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This paper analyzes changes in the distribution of Soviet pulp, paper, and paperboard production between the years 1940 and 1965. Regional variation exists both in physical volume of production and in type of plant. Production of pulp and paper occurs primarily in integrated plants. whereas most paperboard is manufactured in non-integrated mills. but integrated manufacture of all three products has increased between 1940 and 1965. Regional location of production in the Soviet pulp and paper industry has been heavily influenced by historical events, by the Proportion of weight lost during processing of roundwood, by creation of new mills and expansion of older establishments, and by the operational characteristics of Soviet central planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the changing locational patterns of the pulp and paper industry in Soviet Union. Evaluation of the changes locational pattern of the industry; Range of per capita consumption of the industry; Terms of capital investments.

1. A new diagonal etectrophoretic technique for determining the order of the lysine-containing tryptic peptides of a protein is described. The protein is converted into its trifluoracetyl derivative, digested enzymatically (or chemically), and the resulting peptides separated by paper electrophoresis. The paper is then treated with ammonia vapour, which re-exposes the ε-amino groups of the lysine residues, and submitted to a second electrophoresis at right angles to the first direction. Peptides containing lysine residues, together with the N-terminal peptide of the protein, are found to lie off a diagonal formed by all other peptides, whence they may be readily purified. A study of these peptides enables the order of the lysine-containing tryptic peptides in the protein to be deduced. 2. The technique has been successfully tested with insulin. 3. When the method was applied to porcine pepsin, the four tryptic peptides isolated were easily ordered and the carboxyl-terminal sequence of the protein shown to be Arg-Gln-Tyr-TyrThr-Val-Phe-Asp-Arg-Ala-Asn-Asn-Lys-Val-Gly-Leu-Ala-Pro-Val-Ala. The thee basic ammo acid residues in the molecule are thus found clustering towards the C-terminus of the polypeptide chain. 4. A common ancestral gene for porcine pepsin and bovine (calf) rennin is suggested by the close homology between the C-terminal sequents of the two proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses various issues related to law and theories of overdue negotiable paper. There are three theories of overdue negotiable paper, no one of which has been consistently adopted by the common law. It is consequently difficult, if not impossible, to get either a correct perspective from which to view the cases or an absolute standard by which to measure their correctness. It appears to the article author to be impossible to follow the ordinary method and test the correctness of a case relating to overdue negotiable paper by the application. of the logical deduction and modification of the principles which, underlie the law of negotiable paper before maturity, because to do so would be to condemn almost every case to the limbo of legal error.

The article presents titles and abstracts of papers submitted at a meeting held in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1938. The paper "The Sequent Occupance of a Boston Suburban Community," presented by Edward A. Ackerman focuses on areas surrounding the Boston metropolitan district. The proximity of a large city market, plots of level land and fertile soil determine the existence of these suburban fanning communities. The article "The Recession of Victoria Falls," by Wallace W. Atwood. The world famous falls on the Zainbesi have had a strange and remarkable history in recession. The gorge is serpentine with many curious off-shoots, and located on the floor of a broad and much older flat-bottomed valley. Today the water tumbles over a ledge, fully a mile in length, and into a very narrow chasm 350 ft. deep.

This article focuses on the titles and abstracts related to land use and geography. Esther S. Anderson published the paper "Population Changes in Nebraska Since 1880." Wallace W. Atwood published the paper "The Development of Productive Scholarship Among American Geographers." Oliver E. Baker published "The Importance and Permanence of the Physical Factors in Determining the Utilization of Land for Agricultural and Forest Production." Zonia Baber published "The Distribution of Sunlight and Moonlight on the Earth." Charles F. Brooks published "Cold Surf with Off-Shore Winds."

The article presents abstracts of geographical research papers. In the research paper "A Geographical Study of Nova Scotia," researcher R.H. Whitebeek discusses the geographic conditions of Nova Scotia. Lying nearer Europe and possessing many excellent harbors and peopled by immigrants from the best European stocks, the province of Nova Scotia in Canada has now, after 300 years, fewer people than the city of Boston, Massachusetts. Its total manufacturing output is less than that of single companies in New England, and the province has shared but slightly in Canada's economic growth.

The article examines abstracts of papers submitted but not included in the program of the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, Medical Care Section, 1962. Some of these are "Experiences and Activities at a Medical Computing Center," by L.D. Cady, M.A. Woodbury, and L.J. Tich and "An Internist's Experiences With Medical Care of Welfare Patients in Proprietary Nursing Homes," by Sidney M. Greenberg. The first abstract focuses on the center that is cooperating with investigators in the area of mathematical and theoretical analysis and statistical data handling and analysis, information coding, keypunching and storage of medical data for further study and retrieval. The second abstract contains observations of the medical, nursing, and administrative practices in four nursing homes as made by an internist responsible for the medical Scare of welfare patients in these homes. In evaluating these activities the recognition and meeting of the patient's total needs was utilized as the criterion of quality of performance.

The article presents discussion of a paper by statistician I.J. Good. The author supposes that most statisticians approaching the problem of testing goodness of fit would have been very much less ambitious than Good has been. Most of the people, if spend some time looking at the first planet, Mercury and the last two, Neptune and Pluto, do not agree with Bode's law, whereas all the intermediate planets from Venus to Uranus seem to fit the law remarkably well. Those statisticians who were sufficiently knowledgeable would presumably meditate on the matters that Good has meditated on; but, having done this, most people would make a merely informal judgment and completely shirk the challenge that Good has met, to evaluate the weight of evidence. Good remarks that if one is going to test goodness of fit of a theory to some data, using either a Neyman-Pearson approach or a Bayesian approach, one have to frame explicit hypotheses. Over a good many years the author has, from time to time tried to think about the general problem of testing goodness of fit, and remain skeptical about whether goodness of fit can be adequately discussed either in Neyrnan-Pearson or in Bayesian terms because of this necessity to have, not only an explicit null hypothesis, but also a fully defined explicit alternative hypothesis or set of alternative hypotheses.

Reveals why it has become usual for bank loans, even if secured by collateral, to contain numerous provisions for the acceleration of payment. Conversion of a negotiable instrument into a substitute for money; Origin of the rule requiring certainty in commercial paper; Failure of the courts and law textbooks to distinguish between the requisite of certainty of time and that which forbids the instrument to be conditional.

The article presents an endeavor to test a theory of negotiable instruments by its application to the abnormal conditions of overdue paper. Examination of the decisions and text-writers shows not only a wide difference of opinion as to which of these two innocent persons should prevail, but also great uncertainty as to the theoretical nature of an overdue negotiable instrument. An overdue note is consequently negotiable within the terms of a statute exempting debts secured by negotiable promissory notes from garnishment.

The article focuses on four papers by the geographer, Ralph H. Brown. The writings of Brown in historical geography of the U.S. are among the notable contributions to American geography. His many articles, as well as his two major works, "Mirror for Americans," and "Historical Geography of the United States," demonstrate his concept of historical geography with eminent clarity and with scholarly regard for the origins of that concept. He observed existing geographic facts and he searched historical records.

This paper summarizes the physical and human geography of the southwestern part of Greenland, stretching from Upernavik at the southern end of Melville Bay in approximately 73° N latitude, southward to Cape Farewell in approximately 60° N latitude. It is along this southwestern coast of Greenland that modernization has token place, and it is here that development is proceeding rapidly. Since about six-sevenths of Greenland is buried under ice, only a narrow strip of land is exposed along the coastline, never exceeding one hundred miles. Most of the 22,000 people live along this coastal fringe. Of mixed Eskimo and European origin, these "Greenlanders" have increased rapidly in numbers in the last half-century, and are now straining the restricted natural resources of the country. Denmark, which has governed the country for almost two centuries, has traditionally maintained a strict policy of isolating Greenland from outside contacts. This has protected the natives and given them a high standard of education, reasonably good health, and a carefully planned economy insulating them from the vagaries of world prices. Today this traditional policy is being questioned. Intensive efforts are now being made to modernize West Greenland through building efficient harbors, power stations, fish processing plants, by raising still higher educational standards, and by speeding up Greenland's self-government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents abstracts of papers presented at the Association of American Geographers' 1942 meeting in New York City. "Rural-Urban Population Ratios," by Alford Archer; "Land Classification in the Matanuska Valley," by Meredith F. Burrill; "Siberian Resources for Soviet Warfare," by George B. Cressey; "Geographical distribution of human productivity," by Ellsworth Huntington. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the abstracts of several research papers on geography in the U.S. in 1935. Variability series of crop and livestock maps of Nebraska; Technique for constructing a population and urban land use map; Effects of sea temperature on anomalies in seasonal temperature and rainfall departures.

Presents the title and abstracts of papers presented during the 1934 annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Increasing significance of geographic conditions in the growth of nation-states; Erosional history of the wind river range, Wyoming; Long-lot farm and economic in public services.

Presents a list of abstracts and papers in geography as of March 1929. "The Physical Factors Affecting the Agricultural Utilization of the Southern Rocky Mountains," by Rollin S. Atwood; "Some Open Problems in the Physiograph of North America," by Wallace W. Atwood; "Significant Geographic Aspects of the Exploratory Period in the History of Central America," by Nels A. Bengston.

Studies the abstracts of several research papers on geography in the U.S. in 1925. Beet sugar industry of Nebraska as a response to geographic environment; Physiographic stages in the evolution of the San Juan Mountain region in Colorado; Urban development in the Kentucky mountains.

The article presents titles and abstracts of papers related to geography. A presidential address entitled "The Influence of Geographic Conditions Upon Current Mediterranean Stock Raising," will be presented by Ellen Church Semple. The abstract entitled "Significant Changes in the Utilization of Agricultural Land," as shown by the 1920 Census mentions that the statistics available from the 1920 census show significant changes in the utilization of land during the decade. There was an increase in farm land of 84 million acres in the western half of the U.S.

The article focuses on titles and abstracts of papers related to geography. The abstract entitled "The Geographic Study of Population Groups," by M. Aurosseau discusses different kinds of population groups and the trend of their evolution into the groups of the present day. The abstract entitled "Changing Occupations in the United States," by Robert M. Brown focuses on the California Raisin Industry. As the raisin industry in California developed to its present size and prosperity numerous adjustments to the natural environment were made.

The article presents titles and abstracts of papers published in the January 1920 issue of the journal "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." The 'Southern Indiana,' includes the unglaciated portion of the state, the areas of Pre-wisconsin drift on each side of the unglaciated tract, and the margin of the area of Wisconsin drift border has been largely determined by geologic structure. In the title 'The Geographic Factors in the Distribution of Animals, with particular reference to the distribution of the land Reptiles of the Davis Mountains Region, Texas,' the distribution of the land reptiles of the Davis Mountains Region, Texas, shows that the zonal distribution is less than would be expected on the life-zone theory and that there is evidence that other geographic factors than climate are to be recognized.

Presents a list of titles and abstracts of papers regarding geography presented to the Association of American Geographers from 1904 to 1910.

Presents a supplement to the 'Annotated Catalogue of the Papers of Charles S. Peirce.' Catalog numbers missing from manuscripts already cataloged and microfilmed; Employment of suffixes for the items of correspondence; Form of the presentation of the manuscripts.

Discusses the legal issue of donatio mortis causa of negotiable instruments in the United States. Distinction between the case of a bill of exchange and that of a check payable to bearer; Case of "Rolls v. Pearce"; Ruling in "Clemen v. Cheesman" that the gift of two checks of a third person, owned by the donor, is a valid donatio mortis causa; Ruling that promissory notes made or the bills of exchange drawn by the donor himself are not valid donatio mortis causa.

Focuses on the three doubt-belief theory of inquiry. Psychology of inquiry; Requirements for the genuineness of doubt based from Charles Sanders Peirce's writings on doubt and belief; Analysis of feigned heistancy.

Focuses on the legality of the draft of corporate documents in corporate joint ventures. Categories of situations where a corporation lacks necessary skills and resources needed in corporate expansion; Forms of business associations; Conditions in which analogous difficulties can arise.

Elaborates on the factors affecting the process of publishing a research paper. Quality and importance of the data, analysis, implications and writing; Marketing; Costs of publishing.

Tins paper is intended as an effort at taking-stock of the reference group concept after nearly three decades of use, the latter two of which have been marked by its more than ample employment. Its popularity indeed has so frequently led to its serving as an all-purpose post hoc explanation of behavior that it has led to the wry definition, "Your reference group is a group that you behave like and you behave like them because they're your reference group" (Cohen, 1962: 104). The inconsistencies, lack of clarity, but also areas of agreement which have marked the varied formulations of the concept, will be apparent from the following review and commentary. The Final discussion indicates some of the matters still to be considered in the use of thin important but perhaps overworked concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents various titles of research papers related to geography by the Association of American Geographers. Some of papers included are "The General Magnetic Survey of the Earth," by L.A. Bauer, "Land Sculpturing in Arid Lands with Observations from Northeastern Africa," by W.H. Hobbs, "The Platforms of Barrier Coral Reefs," by T. Wayland Vaughan, "Botanical Phenomena and the Problem of Coastal Subsidence," by D.W. Johnson, "Characteristics of the Mississippi Delta in the Light of Comparative Studies of Some Old-World Deltas," by E.W. Shaw.

Focuses on the unrestricted fallibilist principle. Mistakes in thinking about incorrigibility and infallibility; Significance of Charles Peirce's book 'Collected Papers'; Classes of statements that have been offered as candidates for incorrigibility.

The article focuses on fraudulent alteration of commercial papers negligently drawn. The English decisions on the concerned subject establish two principles. First, as between drawer and acceptor, the former owes a duty so to draw as not to facilitate alteration, and he must answer to the latter for any loss resulting from failure to observe that duty. Secondly, as between the drawer or acceptor and subsequent parties there is no such duty, and, consequently, no liability for a failure to observe it.

The article presents comments of the author on the article, "Regional Differences in the World Atmospheric Circulation," by John R. Borchert, published recently in a issue of "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." Nonetheless there is considerable question concerning the significance of the five maps that are the core of Borcherts presentation. These remarks are directed to a brief consideration of the significance and interpretation of his maps. It is only proper to think that in the body and foothotes of his paper professor Borchert indicated some of the limitations of his study, that the scale of the maps did not permit the delineation of zones and regions in detail.

The article presents the author's comments on an article "Optimum Sample Size for a Problem in Choosing the Population With the Largest Mean," by statistician Paul N. Somerville, published in the June 1970 issue of "Journal of the American Statistical Association." In the article Somerville described a procedure for selecting the population with the largest mean from normal populations with unknown means and a common known variance. The author claims that his procedure gives a unique minimax solution and that the minimax is a reasonable solution to the problem. According to the author, Somerville has not made it clear that his procedure gives only the local minimax solution. This makes practical applications of his procedure severely limited for it is difficult to think of a situation in which an experimenter would like to determine a local minimax value.

Reports on the ruling of a court in Massachusetts on a case regarding the validity of a contract between Nashua River Paper Co. and Hammermill Paper Co. which contains a stipulation that no action should be maintainable against the foreign corporation except in certain courts of the foreign state. Reason behind the ruling of the court; Other court cases with similar ruling.

Presents information on several books on law. 'The Paper Chase,' by John Jay Osborn Jr.; 'The Future of the Oceans,' by Wolfgang Friedmann; 'Cope and Rebels: A Study of Provocation,' by Paul Chevigny; 'The Invisible Resource: Use and Regulation of the Radio Spectrum,' by Harvey J. Levin.

Presents information on books on law. 'The Papers of Adlai E. Stevenson: Washington to Springfield, 1941-1948,' volume 2, edited by Walter Johnson and Carol Evans; 'America's Public Lands: Politics, Economics & Administration,' edited by Harriet Nathan; 'How the Government Breaks the Law,' by Jethro K. Lieberman.

The Operations Research Society of America/Transportation Science Section's (ORSA/TSS) Workshop "Automated Techniques for Scheduling of Vehicle Operators for Urban Public Transportation Services," seals with the development and application of automated techniques for the scheduling of vehicle operators for urban public transportation services. The Urban Mass Transportation Administration, American Transit Association, and Union Internationale des Transports Publics are cooperating with ORSA/TSS to assure the workshop's success. Authors are invited to propose papers dealing principally with the following areas, heuristic and mathematical programming approaches to the assignment of vehicle operators; strategies for crew rotation schedules; interactive computer methods; reviews of implementations of automated scheduling systems; costs and benefits of automated techniques; and comparisons with manual scheduling techniques. Short abstracts should reach by November 1, 1974 and full manuscripts by January 1, 1975.

The article analyzes merchant behavior in ghetto marketplaces. For this purpose, the article presents two position papers taking different perspectives in regard to a possible explanation for the racial-ethnic differences found through previous research. Walter E. Williams, research economist with the Urban Institute, criticizes previous articles on the grounds that they fail to suggest a behavioral model of merchant behavior and because they fail to suggest effective policy measures to modify this behavior. Williams suggests a rational behavior model: that minorities are characterized by more unemployment, higher residential mobility, and lower income, and that merchants use this readily accessible information to determine creditworthiness. Frederick D. Sturdivant, Meshulam Riklis Professor of Business and Its Environment at the Ohio State University, suggests that the economic model employed by Williams is outdated and inappropriate, that the behavioral model encourages racist stereotyping.

The article presents information on position papers on international exchange rates. International economic transactions are effected, directly or indirectly, through the exchange of national currencies. Obviously, therefore, the rates at which currencies exchange in such transactions is of extreme importance. Public debate relating to foreign trade is hardly a recent phenomenon. However, from mid-sixteenth century until the mid-1930's, most discussions presupposed either specie flow or fixed exchange rates with bullion convertibility, even when conditions and national objectives were changing drastically. Then, Henry C. Simons, in a series of essays, provided the context and one side's basic arguments for today's most interesting and lively debate. Certainly in the U.S. where bullion convertibility is no longer a real possibility so that changes in the size of the nation's money stock could no longer be tied critically, in any truly permanent and rigorous way, to changes in the size of the nation's "treasure," the crucial policy question now is what sort of exchange-rate system would contribute more to the attainment of the generally accepted and conflicting goals.

Grass pollen allergens are shown to remain associated with protein material and a yellow pigment during paper chromatography and during dialyses and ultrafiltrations of various types. Dialysable* allergens comprise only a fraction of I per cent of the total activity and the amount of activity extractable by diethylene glycol (DEG) and similar solvents is of the same order. Besides the allergens, the DEG and aqueous extracts contain large amounts of inositol, glucose and fructose, also some yellow pigments and phosphates. Larger amounts of free and combined amino acids are found in the aqueous than in the DEG extracts, but the reverse is true for sucrose. In addition the DEG extracts contain a yellow glucoside different from the dactylen of the aqueous extracts, a glucosan and an arabinose-galactose-pigment complex, only the latter being associated with any activity. The spontaneous release of the crystalline dactylen from originally clear aqueous pollen extracts is found not to be caused by enzymes. The washed crystals are found to be chromatographically and electrophoretically homogeneous and devoid of allergenic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on several books related to social science. One of the books "The Divorce Court," by Leon C. Marshall and Geoffrey May is a study of the Institute of Law designed to carry forward the investigation. Based on an examination of over 9,000 cases and a less intensive study of 11,000 more cases as a six months sample from Ohio, this study is limited to an investigation of the practical workings of the divorce law of this state. With the exception of certain obvious implications, no attempt is made to reform divorce law or practices. Alexander Hamilton's book "Papers on Public Credit, Commerce and Finance" reports on a national bank with an analysis of the powers and function of the Federal Government. Another book "Democracy and Nationalism in Europe," by Henry L. Stimson, contains the lectures delivered by the author at Princeton University in April 1934, on the Stafford Little Foundation. These lectures have as their main purpose to discover, in the light of history, some ray of hope in the existing chaos and gloom of European scene.

4 UDP-trisaccharides present in the mammary gland and colostrum of the ewe were isolated and identified. The nucleotides, extracted by means of trichloracetic acid, were purified in the following way: 2 ion-exchange chromatographies on Dowex 1 (formate), filtration on Sephadex G-25, paper electrophoresis, pH 5, followed by paper chromatography in 3 different solvents. Using these fractionation techniques, 4 uridine derivatives (X1', X2', Y1', Y2') with positive reaction to the Warren neuraminic acid test, were obtained. UDP-5', which constitutes the nucleotidic part of the 4 derivatives, was defined more accurately after various acid or enzymatic analyses. The isolation of UDP-5' was made by ionexchange or paper chromatography and the total and labile phosphate was estimated. The Warren positive substances released from by neuraminidase or mild acid hydrolysis were identified as N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid for the X1', Y1' nucleotides, and N-acetyl-neuraminic acid for the X2', Y2' nucleotides. The behaviour of asialylated nucleotides to ion-exchange and paper chromatography is described as well as that of asialylated oligosaccharides. The 4 asialylated oligosaccharides contain galactose and an N-acetyl-D-hexosamine, the latter being N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in the case of X1' and X2', and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine in the case of Y1' and Y2'. Total analysis of UDPoligosaccharides shows a 1:1:1:1 ratio between uridine, N-acetyl-D-hexosamine, galactose, and neuaminic acid. The 1-P-trisaccharides and the trisaccharides were identified after phosphodiesterase hydrolysis followed by phosphatase hydrolysis. The N-acetyl-D-hexosamine carried the reducing group (sodium borohydride). Some structural characteristics of the 4 nucleotides were determined using β-galactosidase, neuraminidase, periodate, and periodate borohydride. Two of the nucleotides contain N-acetyl-glucosamine and are identical to those previously isolated from the goat colostrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli U41/14 (serotype 03 :K2ab(L) : H2) an unusual amino sugar was isolated. By sequential oxidation with periodate and hypoiodite and by oxidation with periodate, followed by detection of acetaldehyde formed, the ammo sugar was characterized as a 2-amino- dideoxyaldose. The hydrochloride of the amino sugar, in comparison to those of 2-amino-2, 6-dideoxy-D-glucose, 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-L-galactose, 2-amino-2, 6-dideoxy-D-mannose, 2-amino-2, 6-di- deoxy-D-allose, and 2-amino-2, 6-dideoxy-D-gulose, was studied with aid of ion exchange column chromatography. The N-acetylated amino sugar was compared with the N-acetylated reference amino sugars with regard to their relative mobihties in paper chromatography. The ammo sugar alcohols and reference amino sugar alcohols were studied using paper electrophoresis in molybdate buffer. On the basis of the results obtained the unknown amino sugar was identified as 2-amino- 2,6-dideoxymannose (rhamnosamine). Its optical rotation showed it to be of the L-configuration. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of L-rhamnosamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Succinate dehydrogenase flavocoenzyme (‘SD-flavin’), previously shown to be an 8α-substituted riboflavin derivative containing a tertiary nitrogen homoconjugated to the flavin nucleus, was subjected to further hydrolysis and to reduction under acid conditions. Both conditions resulted in the liberation of 1 mole of histidine per mole of flavin. This proves histidine to be the covalent link between flavin and peptide backbone in succinate dehydrogenase and imidazole to be the tertiary nitrogen function homoconjugated to the flavin. 8α-Histidyl-riboflavin has been synthesized starting from riboflavin chemically and shown to be completely identical with the natural product in optical, ESR and NMR spectra, pH-fluorescence curve and behavior on thin-layer and paper chromatography, as well as paper electrophoresis. [This equation cannot be represented into ASCII Text] 3. Both the natural compound isolated by acid hydrolysis of flavin peptide and the synthetic one contain two isomers, which may be separated by high voltage electrophoresis. The isomers appear to be the N(1)- and N(3)-imidazole substituted compounds. Digestion of the flavin peptide with aminopeptidase M yields only one isomer but on treatment with 6-N HCl this is gradually converted to a mixture of the two isomers. The absolute assignment of the natural isomer is suggested as 8α-[N(3)-histidyl]-riboflavin on the basis of imidazole quaternization with CH3I, reductive cleavage of the flavin-imidazole bond and identification of the methyl-histidine liberated as 1-methyl-histidine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the school background of leaders in eight occupational groups: the civil service, foreign service, judiciary, Royal Navy, army, Royal Air Force, Church of England, and clearing banks. These elite groups were studied at four time intervals: 1939, 1950, 1960, and 1971. With the exception of the civil service, no significant change was discernible in the proportion of men who had attended public school. The paper also examines the university background of leaden in five of the groups: the civil service, foreign service, judiciary, Church of England, and clearing banks. Except for the Church of England, no significant change was recorded in the proportion of men who had attended Oxbridge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the preceding paper a population of lymphoid cells was identified which (1) were derived from germinal centres in the appendix, (2) were localized in follicular structures elsewhere, and (3) could perform as antibody-forming cell precursors. The present paper presents evidence (1) that germinal centres in the spleen and lymph nodes perform the same function as germinal centres in the appendix, and (2) that germinal centres are dependent upon a stream of cells derived from the bone marrow. A new hypothesis is put forward regarding the origin and cellular kinetics of the B-cell system in mammals. It is proposed that germinal centres throughout the body function as an essentially antigen-dependent amplification system for the B-cell population of lymphocytes. Implications of this hypothesis are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to indicate something of the nature of "good programming." In this context, programming is taken to mean the entire process of communication between humans and computers. The programming process is sub- divided into nine tasks, and an elementary discussion of each of these tasks is presented. Although the paper is primarily directed to the student or novice programmer, more experienced people may find it a worthwhile aid in codifying or reinforcing their experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time and time again software projects, though undertaken by people of considerable intellectual ability, fail. This will doubtless be a continuing phenomenon, because software production is indeed a difficult task requiring wide-ranging skills. Certainly, no single paper can suddenly solve all the problems of software writing and eliminate the failures. The scope of this paper is limited to four stages in the execution of software projects, namely the planning, coding, testing, and final usage. These four crucial areas contain pitfalls that have been responsible for a large proportion of software failures, and it is hoped this paper will help avoid some of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]