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Punched paper tape readers, frequently used for machine control and computer input, are readily adaptable for the purposes of presenting extremely complex signal sequences such as those used in psychophysiology. A description of basic operating principles is given together with an explanation of the minor modifications necessary to adapt this instrument to signal control. Complete schematics are presented of an instrument with seven channel control capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. A new diagonal etectrophoretic technique for determining the order of the lysine-containing tryptic peptides of a protein is described. The protein is converted into its trifluoracetyl derivative, digested enzymatically (or chemically), and the resulting peptides separated by paper electrophoresis. The paper is then treated with ammonia vapour, which re-exposes the ε-amino groups of the lysine residues, and submitted to a second electrophoresis at right angles to the first direction. Peptides containing lysine residues, together with the N-terminal peptide of the protein, are found to lie off a diagonal formed by all other peptides, whence they may be readily purified. A study of these peptides enables the order of the lysine-containing tryptic peptides in the protein to be deduced. 2. The technique has been successfully tested with insulin. 3. When the method was applied to porcine pepsin, the four tryptic peptides isolated were easily ordered and the carboxyl-terminal sequence of the protein shown to be Arg-Gln-Tyr-TyrThr-Val-Phe-Asp-Arg-Ala-Asn-Asn-Lys-Val-Gly-Leu-Ala-Pro-Val-Ala. The thee basic ammo acid residues in the molecule are thus found clustering towards the C-terminus of the polypeptide chain. 4. A common ancestral gene for porcine pepsin and bovine (calf) rennin is suggested by the close homology between the C-terminal sequents of the two proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was reported that the so-called salivary or pharyngeal gland of the marine snail Neptunea antiqua contains a toxic substance. Food poisoning is caused by the salivary gland of Neptunea arthritica. Extracts of the salivary gland of Neptunea antiqua produce acetylcholine-like effects on certain isolated organs. Extracts of the salivary glands of Neptunca antiqua contain a toxic substance. The results from paper chromatography and from studies of the biological effects of the extracts make it likely that the active substance is a quaternary ammonium base, possibly neurine or a compound related to neurine.

This article presents abstracts of papers presented at the eighth annual meeting of the association for the psychophysiological study of sleep at Colorado during March 22-24, 1968. Some of the topics of presented in the papers included Cortical Monophasic wave activity during Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM) and Wakefulness. Preliminary note on the sleep and waking cycle in the desert hedgehog (Paraechinus Hypomelus). Name of some of the psychologists who contributed articles during the meeting were Francois Michel, J. Allan Hobson and many others.

The article focuses on the interaction recorder, an electronic punched paper tape unit for recording speech behavior during interviews. The study of verbal interview behavior results in the accumulation of (and the ultimate necessity to process) large quantities of data. This is true whether the investigative focus is on such global phenomena as personality traits or personality change, analysis of the content or themes expressed, or on such structural characteristics as frequency and durations of single units of speech and silence. With both the Chapple Interaction Chronograph and the Interaction Recorder, a trained observer is needed in order to record the interview interaction.

The article presents abstracts of papers presented to the seventh annual meeting of the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep (APSS). The seventh annual meeting of the APSS was held at the Miramar Hotel, Santa Monica, California in April 1967. APSS was founded in 1961 for the purpose of promoting both formal and informal exchange of information among workers from various disciplines with a common interest in the psychophysiology of sleep.

Comments on J. R. L. Allen's paper on the classification of cross-stratified units in sedimentology. Morphological features of cross-stratification; Non-genetic terminology.

Comments on the effect of training on the author. Relation of supervision to the personal analysis of the trainee in the process of training; Recollection of reaction to a series of dreams and fantasies brought by clinic patients; Significance of patient in the training of analysts.

Comments on the article written by psychologist James Hillman with regards to the training program at the C. J. Jung Institute in Zürich, Switzerland. Need to keep all points of agreement under constant review; Corpulency of the training problems raised by Hillman; Suggestion of a reason for the difference of the views of Hillman; Points of detail on which Hillman seems to have distorted, overlooked or altered.

The article presents a brief outline of papers presented at the thirteenth annual meeting of The Society for Psychophysiological Research that was held between October 25 and 28, 1973 at the Galvez Hotel and Motel in Galveston, Texas. Members of the program committee were professors Peter J. Lang, Hiram E. Fitzgerald and David T. Graham. Some of these papers include "Heart Rate Variability and Heart Rate Conditioning in Human Newborns," by L.E. Stamps, "Habituation and Dishabituation of Cardiac Orienting in Human Newborns," by C.D. Adkinson and W.K. Berg and "Developing Changes in Response Recovery," by E. Scott and M. Lewis.

This article presents abstracts of papers presented at the twelfth annual meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, which was held at the Hotel Sheraton-Plaza in Boston, Massachusetts on November 9-12, 1972. The paper presented by J.C. Jackson and F.K. Graham of the University of Wisconsin cites threshold intensity effects on two orienting response components. Sokolovian theory suggests that the orienting response should be large near psychophysical threshold, fall to a minimum around 10-20 decibels and then rise again until it is depressed by competition with the defense reflex.

The article presents abstracts of papers presented at the tenth annual meeting of Society for Psychophysiological Research, which was held at Roosevelt Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana, from November 19-22, 1970. Some abstracts of papers that were presented at the meeting are "Response Imperativeness and the Cardiac Wave-Form During the Preparation of a Motor and "Mental" Reaction Response," by Gary E. Schwartz and J. Higgins and "Respiration and Heart Rate Indices of Reaction Time," by Stephen W. Porges.

The article presents abstracts of papers published in the March 1970 issue of the journal Psychophysiology, vol. 6. The papers were presented at the 9th annual meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research. The papers included Bilateral Differences in Autonomic Balance and Reactivity. by John G. Varni, Hans O. Doerr and Jill R. Franklin, Physiological Measures of Sexual Arousal in the Human by Marvin Zuckerman.

The article presents abstracts of papers published in the March 1969 issue of the journal Psychophysiology. The papers were presented at the 8th annual meeting of the society for Psychophysiological Research. The abstracts of papers included Operant Conditioned Alleviation of Pathological Nystagmus by James Block, New Possibilities For Glandular and Visceral Re- Education by Neal E. Miller, Operant Conditioning of Systolic Blood Pressure by Bernard Tursky and David Shapiro.

This article presents abstracts of papers presented at the seventh annual meeting of Society for Psychophysiological Research held at the Vacation Village Hotel in San Diego, California from October 19-22, 1967. One of the papers explored monocular visual evoked potentials as an index of maturity of human neonates. Another paper focused on habituation differences to tactile stimulation for waking and sleeping infants. In this paper the role of state in determining a psychological or physiological response is not disputed.

The article presents abstracts of all research papers presented during a meeting held as of March 1, 1972 that focused psychophysiological issues. A study on cardiac-somatic relationships in operant and Pavlovian conditioning was conducted by researchers. Comparisons of heart rate and foot flexion responses in dogs during classical and avoidance shock conditioning revealed no difference in heart rate conditional responses during avoidance or classical conditioning. Another study conducted by researchers focused on mean rate correlates of good and poor differential eyelid conditioning. The role of orienting responses in acquiring a differential conditioned eyelid response was studied by comparing a group of good conditioners with a group of poor conditioners.

This article presents abstracts of papers presented to the 11th annual meeting of the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep. "Effects of Centrally Administered Carbachol on Sleep in Cats," was presented by Peter J. Morgane, Warren C. Stern and Joseph D. Bronzino. In order to delineate chemo-specific neurobehavioral systems in the brain concerned with sleep rates, exploring chemitrode devices were implanted in cats wired for recording the usual sleep indicators. It is also possible that cholinergic synapses exist in the noradrenergic or serotonergic pathways and that these systems are activated by cholinergic stimulation, thus resulting in changes in the sleep states.

The article presents abstracts of papers presented to the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep (APSS). APSS for founded in 1961 for the purpose of promoting both formal and informal exchange of information among workers from various disciplines with a common interest in the psychophysiology of sleep.

Presents the abstracts of papers presented to the 9th Annual Meeting of the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, held in Boston, Massachusetts on March 20-23, 1969. Psychological correlates of phasic and tonic events during sleep; Phasic events and mentation during sleep; Dream content and physiological functioning; Time-related changes in physiological characteristics of rapid eye movement.

Comments on the 1966 paper by D.M. Triplehorn on the 'Morphology, internal structure, and origin of glauconite pellets' in the 'Sedimentology' journal. Microscopic observations of glauconite pellets; Ovoidal or spheroidal pellets; Tabular or discoidal pellets; Mammilated pellets; Ellipsoidal pellets; Vermicular pellets; Composite pellets; Fossil casts, internal molds or replacements.

The response measure in which conditioning is measured ranges from the eyelid to electrodermal and vascular responses. Cognition, in the sense utilized by most of these experimenters, deals with awareness by the subject of something. Awareness is an essential ingredient of the development of expectancies. In the count-up to a noxious stimulus, studies, subjects can develop expectancies about the likelihood of occurrence of the stimuli, as well as expectancies about the time of occurrence of stimuli.

The XVIIth International Congress of Applied Psychology will be held from July 25-30, 1971 in Liege, Belgium. A limited number of free papers can still be accepted, interested authors should contact the Congress Secretariat. The provisional program of about thirty pages, containing full details, will be sent on demand, free of charge and without obligation, together with a registration form, from the Congress Secretariat.

Grass pollen allergens are shown to remain associated with protein material and a yellow pigment during paper chromatography and during dialyses and ultrafiltrations of various types. Dialysable* allergens comprise only a fraction of I per cent of the total activity and the amount of activity extractable by diethylene glycol (DEG) and similar solvents is of the same order. Besides the allergens, the DEG and aqueous extracts contain large amounts of inositol, glucose and fructose, also some yellow pigments and phosphates. Larger amounts of free and combined amino acids are found in the aqueous than in the DEG extracts, but the reverse is true for sucrose. In addition the DEG extracts contain a yellow glucoside different from the dactylen of the aqueous extracts, a glucosan and an arabinose-galactose-pigment complex, only the latter being associated with any activity. The spontaneous release of the crystalline dactylen from originally clear aqueous pollen extracts is found not to be caused by enzymes. The washed crystals are found to be chromatographically and electrophoretically homogeneous and devoid of allergenic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a simple quantitative measure of pressure for use in the projective techniques. It presents a brief description on the use of a measuring technique and some implications of the scores obtained by the use of it for quantifying the variable of pressure exerted by the subject in the various projective paper-and-pencil techniques. It is applicable to such tests as HTP, Bender Gestalt group administered TAT and Rorschach, and it is particularly useful in the draw-a-person technique. In essence, the method involves the multiple reproduction of the original drawing by means of carbon paper while the subject is drawing. The amount of pressure exerted by the subject will be reflected in the number and extent of reproductions that is made under standard conditions.

Succinate dehydrogenase flavocoenzyme (‘SD-flavin’), previously shown to be an 8α-substituted riboflavin derivative containing a tertiary nitrogen homoconjugated to the flavin nucleus, was subjected to further hydrolysis and to reduction under acid conditions. Both conditions resulted in the liberation of 1 mole of histidine per mole of flavin. This proves histidine to be the covalent link between flavin and peptide backbone in succinate dehydrogenase and imidazole to be the tertiary nitrogen function homoconjugated to the flavin. 8α-Histidyl-riboflavin has been synthesized starting from riboflavin chemically and shown to be completely identical with the natural product in optical, ESR and NMR spectra, pH-fluorescence curve and behavior on thin-layer and paper chromatography, as well as paper electrophoresis. [This equation cannot be represented into ASCII Text] 3. Both the natural compound isolated by acid hydrolysis of flavin peptide and the synthetic one contain two isomers, which may be separated by high voltage electrophoresis. The isomers appear to be the N(1)- and N(3)-imidazole substituted compounds. Digestion of the flavin peptide with aminopeptidase M yields only one isomer but on treatment with 6-N HCl this is gradually converted to a mixture of the two isomers. The absolute assignment of the natural isomer is suggested as 8α-[N(3)-histidyl]-riboflavin on the basis of imidazole quaternization with CH3I, reductive cleavage of the flavin-imidazole bond and identification of the methyl-histidine liberated as 1-methyl-histidine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4 UDP-trisaccharides present in the mammary gland and colostrum of the ewe were isolated and identified. The nucleotides, extracted by means of trichloracetic acid, were purified in the following way: 2 ion-exchange chromatographies on Dowex 1 (formate), filtration on Sephadex G-25, paper electrophoresis, pH 5, followed by paper chromatography in 3 different solvents. Using these fractionation techniques, 4 uridine derivatives (X1', X2', Y1', Y2') with positive reaction to the Warren neuraminic acid test, were obtained. UDP-5', which constitutes the nucleotidic part of the 4 derivatives, was defined more accurately after various acid or enzymatic analyses. The isolation of UDP-5' was made by ionexchange or paper chromatography and the total and labile phosphate was estimated. The Warren positive substances released from by neuraminidase or mild acid hydrolysis were identified as N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid for the X1', Y1' nucleotides, and N-acetyl-neuraminic acid for the X2', Y2' nucleotides. The behaviour of asialylated nucleotides to ion-exchange and paper chromatography is described as well as that of asialylated oligosaccharides. The 4 asialylated oligosaccharides contain galactose and an N-acetyl-D-hexosamine, the latter being N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in the case of X1' and X2', and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine in the case of Y1' and Y2'. Total analysis of UDPoligosaccharides shows a 1:1:1:1 ratio between uridine, N-acetyl-D-hexosamine, galactose, and neuaminic acid. The 1-P-trisaccharides and the trisaccharides were identified after phosphodiesterase hydrolysis followed by phosphatase hydrolysis. The N-acetyl-D-hexosamine carried the reducing group (sodium borohydride). Some structural characteristics of the 4 nucleotides were determined using β-galactosidase, neuraminidase, periodate, and periodate borohydride. Two of the nucleotides contain N-acetyl-glucosamine and are identical to those previously isolated from the goat colostrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli U41/14 (serotype 03 :K2ab(L) : H2) an unusual amino sugar was isolated. By sequential oxidation with periodate and hypoiodite and by oxidation with periodate, followed by detection of acetaldehyde formed, the ammo sugar was characterized as a 2-amino- dideoxyaldose. The hydrochloride of the amino sugar, in comparison to those of 2-amino-2, 6-dideoxy-D-glucose, 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-L-galactose, 2-amino-2, 6-dideoxy-D-mannose, 2-amino-2, 6-di- deoxy-D-allose, and 2-amino-2, 6-dideoxy-D-gulose, was studied with aid of ion exchange column chromatography. The N-acetylated amino sugar was compared with the N-acetylated reference amino sugars with regard to their relative mobihties in paper chromatography. The ammo sugar alcohols and reference amino sugar alcohols were studied using paper electrophoresis in molybdate buffer. On the basis of the results obtained the unknown amino sugar was identified as 2-amino- 2,6-dideoxymannose (rhamnosamine). Its optical rotation showed it to be of the L-configuration. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of L-rhamnosamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces the theme of the articles featured in the issue. The main topics in all the papers presented in the issue revolve around study of various aspects of voluntary associations. The study of voluntary associations involves three separate theoretical concerns. The first, and perhaps oldest of these, focuses on the nature and structure of society, especially industrial society. A second theoretical interest in voluntary associations is social psychological in emphasis; here voluntary associations are examined for what they can tell us about the nature of the person in contemporary society. Finally, voluntary associations may be studied within the framework of organizational theory with a focus upon associations as the units to be studied. Four of the papers in this issue are directly concerned with the problem of the contribution of voluntary associations to the society in which they exist. Most studies of voluntary associations implicitly suggest that such groups are integrative.

There is an urgent need to examine the range of ecosystems that is currently protected in national parks and reserves, to point out those examples that are unprotected and to establish a rational programme of priorities for protecting as complete a series as possible. The International Biological Programme has pioneered the field of large-scale survey work for the collection of data of relevance to this need and has contributed to the development of information retrieval techniques for handling the data. The first part of the paper discusses the rationale of the development of the data base and its modus operandi. The system is illustrated by two examples of retrieval and analysis for specific enquiries; the distribution of four species of Pinus, and the occurrence of grazing, logging and burning in national parks and equivalent reserves in the United States. The second part of the paper deals with system design, details of programming for the data base, and retrieval strategy. It is intended as an independent section which may be skipped if the reader has no interest in the finer points of the data base itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this paper is to suggest a theoretical approach to the study of social development in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Social development is regarded here as a radical transformation of economy and society, and as something which must be assessed in primarily human terms. After a critical examination of some conventional theories of modernization and social change, the paper goes on to suggest that a fruitful line of research is to view development as fundamental structural change. This would involve examination of social structural features in a society which encourage or hinder social development. Finally, specific empirical research is to be directed to identify agents as well as obstacles to social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hitherto unknown amino sugar was discovered in lipopolysaccharides isolated from strains of chemotype III of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The sugar (2-3% of the lipopolysaccharides dry weight) is detected as a shoulder on the descending part of the glucosamine peak obtained when acid hydrolysates of the lipopolysaccharides are passed through an amino acid analyzer. It was separated from the other amino sugars of the lipopolysaccharide (i,e. glucosamine, galactosamine, quinovosamine) by high voltage paper electrophoresis and subsequent paper chromatography. The mass spectrometric analysis of the isolated sugar as deuterium-reduced alditol acetate revealed the presence of a 6-0-methyl-2-amino-2-deoxyhexose. Demethylation of the isolated sugar afforded glucosamine and the demethylation of its ninhydrin degradation product yielded arabinose, which showed that the parental amino sugar is glucosamine. Authentic 6-O-methyl-D-glucosamine exhibited identical properties in paper chromatography and high-voltage electrophoresis as did its alditol acetate derivative in gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. These data prove that the unknown amino sugar in lipopolysaccharides of Rhodopseudomonas palustris is 6-0-methyl-glucosamine. The strong positive optical rotation of the isolated sugar indicates its D-configuration. 6-0-Methyl-D-glucosamine is part of the O-specific chain and not of the lipid A moiety of the lipopolysaccharide. Periodate-oxidation studies revealed that the sugar, like the other amino sugars of this lipopolysaccharide, does not occupy non-reducing terminal positions to any appreciable extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate as a cofactor in the reaction catalyzed by the phosphoglucomutase for Β-glucose 1-phosphate (Β-phosphoglucomutase) has been examined in purified extracts of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris. 1. The incubation of Β-glucose 1-[32P]phosphate with Β-phosphoglucomutase in presence of high concentrations (0.1 mM) of a commercial preparation of α-D(+)-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate (prepared synthetically) yielded a labelled compound running electrophoretically and chromatographically as the sugar bisphosphate. Specificity studies with Β-phosphoglucomutase and muscle phosphoglucomutase (α-phosphoglucomutase) strongly suggest that the compound formed is Β-glucose 1,6-[32P]bisphosphate. The results would also indicate that the commercial preparation of α-D(+)-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate contains Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate as contaminant. 2. When synthetic Β-glucose 1-phosphate preparations were purified by paper chromatography and then incubated with Β-phosphoglucomutase, no glucose 6-phosphate could be detected. On the other hand the reaction readily took place when challenged with the chromatographic fraction that runs as sugar bisphosphate. Upon analysis with etectrophoresis, chromatography and weak acid hydrolysis, and experiments with Β-phosphoglucomutase and α-phosphoglucomutase it was concluded that this compound is Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate. 3. It was established that the natural α-D(+)-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate not only fails to sustain the reaction catalyzed by Β-phosphoglucomutase but rather inhibits the reaction when added to the whole Β-phosphoglucomutase system, it was also demonstrated that Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate acts as inhibitor of the α-phosphoglucomutase system. 4. These results show for the first time that Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate is an active and necessary participant in the reaction catalyzed by Β-phosphoglucomutase. The role played by Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate in this reaction would be essentially the same as that of the α-anomer in the reaction catalyzed by α-phosphoglucomutase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acidic capsular polysaccharide of Vibrio parahaemolyticus A55 (05:K15) was esterified with ethylene oxide and then reduced with sodium borohydride. Hydrolysis of the reduced material gave two hexosamines identical with mannosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-mannose) and gulosamine (2-amino.2-deoxy-gulose) on paper and ion-exchange chromatograms. This fact suggested that the K15 antigen contained mannosaminuronic acid (2-amino-2-deoxy-mannuronic acid) and gulosaminuronic acid (2-amino-2-deoxy-guluronie acid). Direct acid hydrolysis of the antigen gave two 2-amino-2-deoxy-hexuronic acids. These two were identified as mannosaminuronic and gulosaminouronic acids by paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis, being compared with synthesized standard samples. Titration of acid form of the polysaccharide indicated that about 91.5% of the polysaccharide was composed of the N-acetyl-hexosaminuronic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper alternative approaches to intertemporal allocation and prices are considered (Section I) and used to reject some claims and criticisms on the equality of transformation rates and relative prices in an intertemporal framework appeared in recent literature (Section II). It is argued that the extension of conventional results to the intertemporal case is prevented by the nature of intertemporal exchange in a capitalist economy (Section III).
In recent economic literature a number of conflicting views have been expressed about the equality between interest rates, rates of return on investment, and rates of time preference; and about the very notion of internal rate of return. R.M. So-Low regards such equality as a particularly significant result, and treats the notion of the internal rate of return as the very foundation of capital theory (1963, 1966, 1967). L.L. PASINETTI denies that such an equality can hold even within the Fisherian framework (1969). C.R.S. DOUGHERTY vindicates the legitimacy of the Fisherian approach and claims it is 'dynamic', and regards the internal rate of return as an element of a 'search rule' for consumption optimization. In this paper alternative approaches to intertemporal allocation and prices are considered (Section 1) and used to reject these claims and criticisms on the equality of transformation rates and relative prices in an intertemporal framework, while the internal rate of return appears to have neither theoretical nor operational significance (Section 2). It is argued that the extension of conventional results to the intertemporal case is prevented by the nature of intertemporal exchange in a capitalist economy, namely by the absence of markets for future manufactured commodities. Since money is the only forward market extant (with the exception of forward markets for a handful of primary products) interest rates cannot be considered to measure rates of return on or preference rates for anything other than... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an overview of current recycling policies in contemporary China within the broader context of China's efforts to protect and improve her social and physical environment. Starting with an interpretation of China's traditional agriculture as a 'recycling' and energy producing economy, different efforts to improve the use of organic waste materials in agriculture are shown to have had positive results which, however, could be further improved by modern methods of recycling developed in the USA and other industrialized countries. The recovery of materials and their re-use or, as it is called in the Chinese literature, 'turning the harmful into the beneficial' may be regarded as one of the guiding principles of China's anti-pollution policies not only in agriculture but also in industry where both labor intensive methods and modern equipment are in operation. Control of inputs and location are shown to play an additional role in China's environmental policies. The paper concludes with a presentation of the Chinese interpretation of the causes of environmental disruption in the light of Chinese sources available in translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate directly the relationship between the efficiency with which resources are allocated under central planning and the level of development of the economy, and to determine whether certain types of economic reform strategy are more effective than others. This is accomplished by measuring the allocative efficiency of one specific sector of the economy of five socialist countries, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Rumania. The results indicate that, despite the efforts at reform of the more advanced countries, allocative efficiency is inversely related to the level of development and also appears to be related to the specific type of reform undertaken.
This paper develops a methodology for measuring the static efficiency of the export sector of centrally planned economies by means of a linear programming model. This model is utilized to measure the efficiency of export allocation in Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland and Rumania, during 1969. The results demonstrate that, under central planning, the efficiency of resource allocation declines as the level of development of the economy increases. Furthermore, we find that in the Hungarian economy, which has been the object of extensive reforms, allocative efficiency is significantly worse than in the other East European countries. Consequently, we conclude that pressure for economic reforms in Eastern Europe will continue, but that the scope of these reforms will be more limited in scope than the Hungarian experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that there are no insuperable obstacles to making quantitative science-aided comparisons of the welfare effects of economic policies on different people. This contradicts the belief commonly held by economists that in principle meaningful interpersonal utility comparisons cannot be made.
The paper is intended as a contribution to the theory of governmental decision-making with respect to social redistribution problems. Examples of such problems include a) taxation and welfare transfers, i.e., who among the citizens should retain which portions of the national product; and b) population policy, i.e., how many people should be allowed to become claimants to the national wealth. The paper is not intended to cast any light whatsoever on positive consumer choice theory or the psychological study of decision-making. The approach described here is generally consistent with the recent discussion of 'social indicators'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]