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This study is about the characterization of pulp and paper from sago fiber waste. The process has several stages: preparing a solution, sago fiber analysis, pulping process, and printing process. The required solutions are NaOH solution (technical), 10% BaCl2 solution, 0.1 N HCl solution, 60% ethanol solution, phenolphthalein indicator solution, 1% starch indicator solution, sindur methyl indicator solution of NaOH titration, borax solution, Na₂S solution (technical), and THIO solution (1 N; 0.1 N). The pulping process is carried out by inserting sago fiber and solutions into a rotary digester machine for 4 hours (170oC). Then, it is removed after 24 hours and dried by a spinner machine. Characterizations on the sample include: chemical and physical properties, mechanical properties, and optical properties. The result shows that sago fiber waste can be used as raw material for paper. The value of grammage of 62 g/m2, thickness of 0.1294 mm, water absorption capacity of 627.27 g/m2, water content of 9.83%, ash content of 26.26%, pH of 7.9, tensile strength of 14.22 MD and 13.33 CD, brightness of 19.8%, and opacity 22.78. The pore diameter of the paper is 4.608 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood is biomass made from lignocellulose, the main raw material for pulp production, both species of hardwood and softwood. Utilization of as much wood as possible, including less-known wood species, is widely open because the availability of good quality wood for industry raw materials is increasingly limited. In general, all wood species can be used for paper pulp. But the selection of types of lignocellulosic material with specific properties, such as physical, anatomical and chemical, play an important role in efficiently using wood as raw materials for pulp and paper. This research was carried out to examine wood properties (specific gravity, fiber quality and cellulose content) of four less-known hardwoods from natural tropical rainforest in South Sulawesi province of Indonesia and assessed their potential use for paper pulp. Those hardwood species comprised of cempedak (Artocarpus integer Merr.), jabon merah (Anthocephalus macrophyllus Hav.), saling-saling (Artocarpus teysmanii Miq.) and simpur (Dillenia serrata Thunb.). The specific gravity determined by the weight of oven dried wood and volume of air dried wood where the wood volume be measured by water immersion method, the fiber dimensions measured through maceration preparations which was made using the Franklin procedure, while TAPPI method used for chemical analysis. In condition to paper pulp raw material, the specific gravity (0.40 – 0.69) is categorized as moderate, the fiber quality is classified as good (class II), and cellulose content (40.12% - 52.47%) is categorized as moderate to high for all those less-known hardwoods. All four less-known hardwoods studied potentially use for paper pulp raw materials. But simpur has the most potential due to long fiber and higher specific gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work relates to the development of recycled paper from waste paper with the objective of optimization of the composition. The paper properties are much affected with composition like amount of waste paper, fresh paper, cotton shreds, adhesives and water. Samples were made by taking different composites and tests were performed to evaluate properties i.e. thickness, coefficient of friction, moisture content, scott bond strength, tensile strength. The testing concluded that the samples which were having cotton shreds and adhesives showed very good results closer to the fresh paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variation of fly ash and pulp paper composition at 110°C for 6 hours was carried out to discern the effect of fly ash and pulp paper addition in papercrete. sixth variations in paper pulp and fly ash composition were employed to perceive the characteristic that occurs in the sample. The papercrete material composition was weighed, mixed until it became homogeneous and then casted in a mold with a size of 18 x 5 x 2 cm3. Papercrete samples were allowed to stand within the mold at room temperature for 24 hours and released from the mold to stand again for the next 24 hours, after which it heated at 110°C for 6 hours. Characterization using XRF, SEM-EDX as well as Mechanical and physical tests carried out after the samples was cold. Papercrete with sample code K6 has the highest flexural strength and density value of 2.03 MPa and 2.4 gr/cm3 while papercrete with sample code K1 has the lowest flexural strength and porosity value of 0.4 MPa and 17.89%. Characterization shows that the chemical composition of the samples was dominated by the oxide compound CaO and SiO2 in papercrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the structure of silk fibers and ways of efficient use of fiber waste. Based on the analysis of the composition and structure of the fibers, it is possible to use them for paper production. The use of short staple fibers in the production of stock paper and the processes of preparing them for incorporation into paper pulp are widely covered. Information is provided on the technological process of cleaning fibers before adding them to paper pulp. The influence of the mass fraction of fibers in paper on its strength, breaking and tearing has been thoroughly analyzed and illustrated by means of graphs. For the production of high-quality paper, for example, valuable paper, for the preparation of paper used in printing, drawing, painting, etc. Fiber semi-finished products must be cut to the required length and separated into individual fibrils before crushing (grinding). The technology of preparation of natural silk waste as raw material for paper production is presented. In addition to silk fiber cotton fiber was also studied in the research work. Theoretically, the effect of fibers in tearing and breaking of paper is shown in the pictures. The use of fibers in the production of anti-counterfeiting paper and the process of adding them to the pulp are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Super teak is a fast grown species of teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f) derived from several clones. This has facilitated plantation rotations as short as 5 years. The main target of conventional plantation teak was initially for high value logs. Young teak wood from plantation forest usually has a small diameter. Moreover, the wood from very young stems is unsuitable for direct utilization, but advance wood processing technology can improve the wood properties of small diameter logs. This study aimed to assess the potential utilization of young super teak for high quality products namely furniture, flooring, and veneer, and assess the possibility of the use of manufacture waste for pulp paper and wood pellets as side products. The evaluation were carried out according to the National Indonesian Standard and other international standard requirements. 18 logs from wet (Bogor) and dry (Magetan) sites representing large, medium, and small diameter classes were collected. According to SNI 01-0608-1989 Timber for Furniture, 5-year-old super teak was suitable for furniture production. Furthermore, according to SNI 7732.1: 2011: Teak Veneer, the super teak was classified as Grade C because of the presence of sapwood, pinholes, tight and lose knots. According to Australian Timber Flooring Association, 5-year-old super teak was classifiesd as soft flooring group, the same group as mature teak & radiata pine. The young super teak was classified as Class Quality/Group II with very low active alkali consumption and low Kappa Number according to Indonesian wood fibre criteria for pulp and paper materials and Association of Pulp and Paper in Brazil. Finally, based on SNI 802: 2014 Wood Pellet, the super teak was recommended as by-products for utilising the wood waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend the inventory lot-size model in this paper to allow for products to deteriorate at variable rates, and demand is characterized by any log concave function of time that fulfils relatively mild criteria. Partial backlogging is possible with this model. The backlogging rate is a time-dependent, exponentially declining function provided by a parameter. We show that not only does the optimal replacement schedule exist, but that it is also unique. We also show that the inventory system's overall cost is a convex function of the number of replenishments. As a result, identifying a local minimum simplifies the search for the best number of replenishments. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to produce concrete using various percentages of hypo-sludge ash (HAS) in place of cement. The waste paper sludge ash is composed of magnesium oxide and calcium oxide. Therefore, it can be tested as an innovative cement replacement, providing a solution for traditional concrete. For this study, the various proportions of ash used are 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight of cement. The mixed design carried out was as per the Indian standard code. The ingredients used for concrete making are cement, aggregates, hypo sludge ash (HSA), superplasticizer, and water. A test mix was carried out to check the behaviour of a concrete mix, and its physical and hardening properties were checked. Cube samples were cured for 3, 7, 14, and 28 days to check hardening properties. Experimental analysis shows that by replacing 5% cement with HSA, the strength results obtained are close to the reference concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-making raw materials are a mixture of pure wood pulp and recycled pulp. Recycled pulp is obtained from used paper imported from abroad, in addition to the development of paperless culture also has an impact on the reduced availability of raw materials. Empty bunch fiber of palm oil is one of the natural materials that have the potential to be used as an alternative to a pulp for the manufacture of cardboard paper because it has a high holocellulose content. This study has successfully developed cardboard paper developed from oil palm empty fruit bunch pulp with 6 variations of treatment, steam, no steam, NaOH 2.5%, NaOH 5% and mill duration (20 minutes and 30 minutes). The developed cardboard paper is then tested for its water absorbency. Water Absorbency value testing is done by the Cobb method (60). Based on the test results obtained the water absorption values is in the range of 500 - 600 g/m2. Cartons that received treatment, no steam, added NaOH 2.5%, and milled for 30 minutes, has the lowest water absorption value compared to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widely use of petroleum-derived mineral oils for the production of offset printing inks has resulted in several environmental impacts. The suitable approach to develop alternative resources is palm oil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) as a substitute for petroleum-based solvent. This study aimed to investigate the surface properties of palm oil-based offset ink on gloss-coated paper surfaces in terms of printability. The "green" varnishes were prepared with palm oil FAME as solvent, rosin-modified phenolic resin, and different vegetable oils linseed oil (FAME-LO) and soybean oil (FAME-SO) have been used as drying oils. The FAME-based Cyan offset printing inks have been prepared their properties compared with standard conventional inks. Printing tests were carried out using the IGT-A2 printability tester. Contact angles of water, methanol, and hexane on the surface of printed ink were measured using Contact Angle Analyzer. The surface free energy (SFE) and its components were calculated using Girifalco-Good-Fowkes-Young, Owens-Wendt, and van Oss-Chaudhury-Good methods. The results showed that as the liquid contact angle increased, the surface energy decreased. The surface energy of FAME-SO ink printed samples 36.36 mJ/m2 was higher than the unprinted paper 35.84 mJ/m2. Since high surface energy will affect the bond strength of the ink to the substrate, this will be an advantage for multicolor prints requiring good ink adhesion, which will enlarge the acceptance of other colors to be printed on the previous color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about paper or journal review of two-phase flow boiling pressure drop in propane (R290) refrigeration system and summarized several researches that will useful in terms of HVAC-R equipment especially in heat exchanger i.e., evaporator design. Early researcher has been conducted research with respect to the channel dimension (diameter and aspect ratio) as in Coleman (2000). Recent research of flow boiling with combined parameters such as heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and pressure drop shown that some parameters affected pressure drop inside unconventional channel (mini and microchannel) such as superficial vapor velocity, mass quality, mass flux, heat flux, saturation temperature (and pressure), and Reynolds number where flow regime of the pressure drop are mostly annular flow, intermittent flow, slug and churn flow but less or few of them found a relation of channel dimension i.e. diameter and aspect ratio towards two-phase flow pressure drop (as in Coleman (2000)). It is recommended that for further study and research, study of two-phase flow boiling pressure drop must conduct in the unconventional channel such as minichannel or microchannel i.e., capillary tube and incorporate Reynolds number of the flow (both vapor and liquid), channel dimension (diameter and aspect ratio), surface tension, and shear stress influence from two-phase flow fluid and then plot the data to the recent and or existed flow pattern map of any flow regimes especially to the refrigerants ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tele care medicine information system (TMIS) enable patients to gain admission to healthcare services over long distances. Patients and physicians seek medical information over an unsecured public channel. On the one hand, storing medical information in servers facilitate medical diagnosis, thereby, optimizing the use of digital health assets while on the other hand data is susceptible to various attacks. Thus, it is necessary to ensure data privacy, integrity, and confidentiality in TMIS system. Multiple approaches have been suggested for this purpose to authenticate the medical data, but there is still a systemic gap that has to be filled. In this paper, we will show the future scope of tele-medical healthcare and that is metaverse. Metaverse is a combination of digital technologies like virtual reality, augmented and physical reality. It has a role in healthcare as metaverse technology will provide more accurate data within the virtual world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of Waste paper sludge (WPS) and cockle shell (CS) as an alternative composite absorbent has been investigated to obtain the optimum mixing ratio in removing two working parameters such as ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and COD. Both WPS and CS were mixed together in different ratio. The absorption batch study includes the preparation of 5g composite adsorbent, 200 mL of raw leachate sample at pH 8.64, with a shaking speed of 200 rpm for 300 minutes at room temperature. The result shows, the optimum ratio obtained for composite mixture absorbent is (1:7) and the concentration capacity achieved for the ratio was 502 mg/L and 540 mg/L for NH3-N and COD. The percentage optimum removal is 50.20% NH3-N and 81.25% COD respectively. The optimum pH and absorbent dosage expressed the result at pH 7 and 50 g with the percentage optimum removal value is 50.10% NH3-N and 88.89% COD; and 503 mg/L NH3-N and 320 mg/L COD; and 51.98% NH3-N and 89.51% COD; and 484 mg/L NH3-N and 302 mg/L COD, respectively during the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polar code is a class of linear error-correcting codes that may demonstrably achieve the capacity of discrete memoryless channels. In the last decade, they have piqued the interest of industry and academia, such as the 5G (5th generation) wireless communication system standardization process. Although polar codes are proven to achieve the Shannon limit, their performance degrades at finite-code lengths, particularly in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environments. So in a regime with finite _length, the performance of polar code may be improved by several techniques, such as Turbo Polar Codes (TPCs). Various Soft_in_Soft_out (SISO) decoder techniques, such as soft_cancellation (SCAN), belief_propagation (BP), and soft_successive_cancellation_list (SSCL) can be utilized in TPC. On the other hand, using a simple scaling factor scheme to minimize the overestimation of extrinsic information and its correlation with intrinsic information can further improve performance. Different termination techniques are proposed in the literature to reduce the required number of iterations, especially at high SNR. Error detection and correction systems are utilised to reduce energy consumption. This paper reviews some of the recent decoding techniques used in TPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the performances of cationic starch (CS) and sodium carboxymethyl celluloses (CMC-Na) as dry strength additives (DSA). The CS and CMC-Na were incorporated with to pulp slurry in different dosages (0.5%-2.0%) during stock preparation. The basic weight of 80 g/m2 was made for each treatment. The results showed that the utilization of CMC-Na had better mechanical properties compared to the CS for all treatments. In general, apparent density and mechanical properties were significantly affected by the addition of DSA. However, through the observation of the experiment, the enhancing effect of CMC-Na on mechanical properties of wastepaper was much higher than using CS except for tear strength. The FESEM imaging results can also help prove the best DSA used in wastepaper production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper Correlation is the study of creating an automated machine to assess the relationship between two or more papers. This study continues to develop in the natural language processing field. In this paper, we begin to enter into this study by conducting research to find the relationship between two citation sentences. The citation sentences contained in the paper can be used as a basis for assessing the relationship between two papers. In this research, the semantic similarity between citation sentences is included in.8 semantic classes. We use the Recurrent Neural Networks method and its variations and use SMOTE to deal with imbalanced data. The data representation that we use is word2vec to convert the sentence into a vector. We develop this research by adding data to see the algorithm's capabilities from previous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead is a heavy metal that can have a negative effect on human health. Lead enters the human body through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. Food can be contaminated with lead if the packaging is not proper, for example, salabulek wrapped in typed paper can enter the body. This study aims to prove the presence of lead content in salabulek sold at Pasar Kota Pariaman due to the use of typed paper as wrapping. This research method is descriptive and was conducted at the Water Laboratory, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Andalas University. The number of samples was 24 samples consisting of 12 samples of salalauak wrapped in typed paper and 12 samples not wrapped in typed paper using total sampling technique. Sample examination using ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma). The results showed that all salabulek sold by traders at Pasar Kota Pariaman were positive for lead, both wrapped in typed paper and unwrapped. The average lead content in packaged salalauak was 0.172 ppm and unwrapped salabulek was 0.167 ppm. Conclusion. All samples of salabulek contained lead metal and there was an increase in lead levels due to packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Used food paper in strips shape were mixed in a different weight percentage 1,2,3,4 respectively with epoxy resin. Discs of 10 cm diameter and 0.8 cm thickness were prepared in a hard shape. The thermal conductivity were tested for each combination showing that the maximum value of 0.989 w/m.°c signed at the combination (Epoxy 6 – Paper 4) Wt.%. And the mechanical properties representative by the hardness reflect the same behavior and recorded the maximum value of 80.21, meanwhile the surface roughness follow the other values in same manor with maximum value 0.50 µm. The increasing in used paper content showing that this increasing will lead clearly to improve the thermal and some mechanical properties of epoxy resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of a new road has many environmental consequences, as it consumes a significant amount of materials and energy. Additionally, the price of crude oil, which is the primary source of the bituminous binder has climbed dramatically in recent years. These factors have caused a rise in the overall cost of asphalt pavement. An effective way to increase the asphalt mixture industry's long-term viability while also decreasing costs is to develop new materials and technologies that use recycled and environmentally friendly resources in the manufacturing process. The primary goal of employing waste materials as modifiers such as Shredded Paper Fibers "SPF" is to improve performance, save resources, protect the environment from pollution and study the influence of content and sizes on the properties of pure bitumen. The "SPF" was individually mixed with pure bitumen binder at a proportion of (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75) % from the weight of bitumen using two different sizes (14×6×1) mm and (7×3×1) mm. Several tests were conducted to assess the properties of the developed binder such as penetration, ductility, softening point, penetration index, and viscosity. The results showed that the modified asphalt binder has fewer values of penetration and ductility by 50 % and 51% respectively compared with pure bitumen for the smallest size of "SPF". The use of these modifiers leads to an increase in the penetration index to 0.47 and viscosity to 2.5 times when used smallest size and percent of 0.75%. The use of these modifiers leads to an increase in the penetration index to 0.47 and viscosity to 1.8 times when used smallest size and percent of 0.75%. The knowledge gap in this study suggests an alternative for cellulose fibber from waste recourse, however, the shredded paper is suggested as a stabilizer to asphalt used for Semi-Flexible Pavement "SFP", and where drain down is recognized obviously with neat asphalt. The results also demonstrated that enhanced asphalt binders might significantly alter the characteristics and performance of asphalt mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the manufacture of nylon-dithizon membranes for the early detection of lead heavy metal using the vacuum impregnation method. The purpose of this study was to determine the manufacture of nylon dithizon membranes and test strips as dithizonate complexes as an early detection of lead heavy metal. Making nylon-dithizon membrane by dissolving 50 mg of dithizon with 100 mL of chloroform and the addition of 50 mg of SrCl2 then stirred using a magnetic stirrer at 100 rpm as the working solution. After that, the solution was impregnated into a 0.20 m nylon membrane using a Buchner vacuum, after which it was carried out for 12 hours in a fume hood. The dithizon strip test was carried out using the colorimetric method, namely observing color changes that occur with the naked eye (qualitative test) with variations in concentration and pH. In this study, the optimum pH in the formation of the dithizone-Pb complex was obtained, namely pH 8 with a dark orange color. The minimum concentration on the indicator strip made was 0.05 with a visible color of faded orange, while the time reached for complex formation at a concentration value of 0.05 ppm was 520 seconds (Faded Orange). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous human activities and a rapidly growing world population are increasing the demand for freshwater. Fresh water production relies heavily on the use of conventional fuels and is associated with environmental pollution, leading to the need to look for other alternatives such as clean energy (solar energy). There are many villages and rural areas in the world without access to clean water. Many desalination systems have been developed to address this shortcoming. This study describes strategies for increasing clean water solar energy productivity that are currently in commercial and experimental development stages. Solar stills are the most prudent method for delivering new water since they just sudden spike in demand for the energy of the sun, which is promptly accessible in nature. The focus is on technologies that can be used independently, especially those that can be integrated into solar thermal systems. The results show that the solar thermal distillation yield is inversely proportional to the basin water depth and is directly related to the wind speed in the absorbing region, the temperature of the glass covers and the incident solar radiation. Add to the technology used inside and outside the system to improve productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last few years, the technological progress in the field of wood polymer nanocomposites have played a significant role. It has been successfully overcome many disadvantages of wood product such as poor dimensional stability, poor mechanical strength, susceptibility and poor thermal stability. Due to the modification of softwood, we are able to find the substitution of costliest hardwood. In the addition of vinyl monomer and thermosetting resin with different cross linking reagents, we can easily develop the properties of wood. Due to its low cost and multi functionality softwood have a broad application in different fields of wood polymer nanotechnologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immediate methanol energy unit (DMFC) is the substitution of lithium-particle batteries in practically every one of the convenient electronic devices, in which current DMFCs work at double the force thickness of current lithium-particle batteries with moment refuel capability. It's realized that, the DMFC will give higher force densities, just if the center of this power module – the polymer electrolyte layer (PEM) – were more impervious to the fuel (methanol). In this way, the plan and improvement of Nafion® (the most ordinarily utilized PEM in energy components) substitutes that show high proton's conductivity and little methanol porousness (high selectivity) is a functioning space of examination. Polymer mixes are a humble and worthwhile strategy to advance layers that conjoin the ideal vehicle properties. Until now, there is fractional exploration in the space of PEM mixes, and besides, various uncertain inquiries. In this investigation, the properties of mix organization, science, and handling on polymer morphology and thereafter the vehicle properties and selectivity were analyzed. A significant impact in this investigation is correlation arrangement of cast films to warm squeezed layers. The last target is to coordinate with both the layers to furnish immiscible mixes with low selectivity, while likewise with the writing review tempered arrangement cast layers improved miscibility and thusly selectivity. The result with this examination is to discover the DMFC Execution of a strengthened arrangement cast mix layer of Nafion®/poly (vinyl liquor) (PVA) (with just 5 wt% PVA) was 33% higher than Nafion® (the business standard) at a high methanol fuel fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the biometrics that is used to analyze and measure the features of any individual for security and authentication purposes is the fingerprint. purposes, and it is one of the most grown biometric types and considered legal proof of guide in a court of law all over the worldwide. The techniques that is used to find the matching between different fingerprint images have been varied Over the past few years, the researcher in this topic use several methods to extract the essential features, and use these features as input to different matching techniques in inked fingerprint recognition system.in this paper we will discuss in details the contents of fingerprint recognition system and how it is work and a several number of techniques and methods used by the researchers in this top and we made a compression between the widely used techniques to reach the best in terms of accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to accommodate the country's growing population, the number of apartment complexes has increased dramatically. Most new apartment complexes include a variety of modern amenities such as a supermarket, a medical centre, EV charging stations, vending machines, and many more. To use these amenities, we normally need to have a credit or debit card, or even cash on hand. Also, there are numerous identity and government cards that a person must carry with them at all times. Keeping track of all these cards can prove to be quite tedious and time-consuming. Furthermore, the majority of these apartments feature the standard lock and key method of unlocking the doors of the residing occupants which adds to the load of carrying about house keys along with all of the other cards. Life would be so much easier if we could replace all of these numerous bank cards with just one. Using a single card to access all services, such as EV charging or purchasing items, and even as your home door key. With the tap and go feature, the user does not have to pay at the same time but can make a payment all at once when the statement arrives at the end of the month, saving both time and keeping track of all transactions with ease. Hence, we propose in this paper a smart card that uses RFID technology to access all of the many amenities in apartment complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes a smart home control system, which includes lighting, microclimate and security subsystems, as well as control algorithms for various operating scenarios. The process of the system operation is described in detail, the visualization of the system is presented in the form of a 3d model. The article shows the practical significance of the system, describes its functionality. The work is of undoubted relevance, since the introduction of a house management system can improve conditions of life and achieve high energy efficiency rates. The article presents in detail each element of the control system, namely: a control device, a control object, a set of sensors. On the example of the lighting subsystem, the process of creating the entire automated control system is described. An algorithm for automatic lighting operation is obtained and described. To control the system, a human-machine interface was developed in the OpenHab program. A panel with indicators of the light sensor is presented, its functionality is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five fuels were tested in a common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine to see how they affected soot particle distribution and the engine's controlled and unregulated emission characteristics (M15, M25, and M35). The findings demonstrated that regulated emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter (PM) could be efficiently controlled to a very low level when mahua oil biodiesel (MOB) in diesel was utilized in conjunction with ideal engine working situations. Paper filters were employed to remove diesel dust. Entire particulate matter main particles were < 100 nm in width, with the average diameter for the biodiesel mixes falling among 20 and 26 nm. PM particles had uncontrolled emissions including Pb, Mn, and Ba, while M100 had 56.72% fewer xylene emissions, 22.49% fewer toluene emissions, and 19.45% fewer benzene emissions compared to M0. As a result, MOB is a wonderful option for reducing pollution from diesel engines and other sources, both in the form of controlled and unregulated emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A concept of the smart contract powered by Ethereum has raised the attention of investors in the crypto-currency market in the light of the distributed account book techniques in the Era of Blockchain 2.0. Based on the digitalization of the financial tools, smart contract adopts the smart validation and execution of the computation protocols extending the blockchain to the application level of use to reinforce the security and transparency of transaction deals. This paper aimed to investigate the principle, functions, ground mechanism of the smart contract, and protection approaches and evaluated the security issues existed in the investment process. Lastly, the paper summarized the Smart Contract design and development, loopholes, and protection approaches in the Smart Contract applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]