while the contents of malondialdehyde and cortisol in larvae 3 days post-hatching showed an opposite trend, indicating that a low-fat diet reduced the antioxidant capacity of broodstock and induced a stress response that had negative effects on offspring health. Broodstock fed a diet with an appropriate lipid level could increase the expression of antioxidant enzymes by activating the nrf2 signaling pathway. Based on the regression of dietary lipid level and weight gain, reproductive performance, and egg quality of fish, the optimal dietary lipid level was 10.1–11.7% for broodstock yellow catfish. • The optimal dietary lipid requirement of broodstock P. fulvidraco is 10% -11.1%. • Optimal lipid diet could improve reproductive performance and egg quality of P. fulvidraco. • Appropriate dietary lipid intake promotes HUFA deposition in the ovary. • Insufficient lipid diet reduced the antioxidant capacity of broodstock. • Insufficient lipid diet induced stress responses in offspring larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Formulation of mechanistic kinetic model describing lipid oxidation of vegetable oils. • Oil composition (fatty acid and antioxidant) is accounted for in the kinetic model. • O 2 mass transfer accounts for different vial dimensions and O 2 permeability of cap. • Multiplication factors of kinetic constants used for second acceleration phase. • Short time data fitting is sufficient for extrapolations to long term under the same conditions. Estimating the shelf-life of vegetable oils is important to develop solutions to reduce spoilage by lipid oxidation. Typically, the shelf-life is predicted by detecting secondary oxidation markers in accelerated shelf-life tests, which are time-consuming. Existing numerical approaches using early primary oxidation products as predictive markers do not account for variations in fatty acid types, antioxidants, or storage conditions. A mechanistic kinetic model was developed incorporating these factors as a step towards shelf-life prediction for vegetable oils. Specific kinetic constants for the reactions of each unsaturated fatty acid type account for variations in fatty acid composition, and oxygen mass transfer accounts for variations in oxygen conditions. A second acceleration of lipid oxidation observed in long-term storage experiments was described by a multiplication factor for the kinetic constants related to oxidation products. Our model accurately extrapolates short-time experimental data to estimate long term formation of oxidation products under the same conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mallard duck or wild duck (Anas platyrhynchos) is the world's most widespread and numerous dabbling duck, being traditionally hunted across many countries in Europe and North America. This study aims to provide a detailed characterization of mallard duck's meat lipid fraction obtained from farmed specimens, reared for hunting purposes, under semiextensive conditions. The mallard's duck meat total lipid content averaged 2.0 and 4.26 g/100 g of fresh meat in breast and leg meat portions, and its meat comprised 23 individual fatty acids (FA) and 3 dimethylacetals (DMA), independently of the sex or meat portion. The oleic (C18:1 cis -9), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), linoleic (C18:2n-6), arachidonic (C20:4n-6), palmitoleic (C16:1 cis -9), and cis -vaccenic (C18:1 cis -11) acids were the predominant FA (representing >1% of total fatty acids in both breast and leg meat portions and independently of the sex), and together, these 7 fatty acids were accountable for 92.4 to 96.5% of total FA plus DMA in mallard duck meat. The monounsaturated, saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were accountable for 40.4, 35.0, and 21.0% of total FA plus DMA in breast and 54.6, 38.7, and 5.7% of total fatty acids in leg, while total DMA were liable for 3.6 and 0.9% of total FA plus DMA in breast and leg, respectively. The mallard duck meat total cholesterol content averaged 49.8 and 57.1 mg/100 g of fresh meat for breast and leg meat portions. Five tocochromanols were quantified in mallard duck meat, affording it with a total vitamin E content of 5.48 and 3.63 µg/g of fresh meat in breast and leg portions. The sex had no influence (P > 0.05) on mallard's duck meat lipid composition, but meat portion had a strong influence on mallard's duck meat lipid composition, influencing total lipid, total cholesterol, total vitamin E contents, FA partial sums, FA ratios (exception made for the n-6/n-3 ratio), and all nutritional lipid indices. The breast meat presented lower total lipid and total cholesterol contents, better FA ratios and nutritional quality indices and higher vitamin E content, being regarded as a healthier meat than leg. The study presented herein shows that mallard duck production in semiextensive conditions, similar to those used herein, could be used for the production of mallard duck beyond hunting. A production of duck's meat under natural or organic production practices, oriented to a market niche within the gourmet/organic markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction (HGWD) is a classic traditional Chinese herbal formula from " Synopsis of Golden Chamber ," which is used to treat blood stagnation and has been used for alleviating diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in the clinic. However, the mechanisms of HGWD intervention DPN are still to be discovered. This study aims to explore the mechanism of HGWD intervention DPN by integrating plasma metabolomics and gut microbiome. BKS Cg- m +/+ Lepr db /J (db/db) mice with DPN were at 16 weeks of age. The indices of DPN phenotypes in db/db mice, pathomorphology of the sciatic nerve, intraepithelial nerve fibers (IENF) of the foot pad, levels of blood lipids and oxidative stress, and inflammatory reaction were used to appraise the HGWD efficacy. Finally, the pharmacological mechanisms of HGWD intervening DPN were explored by metabolomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. HGWD reversed DPN phenotypes in db/db mice, improved peripheral nerve structure, ameliorated the level of blood lipids and nerve growth factor in plasma, enhanced antioxidant capacity, and alleviated inflammatory responses. Plasma metabolomics disclosed that HGWD remarkably regulated the unusual levels of thirty-seven metabolites involved in sphingolipid metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis pathways. The gut microbiome showed that nine bacteria were highly correlated with the efficacy of HGWD in DPN. Integrating analysis of microbiome and metabolomics demonstrated that the interaction of four bacteria with four metabolic pathways might be the significant mechanism of HGWD intervention in DPN. The mediation of gut microbiota and plasma metabolism may be the potential mechanism of HGWD ameliorating DPN in db/db mice. The interaction of Lactobacillus , Alloprevotella , Bacteroides , and Desulfovibio with four metabolic pathways might be the critical mechanism for HGWD treating DPN. [Display omitted] • The mechanism of HGWD intervention DPN was studied for the first time by combining metabolomics and microbiomics. • HGWD can ameliorate the phenotype of DPN. • The interaction of four bacteria with four metabolic pathways might be the critical mechanism for HGWD treating DPN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omega-3 fatty acids, which consist of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are a type of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are crucial for enhancing human health. These three omega-3s are regarded as vital dietary nutrients because it cannot synthesize them on its own. Therefore, they must be obtained through dietary sources. On the other hands, there are concerns regarding the quality and quantity of omega-3 in dietary sources and supplements. In this study, 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis were harnessed for non-destructive profiling of fatty acids in commercially available omega-3 supplements and plant-based oils. Results disclosed substantial disparities in omega-3 content from 8 to over 50 %, with some revealing unexpected adulteration. Notably, in one fish oil sample DHA could not be detected indicating the possibility of adulteration. Additionally, the research delineated the fatty acid composition of plant-based oils, emphasizing variations in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) content among flaxseed, chia seed, and walnut oils. Chia seeds emerged as a rich source of ALA (57–65 %mol), while walnuts contained considerable LA (44–53 % mol). The findings emphasize the power of metabolomics as a rapid and affordable tool for finding omega-3 fatty acids content and adulteration in commercial dietary products. • 1H NMR metabolomics is a potent tool for identifying adulteration in ω-3 sources. • Analytical methods based on 1H NMR spectroscopy are rapid and reliable. • Chemometrics equations used to quantify the different classes of ω-3 fatty acids. • Chia seeds had the highest amount of alpha-linolenic acid than flaxseeds and walnuts. • Based on the findings, pharmaceutical industries can choose optimal source of omega-3 fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative feeds are critical for the sustainable expansion of the marine finfish aquaculture industry. The industry uses wild-caught forage fish as a primary ingredient in farmed fish feeds. Alternative ingredients are needed to safeguard fisheries' sustainability and future aquaculture development. While there have been successes in alternative feeds, it is necessary to improve the existing options and identify alternative ingredients with higher concentrations of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). This study was designed to test a microalga, Schizochytrium sp., as a feed ingredient for sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) using six test diets. There were two fish-ingredient control diets: +FM+FO, which contained both fishmeal and fish oil, and −FM+FO, which contained fish oil, but no fishmeal. The remaining four diets contained alternative lipids and were completely fish-free. FF Flax contained flax oil as the only lipid source replacing fish oil. FF LowSc, FF ModSc, and FF HighSc contained a low, moderate, and high level of Schizochytrium sp. to replace fish oil, with flax oil content decreasing as the microalga increased. After a 20-week trial, sablefish growth differed across the feed treatments, with fish fed the high microalga-inclusion diet (FF HighSc) performing similarly to fish fed the fish-ingredient controls. Fulton's K condition factor, dry feed intake (DFI), and lipid productive value (LPV) were also influenced by treatment. For the four fish-free diets, specific growth rate increased with increasing inclusion of Schizochytrium sp. in the feed. Fillet fatty acid profiles were similarly influenced by diet treatment, generally reflecting the fatty acid profiles of the feed. Total fillet PUFAs were higher in sablefish from the fish-free treatments than the control treatments, with DHA increasing with increasing inclusion of dietary Schizochytrium. In contrast, EPA was higher in fillets from both fish-ingredient control treatments compared to fillets from the fish-free treatments, yet EPA remained higher than expected in sablefish fed the fish-free diets. Histologic evaluation of sablefish distal intestine and liver demonstrated that the microalga-inclusion diets were well tolerated and did not cause histomorphological changes in the tissues. These results suggest Schizochytrium sp. can increase PUFA concentrations in fish fillets without compromising fish health and growth, making it a viable ingredient for alternative sablefish feeds. • Sablefish were grown on fish-free feeds without negative impacts to growth, condition, and nutrient utilization. • Dietary microalga inclusion did not negatively impact sablefish intestine or liver tissue. • Omega-3 DHA in sablefish fillets increased as dietary microalga inclusion increased. • Fillet omega-3 PUFA concentrations were highest in sablefish fed the fish-free diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in cellular lipid homeostasis during ripening of 'Fenjiao' bananas (Musa ABB Pisang Awak) significantly affected its storage tolerance, and an in-depth understanding of the changes in cellular lipids during fruit ripening could provide more information and basic data for post-harvest quality regulation of 'Fenjiao' bananas. In this study, a comprehensive metabolomics approach was employed to annotate and characterize a total of 184 lipids, which encompassed glycerides, glycero-phospholipids, sphingolipids, and sterols. In the pulp of 'Fenjiao' bananas at three different stages of ripening (color-transferring, yellow-ripening, and over-ripening), of which glycerides and glycerophospho-lipids were the most predominant lipid constituents in the pulp of 'Fenjiao' bananas, with the percentages of the species accounting for 60.33% and 30.43%, respectively. During the post-ripening process of 'Fenjiao' bananas, the percentage of glycerides in the pulp exhibited a decreasing trend followed by an increasing trend. In contrast, the trend of glycerophospholipids was opposite to that of glycerides, showing an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend. The tria-cylglycerol (TAG) content will increase significantly during the senescence stage of the 'Fenjiao' bananas, whereas the levels of diglycerides (DAG), Phosphatidylinositol (PI), Pho-sphatidylcholine (PC), and Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) will gradually decrease. Through analysis of the differential lipid metabolites, it was discovered that these lipids were primarily enriched in the glycerolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acid biosynthesis, and phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway. This study is the first to describe and analyze the lipid dynamics during the post-ripening process of 'Fenjiao' bananas, providing valuable insights into its cellular lipid metabolism during this stage. [Display omitted] • For the first time, a comprehensive metabolomics method was used to identify and annotate 184 lipids in 'Fenjiao' bananas (ABB). • The abundance and pattern of lipid profiles during the post-ripening process of 'Fenjiao' bananas were described in detail. • During the three stages of post-ripening, differential lipids were mainly expressed in the glycerol ester metabolic pathway and the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discoidal lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) called Nanodiscs (NDs) are derived from human high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Such biomimetics are ideally suited for the stabilization and delivery of pharmaceuticals, including chemicals, bio-active proteins and vaccines. The stability and circulation lifetimes of reconstituted HDL nanoparticles, including NDs, are variable. Lipids found in thermophilic archaea and bacteria are prime candidates for the stabilization of LNPs. We report the thermal stability of NDs prepared with lipids that differ in saturation, have either ether- or ester linkages between the fatty acid and glycerol backbone or contain isoprenoid fatty acid tails (phytanyl lipids). NDs with two saturated fatty acids show a much greater long-term thermostability than NDs with an unsaturated fatty acid. Ether fatty acid linkages, commonly found in thermophiles, did not improve stability of NDs compared to ester fatty acid linkages when using saturated lipids. NDs containing phytanyl and saturated alkyl fatty acids show similar stability at 37 °C. NDs assembled with phytanyl lipids contain three copies of the membrane scaffolding protein as opposed to the canonical dimer found in conventional NDs. The findings present a strong basis for the production of thermostable NDs through the selection of appropriate lipids and are likely broadly applicable to LNP development. [Display omitted] • Nanodiscs with saturated ester- or ether linkage based lipids show no difference in thermostability. • Nanodiscs containing synthetic ether- and ester-linked phytanyl chain lipids exhibit excellent stability at 37 °C. • Phytanyl lipid nanodiscs show a different protein-to-lipid stoichiometry and comprise three membrane scaffold proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality (color, tenderness, juiciness, protein content, and fat content) of poultry meat is closely linked to age, with older birds typically exhibiting increased intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition. However, specific lipid metabolic pathways involved in IMF deposition remain unknown. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying lipid changes, we conducted a study using meat geese at 2 distinct growth stages (70 and 300 d). Our findings regarding the approximate composition of the meat revealed that as the geese aged 300 d, their meat acquired a chewier texture and displayed higher levels of IMF. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was employed for lipid profiling of the IMF. Using a lipid database, we identified 849 lipids in the pectoralis muscle of geese. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to distinguish between the 2 age groups and identify differential lipid metabolites. As expected, we observed significant changes in 107 lipids, including triglycerides, diglycerides, phosphatidylethanolamine, alkyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine, alkenyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, lysophosphatidylserine, ceramide-AP, ceramide-AS, free fatty acids, cholesterol lipids, and N-acyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine. Among these, the glyceride molecules exhibited the most pronounced changes and played a pivotal role in IMF deposition. Additionally, increased concentration of phospholipid molecules was observed in breast muscle at 70 d. Unsaturated fatty acids attached to lipid side chain sites enrich the nutritional value of goose meat. Notably, C16:0 and C18:0 were particularly abundant in the 70-day-old goose meat. Pathway analysis demonstrated that glycerophospholipid and glyceride metabolism were the pathways most significantly associated with lipid changes during goose growth, underscoring their crucial role in lipid metabolism in goose meat. In conclusion, this work provides an up-to-date study on the lipid composition and metabolic pathways of goose meat and may provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the nutritional value of goose meat at different growth stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]