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Objectives: Many nonhuman primate diets are dominated by plant foods, yet plant tissues are often poor sources of sodium—a necessary mineral for metabolism and health. Among primates, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), which are ripe fruit specialists, consume diverse animal, and plant resources. Insects have been proposed as a source of dietary sodium for chimpanzees, yet published data on sodium values for specific foods are limited. We assayed plants and insects commonly eaten by chimpanzees to assess their relative value as sodium sources. Materials and Methods: We used atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine sodium content of key plant foods and insects consumed by chimpanzees of Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Dietary contributions of plant and insect foods were calculated using feeding observational data. Results: On a dry matter basis, mean sodium value of plant foods (n = 83 samples; mean = 86 ppm, SD = 92 ppm) was significantly lower than insects (n = 12; mean = 1549 ppm, SD = 807 ppm) (Wilcoxon rank sum test: W = 975, p < 0.001). All plant values were below the suggested sodium requirement (2000 ppm) for captive primates. While values of assayed insects were variable, sodium content of two commonly consumed insect prey for Gombe chimpanzees (Macrotermes soldiers and Dorylus ants) were four to five times greater than the highest plant values and likely meet requirements. Discussion: We conclude that plant foods available to Gombe chimpanzees are generally poor sources of sodium while insects are important, perhaps critical, sources of sodium for this population. Research Highlights: Sodium is a critical micronutrient for metabolism and health, and studies increasingly highlight how primates meet their sodium requirements.Plant foods consumed by chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania, are a poor source of sodium compared with insects.Insects are likely a critical source of sodium in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first steps of vision take place in the ciliary outer segment compartment of photoreceptor cells. The protein composition of outer segments is uniquely suited to perform this function. The most abundant among these proteins is the visual pigment, rhodopsin, whose outer segment trafficking involves intraflagellar transport (IFT). Here, we report three major findings from the analysis of mice in which ciliary transport was acutely impaired by conditional knockouts of IFT-B subunits. First, we demonstrate the existence of a sorting mechanism whereby mislocalized rhodopsin is recruited to and concentrated in extracellular vesicles prior to their release, presumably to protect the cell from adverse effects of protein mislocalization. Second, reducing rhodopsin expression significantly delays photoreceptor degeneration caused by IFT disruption, suggesting that controlling rhodopsin levels may be an effective therapy for some cases of retinal degenerative disease. Last, the loss of IFT-B subunits does not recapitulate a phenotype observed in mutants of the BBSome (another ciliary transport protein complex relying on IFT) in which non-ciliary proteins accumulate in the outer segment. Whereas it is widely thought that the role of the BBSome is to primarily participate in ciliary transport, our data suggest that the BBSome has another major function independent of IFT and possibly related to maintaining the diffusion barrier of the ciliary transition zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegeneration occurs naturally as humans age, but the presence of additional pathogenic mechanisms yields harmful and consequential effects on the brain. Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is a composite of such factors. Despite extensive research to identify the exact causes of AD, therapeutic approaches for treating the disease continue to be ineffective, indicating important gaps in our understanding of disease mechanisms. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are an endogenous class of regulatory RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides, involved in various regulatory networks, whose dysregulation is evident in several neural and extraneural diseases. LncRNAs are ubiquitously expressed across all tissues with a wide range of functions, including controlling cell differentiation and development, responding to environmental stimuli, and other physiological processes. Several lncRNAs have been identified as potential contributors in worsening neurodegeneration due to altered regulation during abnormal pathological conditions. Within neurological disease, lncRNAs are prime candidates for use as biomarkers and pharmacological targets. Gender-associated lncRNA expression is altered in a gender-dependent manner for AD, suggesting more research needs to be focused on this relationship. Overall, research on lncRNAs and their connection to neurodegenerative disease is growing exponentially, as commercial enterprises are already designing and employing RNA therapeutics. In this review we offer a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on the role of lncRNAs in AD and discuss the potential implications of lncRNA as potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers in patients with Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Understanding the effects of genetic variants is crucial for accurately predicting traits and functional outcomes. Recent approaches have utilized artificial intelligence and protein language models to score all possible missense variant effects at the proteome level for a single genome, but a reliable tool is needed to explore these effects at the pan-genome level. To address this gap, we introduce a new tool called PanEffect. We implemented PanEffect at MaizeGDB to enable a comprehensive examination of the potential effects of coding variants across 50 maize genomes. The tool allows users to visualize over 550 million possible amino acid substitutions in the B73 maize reference genome and to observe the effects of the 2.3 million natural variations in the maize pan-genome. Each variant effect score, calculated from the Evolutionary Scale Modeling (ESM) protein language model, shows the log-likelihood ratio difference between B73 and all variants in the pan-genome. These scores are shown using heatmaps spanning benign outcomes to potential functional consequences. In addition, PanEffect displays secondary structures and functional domains along with the variant effects, offering additional functional and structural context. Using PanEffect, researchers now have a platform to explore protein variants and identify genetic targets for crop enhancement. Availability and implementation The PanEffect code is freely available on GitHub (https://github.com/Maize-Genetics-and-Genomics-Database/PanEffect). A maize implementation of PanEffect and underlying datasets are available at MaizeGDB (https://www.maizegdb.org/effect/maize/). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments were designed to evaluate later timepoints for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) of beef heifers and cows, with the hypothesis that use of a later timepoint would allow a greater proportion of animals to express estrus prior to FTAI and result in greater conception rates among estrous females inseminated with sex-sorted semen. In Experiment 1, estrus was synchronized for 1640 heifers using the 14 d CIDR-PG protocol: insertion of an intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert (CIDR; 1.38 g progesterone) on Day −33 and removal on Day −19, and administration of prostaglandin F 2α (PG; 500 μg cloprostenol sodium) on Day −3. Heifers were inseminated at one of three FTAI timepoints: 66 h, 70 h, or 74 h after PG administration. In Experiment 2, estrus was synchronized for 414 beef cows using the 7 & 7 Synch protocol: administration of PG coincident with CIDR insertion on Day −17, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 100 μg gonadorelin) on Day −10, and PG coincident with CIDR removal on Day −3. Cows were inseminated at one of two FTAI timepoints: 66 h or 72 h after PG administration. In both experiments, only animals that expressed estrus prior to FTAI were inseminated with sex-sorted semen. In Experiment 1, the proportion of heifers that expressed estrus prior to FTAI (66 h: 62 %; 70 h: 67 %; 74 h: 71 %) was greater when FTAI was performed at 74 h versus 66 h (P = 0.0097); however, conception rate of heifers that expressed estrus and were serviced with sex-sorted semen did not differ among treatments (P = 0.67; 66 h: 56 %; 70 h: 53 %; 74 h: 53 %). In Experiment 2, the proportion of cows expressing estrus prior to FTAI did not differ between treatments (P = 0.30; 66 h: 71 %; 72 h: 76 %). Additionally, conception rate of estrous cows inseminated with sex-sorted semen did not differ between treatments (P = 0.24; 66 h: 45 %; 72 h: 40 %). These results indicate that performing FTAI later following the 14 d CIDR-PG protocol increases the proportion of heifers that express estrus and are serviced with sex-sorted semen but does not improve conception rates. Later timing of FTAI following the 7 & 7 Synch protocol was not observed to increase the proportion of cows expressing estrus prior to FTAI or improve conception rates among estrous cows inseminated with sex-sorted semen. Together, these results provide further insight into optimal timing of FTAI when using sex-sorted semen. • Delayed timing of FTAI when using sex-sorted semen was evaluated. • A greater proportion of heifers expressed estrus prior to FTAI at later timepoints. • Conception rates were not improved among animals inseminated at later timepoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Ageism is a prevalent, insidious social justice issue that has harmful effects on the health of older adults. Preliminary literature explores the intersectionality of ageism with sexism, ableism, and ageism experienced among LGBTQ+ older adults. Yet, the intersectionality of ageism with racism remains largely absent from the literature. Therefore, this study explores the lived experience of the intersectionality of ageism and racism among older adults. Methods This qualitative study applied a phenomenological approach. Twenty participants 60+ years of age (M = 69, standard deviation = 8.84) in the U.S. Mountain West identifying as Black, Latino(a), Asian–American/Pacific Islander, Indigenous, or White engaged in a 1-hr interview between February and July 2021. A 3-cycle coding process applied constant comparison methods. Five coders independently coded interviews, engaging in critical discussion to resolve disagreements. An audit trail, member checking, and peer debriefing enhanced credibility. Results This study focuses on individual-level experiences exemplified by 3 umbrella themes and 7 subthemes. The subthemes are (a) compounding oppression, (b) intersection of disparities, (c) White privilege, (d) racism and ageism: being tokenized or ignored, (e) ageism and racism: unspoken bias, (f) racism versus ageism: overt or covert? and (g) racism versus ageism: differentiated or ubiquitous? Discussion The findings indicate how ageism may be racialized through stereotypes related to mental (in)capability. Practitioners can apply the findings to enhance support for older adults by designing interventions aimed at reducing racialized ageist stereotypes and increasing collaboration through education across anti-ageism/anti-racism initiatives. Future research should focus on the impacts of the intersectionality of ageism and racism on specific health outcomes in addition to structural-level interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asthma and COVID-19 have overlapping symptoms. During the 2019–2022 pandemic, pediatric asthma control appears to have improved, with some researchers theorizing that that is due to changes in asthma self-management. This study examined adolescents' views regarding how the pandemic impacted their asthma severity and self-management. Differences by urbanicity, sex, and race/ethnicity were explored. Methods: We utilized baseline data from adolescents with poorly controlled asthma (n = 183) who were participating in 1 of 2 school-based clinical trials—1 in rural schools and 1 in urban schools—testing the impact of interventions to improve asthma control. Adolescents reported if they believed their asthma severity remained the same, improved, or worsened during the pandemic, and if it changed, how it changed. They also reported if and how they modified their asthma management since the pandemic. We used multinomial logistic regression and binary logistic regression to assess the relationship between demographic factors and changes in asthma severity during the pandemic, and if adolescents altered their asthma management. Results: Adolescents' mean age was 15.9 years; most lived in rural communities (65.6%) and identified as female (66.7%). About half (56.2%) self-identified as black, 13.1% as Hispanic, and 10.4% as another race/ethnicity. Most (68.4%) reported that their asthma severity remained unchanged; 26.0% reported it worsened. Nearly 30% reported they altered how they managed their asthma, with most (80%) reporting additional efforts. Compared with asthma remaining the same, females had a higher relative risk than males of reporting that their asthma worsened [adjusted relative risk ratio = 3.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.34–9.90, P < 0.05]. Urban youth had greater odds (adjusted odds ratio = 5.4, 95% CI = 2.0–14.5, P < 0.001) of reporting they changed their asthma self-management compared with rural peers. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that during the 2019–2022 pandemic, adolescents generally believed their asthma severity stayed consistent and many took additional self-management efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the advances in the high throughput next generation sequencing technologies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a large set of variants associated with complex phenotypic traits at a very fine scale. Despite the progress in GWAS, identification of genotype-phenotype relationship remains challenging in maize due to its nature with dozens of variants controlling the same trait. As the causal variations results in the change in expression, gene expression analyses carry a pivotal role in unraveling the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms behind the phenotypes. Results: To address these challenges, we incorporated the gene expression and GWAS-driven traits to extend the knowledge of genotype-phenotype relationships and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms behind the phenotypes. We constructed a large collection of gene co-expression networks and identified more than 2 million co-expressing gene pairs in the GWAS-driven pan-network which contains all the gene-pairs in individual genomes of the nested association mapping (NAM) population. We defined four sub-categories for the pan-network: (1) core-network contains the highest represented ~ 1% of the gene-pairs, (2) near-core network contains the next highest represented 1–5% of the gene-pairs, (3) private-network contains ~ 50% of the gene pairs that are unique to individual genomes, and (4) the dispensable-network contains the remaining 50–95% of the gene-pairs in the maize pan-genome. Strikingly, the private-network contained almost all the genes in the pan-network but lacked half of the interactions. We performed gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis for the pan-, core-, and private- networks and compared the contributions of variants overlapping with genes and promoters to the GWAS-driven pan-network. Conclusions: Gene co-expression networks revealed meaningful information about groups of co-regulated genes that play a central role in regulatory processes. Pan-network approach enabled us to visualize the global view of the gene regulatory network for the studied system that could not be well inferred by the core-network alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Critical Gerontology for Social Workers" is a collection of scholarly writings, edited by Dr. Sandra Torres and Dr. Sarah Donnelly, that provides readers an overview of challenges faced by the growing older adult population using a critical gerontology lens. The book is divided into two sections that 1) provides readers with a contextual and theoretical foundation of gerontological social work and 2) applies these concepts to different practice settings to guide social workers in utilizing a critical gerontology lens in their work. Written by experts from different countries and backgrounds, this book teaches social workers how to employ a critical gerontology perspective to address issues faced by older adults, on both a macro and micro level, through research, policy, and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have worked for many decades to master the rules of biomolecular design that would allow artificial biopolymer complexes to self-assemble and function similarly to the diverse biochemical constructs displayed in natural biological systems. The rules of nucleic acid assembly (dominated by Watson–Crick base-pairing) have been less difficult to understand and manipulate than the more complicated rules of protein folding. Therefore, nucleic acid nanotechnology has advanced more quickly than de novo protein design, and recent years have seen amazing progress in DNA and RNA design. By combining structural motifs with aptamers that act as affinity handles and add powerful molecular recognition capabilities, nucleic acid-based self-assemblies represent a diverse toolbox for use by bioengineers to create molecules with potentially revolutionary biological activities. In this review, we focus on the development of self-assembling nucleic acid nanostructures that are functionalized with nucleic acid aptamers and their great potential in wide ranging application areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) has a high fatality rate, with inadequate diagnostic tests being a major contributor. The rollout of Xpert MTB/Rif and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra) have improved time-to-diagnosis with sensitivities similar to culture, yet test availability and sensitivity are inadequate. The TB lipoarabinomannan lateral flow assay (AlereLAM) offers ease of use, but its low sensitivity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) limits clinical utility for TBM. The Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM (FujiLAM) assay has excellent sensitivity in urine, but performance on cerebrospinal fluid is uncertain. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study at Kiruddu National Referral Hospital in Kampala, Uganda, enrolling patients suspected to have TBM. CSF was tested using AlereLAM, Xpert Ultra, culture, and FujiLAM. Results were compared with 2 reference standards: probable and definite TBM or definite TBM alone by the uniform TBM case definition. Results Of 101 patients enrolled (95/101 HIV-positive), 34 had definite TBM and 24 had probable TBM. FujiLAM sensitivity on CSF was 52% (30/58) for definite or probable TBM compared with 55% (32/58) for Xpert Ultra. AlereLAM had lower sensitivity than FujiLAM in the subgroup of patients tested with both assays (14% [4/28] vs 50% [14/28]; P <.01). FujiLAM specificity was 98% (42/43) for patients without probable or definite TBM. Conclusions FujiLAM showed higher sensitivity than AlereLAM, with sensitivity potentially approaching that of Xpert Ultra. FujiLAM could improve time-to-treatment-initiation, especially in settings where the more technical Xpert Ultra system might not be feasible. Large confirmatory studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly differentiated and affiliative social relationships are observed in a variety of mammals, including primates, cetaceans, and social carnivores. Although there has been a transformation in our understanding of the form and function of social bonds in the past two decades, the role of early life social experiences in the development of bonds remains less clear. Few studies have examined whether social relationships during infancy and juvenility (aside from those between mothers and offspring) persist into adulthood. In this study, we used longitudinal data on wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania, to investigate the effects of party-level association during infancy and juvenility (hereafter immaturity) on affiliative relationships among adult males (the philopatric sex). In total, we examined behavioral data from focal follows between 1970 and 2015 (N = 23 adult males). We used maternal associations as proxies for the associations of immature males, and we measured adult male social relationships using party-level associations and grooming activity. We found that immature males that associated with individual adult males at higher rates had stronger relationships with those same adult males later in life. By contrast, rates of association between pairs of immature males did not predict the strength of their dyadic relationships as adults. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of early socialization in male chimpanzee social development. These results also reinforce studies in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), suggesting that the persistence of social relationships that do not involve the mother may be more likely to evolve in long-lived species where young adult males face challenges entering an adult hierarchy composed of stronger and/or more socially experienced competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case report: A 65-year-old man presented with pain in his left ankle. After a delay, he presented to the orthopaedic clinic where computed tomography scan revealed an intra-articular, locked-lateral calcaneal fracture with dislocation of the peroneal tendons. Conclusions: This combination of injuries can produce subtle signs, such as an atypical double-density sign and varustalar tilt, on plain radiographs; however, the consequences of delayed treatment can be catastrophic. Early recognition and treatment are essential to avoid chronic pain and limited function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Primates exhibit variation in rates of growth and development. Variation in female growth and development across ape species appears to be explained by the Ecological Risk Aversion Hypothesis (ERAH). Indeed, existing data on variation in somatic growth and reproductive maturation between humans' closest living ape relatives, bonobos and chimpanzees, appear to be consistent with this hypothesis. However, existing data on behavioral maturation between the two species appear to contradict this hypothesis. We present novel behavioral data on infant and juvenile females from wild populations of both species in order to further evaluate predictions of the ERAH as it relates to the speed of behavioral maturation. Materials and methods: We analyzed 3 years of behavioral data on 17 female bonobos (<8 years of age) from LuiKotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo and 40 years of behavioral data on 30 age‐matched female chimpanzees from Gombe, Tanzania. We compared the timing of (a) the attainment of independence from mothers and (b) the development of social skills using the following proxies: proximity between females and their mothers and the time that females spent engaged in eating, suckling, social play, social grooming, and riding on their mothers. Results: We did not find species differences in the proportion of time that females spent in contact with their mothers or engaged in eating, suckling, social play, or social grooming. Female bonobos spent more time riding on their mothers than did female chimpanzees. Female bonobos spent more time at distances greater than 5 m from their mothers during the ages of 3–8 years, but females did not differ during the ages of 0–3 years. Discussion: Behavioral maturation is largely similar between females of the two species based on the ages and proxies considered herein. We propose alternative explanations for the differences that we found in proximity and riding that do not invoke differences in underlying rates of maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Among combat injured, invasive fungal infections (IFIs) result in significant morbidity. Cultures and histopathology are the primary diagnostic methods for IFIs, but they have limitations. We previously evaluated a panfungal polymerase chain reaction assay, which was 83% sensitive and 99% specific for angioinvasive IFIs. Here, we evaluated 3 less resource-intensive seminested assays targeting clinically relevant fungi in the order Mucorales and genera Aspergillus and Fusarium. Methods Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from a multicenter trauma IFI cohort (2009-2014) were used. Cases were US military personnel injured in Afghanistan with histopathologic IFI evidence. Controls were patients with similar injury patterns and no laboratory IFI evidence (negative culture and histopathology). Seminested assays specific to Mucorales (V4/V5 regions of 18S rDNA), Aspergillus (mitochondrial tRNA), and Fusarium (internal transcribed spacer [ITS]/28A regions of DNA) were compared with a panfungal assay amplifying the internal transcribed spacer 2 region of rDNA and to histopathology. Results Specimens from 92 injury sites (62 subjects) were compared with control specimens from 117 injuries (101 subjects). We observed substantial agreement between the seminested and panfungal assays overall, especially for the order Mucorales. Moderate agreement was observed at the genus level for Aspergillus and Fusarium. When compared with histopathology, sensitivity and specificity of seminested assays were 67.4% and 96.6%, respectively (sensitivity increased to 91.7% when restricted to sites with angioinvasion). Conclusions Prior studies of seminested molecular diagnostics have focused on culture-negative samples from immunocompromised patients. Our findings underscore the utility of the seminested approach in diagnosing soft-tissue IFIs using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples, especially with angioinvasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent assembly and annotation of the 26 maize nested association mapping population founder inbreds have enabled large-scale pan-genomic comparative studies. These studies have expanded our understanding of agronomically important traits by integrating pan-transcriptomic data with trait-specific gene candidates from previous association mapping results. In contrast to the availability of pan-transcriptomic data, obtaining reliable protein–protein interaction (PPI) data has remained a challenge due to its high cost and complexity. We generated predicted PPI networks for each of the 26 genomes using the established STRING database. The individual genome-interactomes were then integrated to generate core- and pan-interactomes. We deployed the PPI clustering algorithm ClusterONE to identify numerous PPI clusters that were functionally annotated using gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment, demonstrating a diverse range of enriched GO terms across different clusters. Additional cluster annotations were generated by integrating gene coexpression data and gene description annotations, providing additional useful information. We show that the functionally annotated PPI clusters establish a useful framework for protein function prediction and prioritization of candidate genes of interest. Our study not only provides a comprehensive resource of predicted PPI networks for 26 maize genomes but also offers annotated interactome clusters for predicting protein functions and prioritizing gene candidates. The source code for the Python implementation of the analysis workflow and a standalone web application for accessing the analysis results are available at https://github.com/eporetsky/PanPPI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weaning is an inevitable early life stressor in commercial production that can cause an immediate reduction in voluntary feed intake and growth during a critical period of gastrointestinal development. Further, the reduction in voluntary feed intake is strongly correlated with the risk of disease during that period. Therefore, our objective was to test the effect of different dietary interventions on early nursery pig feed intake, performance, fecal consistency, and histological parameters. Over 2 repetitions, a total of 90 newly weaned gilts (19-21 d of age, BW 5.62 ± 1.1 kg) were selected, individually penned and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments (n = 18 pigs/treatment) that included: 1) Control diet (CON), 2) CON + 5% sugar beet pulp (BP), 3) CON + 10% high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), 4) CON + 5% soyhulls (SH), or 5) CON + 3,000 ppm Zn and 200 ppm Cu (d 0-7), and 2,000 ppm Zn and 200 ppm Cu (d 8-14; ZC). Each repetition was conducted over a 14-d period consisting of 2 phases (Phase 1: d 0-7, phase 2: d 8-14). Pigs were all sourced from a natural endemic enteric pathogen positive nursery flow and confirmed positive for rotavirus, coccidia and F18 E. coli. Fecal consistency was scored and feed disappearance was recorded daily. On d 0, 7 and 14, pig BW were collected. Weekly feed disappearance and BW were used to calculate ADG, ADFI and feed efficiency (G:F) within phase and overall. On d 14, all pigs were euthanized, and fixed sections of ileum and colon were collected to assess histopathology including incidence of villus atrophy and colitis. Pig was the experimental unit, and performance and histology data were analyzed by dietary treatment. Daily measures of feed intake were analyzed by repeated measures with the fixed effects of diet, day, and their interaction. Starting BW did not differ across dietary treatments (P = 0.845). Over the 14-d test period, HFCS and ZC treatments tended to increase ADG (0.20 and 0.15 kg/d, respectively) compared with CON, BP and SH (0.09, 0.12, and 0.13 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.076). Further, the addition of a sweetener (HFCS) did not improve daily feed intake, while SH reduced daily feed intakes by 32% compared with all other treatments (P < 0.001). Although all pigs had some degree of diarrhea, fecal consistency did not differ between dietary treatments (P = 0.618). Histopathology scoring for intestinal atrophy (ileum) and colitis (colon) were not different (P = 0.645 and 0.440, respectively). In conclusion, the addition of BP, HFCS, SH and ZC had an effect on growth and feed intake but there was no benefit in atrophy, colitis, and fecal scores when encountering a natural enteric pathogen burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daemons, as they appear in Josephus's corpus, help situate Josephus qua first-century Roman-Jewish author between a Hellenistic culture informed by classical antiquity and a Jewish culture informed by Jewish Scripture and tradition. Whether as individual beings or as some impersonal force, the daemonic in Josephan literature comports far more with the daemons of the Classical and Hellenistic Greek milieu than with the Jewish literature from the Hebrew Bible to the New Testament. However, Josephus' daemons do betray the influence of that tradition as well. Thus, daemons help illustrate Josephus's works as the product of intercultural influence and exchange. This essay demonstrates this argument by providing a sequential and comprehensive assessment of Josephus's employment of daemons and the daemonic in his corpus and then proffering a comparative survey of related literature preceding and contemporary with Josephus. This survey analysis shows where Josephus's daemons are different from and similar to the ancient Hellenistic and Jewish traditions in their various cultural strains and literary permutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case: An immunosuppressed 51-year-old man sustained a ballistic injury about the site of a primary total hip arthroplasty, which had been performed for osteonecrosis of the femoral head 2 years earlier. He was treated with arthroscopic debridement and irrigation, inspection of the implants, and removal of foreign bodies. Conclusion: Ballistic injury to a hip arthroplasty site with retained foreign bodies is an unusual injury. Hip arthroscopy may represent a minimally invasive treatment option for implant inspection, joint debridement, and removal of intra-articular fragments while minimizing the risk of soft-tissue complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early life experiences are known to influence hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis development, which can impact health outcomes through the individual's ability to mount appropriate physiological reactions to stressors. In primates, these early experiences are most often mediated through the mother and can include the physiological environment experienced during gestation. Here, we investigate stress physiology of dependent offspring in wild chimpanzees for the first time and examine whether differences in maternal stress physiology are related to differences in offspring stress physiology. Specifically, we explore the relationship between maternal rank and maternal fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentration during pregnancy and early lactation (first 6 months post‐partum) and examine whether differences based on maternal rank are associated with dependent offspring FGM concentrations. We found that low‐ranking females exhibited significantly higher FGM concentrations during pregnancy than during the first 6 months of lactation. Furthermore, during pregnancy, low‐ranking females experienced significantly higher FGM concentrations than high‐ranking females. As for dependent offspring, we found that male offspring of low‐ranking mothers experienced stronger decreases in FGM concentrations as they aged compared to males with high‐ranking mothers or their dependent female counterparts. Together, these results suggest that maternal rank and FGM concentrations experienced during gestation are related to offspring stress physiology and that this relationship is particularly pronounced in males compared to females. Importantly, this study provides the first evidence for maternal effects on the development of offspring HPA function in wild chimpanzees, which likely relates to subsequent health and fitness outcomes. Am. J. Primatol. 80:e22525, 2018. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social play is common among many group-living animals, but the benefits are not well understood. Proposed benefits include increased muscle coordination as the result of increased locomotor versatility and development, and strengthened social bonds through interactions with like-aged individuals. In this study, we used 33 years of long-term behavioral data on infant chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, to examine these potential benefits of social play, specifically how the percentage of time engaged in social play relates to motor and social developmental milestones. We predicted that infants who engaged in more social play would achieve motor and social milestones at younger ages. We found that individuals that spent more time engaging in social play achieved the motor milestones of riding dorsally and traveling independently at earlier ages. Additionally, we found that the amount of play was correlated with earlier ages for reaching the social milestones of spatial independence from mother, first grooming of non-maternal kin, and first observed mating attempt. This is the first study in great apes to demonstrate a relationship between play behavior and developmental milestones, supporting the hypotheses that play provides motor, and social benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual signal transduction takes place within a stack of flattened membranous 'discs' enclosed within the light-sensitive photoreceptor outer segment. The highly curved rims of these discs, formed in the process of disc enclosure, are fortified by large hetero-oligomeric complexes of two homologous tetraspanin proteins, PRPH2 (a.k.a. peripherin-2 or rds) and ROM1. While mutations in PRPH2 affect the formation of disc rims, the role of ROM1 remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that the knockout of ROM1 causes a compensatory increase in the disc content of PRPH2. Despite this increase, discs of ROM1 knockout mice displayed a delay in disc enclosure associated with a large diameter and lack of incisures in mature discs. Strikingly, further increasing the level of PRPH2 rescued these morphological defects. We next showed that disc rims are still formed in a knockin mouse in which the tetraspanin body of PRPH2 was replaced with that of ROM1. Together, these results demonstrate that, despite its contribution to the formation of disc rims, ROM1 can be replaced by an excess of PRPH2 for timely enclosure of newly forming discs and establishing normal outer segment structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Battlefield-related wound infections are a significant source of morbidity among combat casualties. Seasonality of these infections was demonstrated in previous conflicts (e.g. Korea) but has not been described with trauma-related health care–associated infections from the war in Afghanistan. Methods The study population included military personnel wounded in Afghanistan (2009-2014) medevac'd to Landstuhl Regional Medical Center and transitioned to participating military hospitals in the United States with clinical suspicion of wound infections and wound cultures collected ≤7 days post-injury. Analysis was limited to the first wound culture from individuals. Infecting isolates were collected from skin and soft-tissue infections, osteomyelitis, and burn soft-tissue infections. Data were analyzed by season (winter [ December 1-February 28/29], spring [March 1-May 31], summer [June 1-August 31], and fall [September 1-November 30]). Results Among 316 patients, 297 (94.0%) sustained blast injuries with a median injury severity score and days from injury to initial culture of 33 and 3.5, respectively. Although all patients had a clinical suspicion of a wound infection, a diagnosis was confirmed in 198 (63%) patients. Gram-negative bacilli (59.5% of 316) were more commonly isolated from wound cultures in summer (68.1%) and fall (67.1%) versus winter (43.9%) and spring (45.1%; P  < .001). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacilli (21.8%) were more common in summer (21.8%) and fall (30.6%) versus winter (7.3%) and spring (19.7%; P  = .028). Findings were similar for infecting Gram-negative bacilli (72.7% of 198)—summer (79.5%) and fall (83.6%; P  = .001)—and infecting MDR Gram-negative bacilli (27.3% of 198)—summer (25.6%) and fall (41.8%; P  = .015). Infecting anaerobes were more common in winter (40%) compared to fall (11%; P  = .036). Gram-positive organisms were not significantly different by season. Conclusion Gram-negative bacilli, including infecting MDR Gram-negative bacilli, were more commonly recovered in summer/fall months from service members injured in Afghanistan. This may have implications for empiric antibiotic coverage during these months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of feeding elevated quantities of milk to dairy calves have been well established. However, there is a reluctance to adopt this method of feeding in commercial dairy production because of concerns around growth, health, and ruminal development during weaning. The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of an abrupt (0 d step-down) or gradual (12 d step-down) feeding scheme when calves are fed an elevated plane of nutrition (offered 1.35 kg of milk replacer/d). For this experiment, a total of 54 calves were randomly assigned to an abrupt or a gradual weaning protocol before weaning at 48 d of life. Calves were housed and sampled in individual pens for the duration of the experiment, and milk, starter, and straw intake were measured on a daily basis. Body weight was measured every 6 d, whereas blood, rumen fluid, and fecal samples were collected on d 36 (prestep-down), 48 (preweaning), and 54 (postweaning) of the experiment. Although the growth rates of the step-down calves were lower from d 37 to weaning (0.62 ± 0.04 vs. 1.01 ± 0.04 kg/d), the postweaning average daily gain was greater compared with the group that was abruptly weaned (0.83 ± 0.06 vs. 0.22 ± 0.06 kg/d). Total ruminal volatile fatty acid was greater in the step-down group on the day of weaning (d 48; 59.80 ± 2.25 vs. 45.01 ± 2.25 mmol), whereas the fecal starch percentage was lower during postweaning compared with the abruptly weaned calves (d 54; 3.31 ± 0.76 vs. 6.34 ± 0.76%). Analysis of the digestive tract of bull calves on d 55 revealed minimal differences between gross anatomy measurements of gut compartments as well as no morphological differences in rumen papillae development, yet the total mass of rumen when full of contents was larger in the step-down calves (7.83 ± 0.78 vs. 6.02 ± 0.78 kg). Under the conditions of this study, the results showcase the benefits of a step-down feeding strategy from an overall energy balance standpoint, due to increased adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract preweaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many mammals, early social experience is critical to developing species-appropriate adult behaviors. Although mother-infant interactions play an undeniably significant role in social development, other individuals in the social milieu may also influence infant outcomes. Additionally, the social skills necessary for adult success may differ between the sexes. In chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), adult males are more gregarious than females and rely on a suite of competitive and cooperative relationships to obtain access to females. In fission-fusion species, including humans and chimpanzees, subgroup composition is labile and individuals can vary the number of individuals with whom they associate. Thus, mothers in these species have a variety of social options. In this study, we investigated whether wild chimpanzee maternal subgrouping patterns differed based on infant sex. Our results show that mothers of sons were more gregarious than mothers of daughters; differences were especially pronounced during the first 6 mo of life, when infant behavior is unlikely to influence maternal subgrouping. Furthermore, mothers with sons spent significantly more time in parties containing males during the first 6 mo. These early differences foreshadow the well-documented sex differences in adult social behavior, and maternal gregariousness may provide sons with important observational learning experiences and social exposure early in life. The presence of these patterns in chimpanzees raises questions concerning the evolutionary history of differential social exposure and its role in shaping sex-typical behavior in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first steps of vision take place within a stack of tightly packed disc-shaped membranes, or 'discs', located in the outer segment compartment of photoreceptor cells. In rod photoreceptors, discs are enclosed inside the outer segment and contain deep indentations in their rims called 'incisures'. The presence of incisures has been documented in a variety of species, yet their role remains elusive. In this study, we combined traditional electron microscopy with three-dimensional electron tomography to demonstrate that incisures are formed only after discs become completely enclosed. We also observed that, at the earliest stage of their formation, discs are not round as typically depicted but rather are highly irregular in shape and resemble expanding lamellipodia. Using genetically manipulated mice and frogs and measuring outer segment protein abundances by quantitative mass spectrometry, we further found that incisure size is determined by the molar ratio between peripherin-2, a disc rim protein critical for the process of disc enclosure, and rhodopsin, the major structural component of disc membranes. While a high perpherin-2 to rhodopsin ratio causes an increase in incisure size and structural complexity, a low ratio precludes incisure formation. Based on these data, we propose a model whereby normal rods express a modest excess of peripherin-2 over the amount required for complete disc enclosure in order to ensure that this important step of disc formation is accomplished. Once the disc is enclosed, the excess peripherin-2 incorporates into the rim to form an incisure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Diisocyanates have been associated with respiratory and dermal sensitization. Limited number of case reports, and a few case studies, media, and other references suggest potential neurotoxic effects from exposures to toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 1,6 hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), and methylene diisocyanate (MDI). However, a systematic review of the literature evaluating the causal association on humans does not exist to support this alleged association. Objective. To perform systematic review examining the body of epidemiologic evidence and provide assessment of causal association based on principles of the Sir Austin Bradford Hill criteria or considerations for causal analysis. Methods. A comprehensive search of public databases for published abstracts, case reports, cross-sectional surveys, and cohort studies using key search terms was conducted. Additional searches included regulatory reviews, EU IUCLID and EU Risk Assessment databases, and unpublished reports in the International Isocyanate Institute database. An expert panel consisting of physicians, toxicologists, and an epidemiologist critically reviewed accepted papers, providing examination of epidemiologic evidence of each report. Finally, the Hill criteria for causation were applied to the summative analysis of identified reports to estimate probability of causal association. Results. Twelve papers reporting exposed populations with a variety of neurological symptoms or findings suitable for analysis were identified, including eleven case or case series reports, and one cross-sectional study. Three papers reported on the same population. Each of the papers was limited by paucity of diisocyanate exposure estimates, the presence of confounding exposures to known or suspected neurotoxicants, a lack of objective biological measures of exposure or neurotoxic effects, and lack of relative strength of association measures. Additionally, reported health symptoms and syndromes lacked consistency or specificity. No plausible mechanism of toxicity was found. Application of a predictive mathematical model for determining probability of causal association for neurotoxicity was calculated to be 21%. Conclusion. There is insufficient evidence for a causal association of neurotoxic effects and diisocyanate exposure based on lack of evidence in all categories of the Hill criteria for causality except for temporal association of reported symptoms and alleged exposure. Future reports should attempt to address more rigorous exposure assessment and control for confounding exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we report the screening of 332 new accessions of 11 different wild oat (Avena) species from the United States Department of Agri-culture National Small Grains Collection in Aberdeen, ID, for re-sistance to crown rust disease, caused by Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae. This collection originated from Morocco and includes Avena agadiriana, A. atlantica, A. barbata, A. damascena, A. eriantha, A. hirtula, A. longiglumis, A. magna, A. murphyi, A. sterilis, and A. wiestii. After screening this collection with a highly diverse population of P. coronata f. sp. avenae, 164 accessions (49%) were rated moder-ately resistant to resistant in the preliminary screen at the seedling stage and 181 accessions (55%) rated moderately resistant to highly resistant in the adult plant stage. Although none of the accessions showed a highly resistant response consistently in the seedling stage, 20 accessions did display a highly resistant response in the adult plant stage. Both seedling as well as adult plant resistance was found in 150 (45%) of the accessions. Virulence in P. coronata has been reported to all resistance genes currently being used in North American oat culti-vars. The new resistance sources presented here are potentially new sources for future breeding. The resistance found in 52 accessions of A. magna and A. murphyi with the AACC genome is especially valuable because these should be relatively easy to transfer into hexaploid A. sativa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Protein-protein interactions are critical to elucidating the role played by individual proteins in important biological pathways. Of particular interest are hub proteins that can interact with large numbers of partners and often play essential roles in cellular control. Depending on the number of binding sites, protein hubs can be classified at a structural level as singlish-interface hubs (SIH) with one or two binding sites, or multiple-interface hubs (MIH) with three or more binding sites. In terms of kinetics, hub proteins can be classified as date hubs (i.e., interact with different partners at different times or locations) or party hubs (i.e., simultaneously interact with multiple partners). Methodology: Our approach works in 3 phases: Phase I classifies if a protein is likely to bind with another protein. Phase II determines if a protein-binding (PB) protein is a hub. Phase III classifies PB proteins as singlish-interface versus multiple-interface hubs and date versus party hubs. At each stage, we use sequence-based predictors trained using several standard machine learning techniques. Conclusions: Our method is able to predict whether a protein is a protein-binding protein with an accuracy of 94% and a correlation coefficient of 0.87; identify hubs from non-hubs with 100% accuracy for 30% of the data; distinguish date hubs/party hubs with 69% accuracy and area under ROC curve of 0.68; and SIH/MIH with 89% accuracy and area under ROC curve of 0.84. Because our method is based on sequence information alone, it can be used even in settings where reliable protein-protein interaction data or structures of protein-protein complexes are unavailable to obtain useful insights into the functional and evolutionary characteristics of proteins and their interactions. Availability: We provide a web server for our three-phase approach: http://hybsvm.gdcb.iastate.edu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring adrenocortical activity in wild primate populations is critical, given the well-documented relationship between stress, health, and reproduction. Although many primate studies have quantified fecal glucocorticoid metabolite ( FGM) concentrations, it is imperative that researchers validate their method for each species. Here, we describe and validate a technique for field extraction and storage of FGMs in wild chimpanzees ( P an troglodytes). Our method circumvents many of the logistical challenges associated with field studies while yielding similar results to a commonly used laboratory method. We further validate that our method accurately reflects stress physiology using an adrenocorticotropic hormone challenge in a captive chimpanzee and an FGM peak at parturition in a wild subject. Finally, we quantify circadian patterns for FGMs for the first time in this species. Understanding these patterns may allow researchers to directly link specific events with the stress response. Am. J. Primatol. 75:57-64, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the association between depressive symptoms and self-rated health (SRH) and whether and how such association varies by education among older adults with cancer. Data came from the 2019 National Health Interview Survey. A total of 2,470 participants aged 65 or older who had been diagnosed with cancer by a doctor or other health professional were included in this study. Ordinal logistic regression was used to examine the association between depressive symptoms and SRH and whether and how such association varies by education among older adults with cancer. More depressive symptoms were associated with worse SRH. Such association became stronger with higher education among older adults with cancer. Findings confirm the associations between depressive symptoms and SRH among older adults with cancer. The differential impact of education on SRH and on the association between depressive symptoms and SRH highlights the importance of considering patients' educational attainment in a more comprehensive way when working with older adults with cancer. When conducting distress screening among cancer survivors, oncology social workers should be aware of the complex relationship between education and depression in relation to cancer survivors' SRH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to examine the associations of peripartum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and calcium with milk production in early lactation and pregnancy at the first artificial insemination (AI) across different management systems. Fifty-five Holstein freestall dairy herds located across the United States and Canada were visited weekly for blood sample collection from 2,365 cows. For each week of sampling (from wk .1 through wk 3 relative to calving) and for each metabolite, serum concentrations were dichotomized at various thresholds to identify the thresholds with the best negative associations with milk production and pregnancy at first AI. These thresholds were used to categorize the serum concentrations into higher and lower risk categories. Repeated-measures ANOVA and multivariable logistic regression were conducted for milk production and pregnancy at the first AI data, respectively, considering cow as the experimental unit and herd as a random effect. In the week before calving, serum NEFA .0.5 mEq/L, BHBA ≥600 µmol/L, and calcium ≤2.1 mmol/L were associated with 1.6 to 3.2 kg/d milk loss across the first 4 Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) milk tests. High levels of NEFA and BHBA in wk 1 and 2 after calving (≥0.7 and ≥1.0 mEq/L for NEFA, and ≥1,400 and ≥1,200 µmol/L for BHBA), and low levels of calcium (≤2.1 mmol/L) in wk 1, 2 and 3 after calving were associated with milk loss at the first DHIA milk test. Serum concentrations of NEFA and BHBA were not associated with pregnancy at first AI in any sampling week, whereas calcium <2.2 to 2.4 mmol/L from wk 1 through wk 3 postpartum were associated with reduced pregnancy at first AI. In conclusion, high serum concentrations of NEFA, BHBA, and low concentrations of calcium around parturition were associated with early lactation milk loss, and low calcium concentration around parturition was associated with impaired early lactation reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of race-specific seedling genes for resistance is the primary means of controlling crown rust of oat (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae) in the United States. To better utilize those resistance genes, knowledge of the occurrence and frequency of corresponding virulence in the population of P. coronata f. sp. avenae in the United States is essential. In total, 571 single-pustule isolates of oat crown rust were collected from cultivated and wild oat (Avena sativa and A. fatua, respectively) in the major oat production areas of the United States from 2006 through 2009. They were tested for virulence on seedlings of 31 differential oat lines in the greenhouse. In all, 201 races were found among the 357 isolates from the spring oat region of the north-central United States, and 140 races were found among 214 isolates from the southern winter oat region. The crown rust populations from the winter and spring oat regions were clearly differentiated from one another, differing in the frequency of virulence for 24 of the 31 differentials. Some virulence associations previously reported in the U.S. oat crown rust population were also found in both regions in this survey, even when the dataset was clone corrected. Associations between virulence to the Pc genes were predominately positive in both regions but both positive and negative associations occurred more frequently in the winter oat region, where sexual reproduction does not occur. Some of the virulence diversity in the oat crown rust population in the United States can be related to the deployment of resistance genes in commercial oat cultivars and virulence associations existing in the oat crown rust population. When data from a previous report covering 2001 through 2005 is combined with data reported in this article, the mean virulence of the U.S. populations of crown rust continued to increase from 2001 to 2009. Virulence to Pc38, Pc39, Pc45, Pc48, Pc52, Pc55, Pc56, Pc57, Pc59, Pc62, Pc63, Pc64, Pc68, and Pc96 significantly increased in one or both regions during this time period. No significant declines in virulence frequency were found in either region. Genes for crown rust resistance derived from A. sterilis appear to be as rapidly defeated as has happened to Pc genes from A. sativa. There is an urgent need to find additional sources of effective resistance to P. coronata f. sp. avenae and introgress it into adapted oat cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this observational field study was to validate the relationship of serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and calcium with disease in early lactation across different management systems. Fifty-five Holstein freestall dairy herds located across the United States and Canada were selected and visited weekly for blood sample collection from 2,365 cows. Only diseases that were consistently recorded across herds and blood samples collected before the disease occurred were considered. Metabolite concentrations in serum in wk-1 relative to calving were considered as predictors of retained placenta (RP) and metritis, and metabolite concentrations in serum in wk-1 and wk+1 relative to calving were considered as predictors of displaced abomasum (DA). For each disease, each metabolite, and week of sampling in the case of DA, a critical threshold was calculated based on the highest combined sensitivity and specificity and used to categorize the serum concentrations into high and low risk categories. Multivariable logistic regression models were built for each disease of interest and week of sampling, considering cow as the experimental unit and herd as a random effect. Cows with precalving serum NEFA concentrations =0.3 mEq/L were more likely to develop RP [odds ratio (OR) = 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3 to 2.6] and metritis (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.5 to 2.9) after calving than cows with lower NEFA concentrations. Precalving NEFA =0.5 mEq/L (OR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.5 to 3.7), postcalving NEFA =1.0 mEq/L (OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.7 to 4.4), and postcalving calcium =2.2 mmol/L (OR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.9 to 5.0) were associated with subsequent risk of DA. In conclusion, elevated serum NEFA concentrations within 1 wk before calving were associated with increased risk of RP, metritis, and DA after calving. Serum NEFA and calcium concentrations in the 2 wk around calving in combination were associated with the risk of DA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crown rust (Puccinia coronata 1. sp. avenae) is considered the most damaging disease of oat and the use of race-specific seedling (Pc) genes for resistance has been the primary means of control. As these resistance genes from cultivated oat, Avena saliva, and the wild hexaploid animated oat, A . sterilis, were deployed in oat cultivars, corresponding virulence in the U.S. crown rust population increased rapidly, such that the effective lifespan of a resistant cultivar in the United States is now 5 years or less. Introgression of resistance from diploid and tetraploid Avena spp. into hexaploid oat has been difficult due to the difference in ploidy levels and the lack of pairing of honieologous chromosomes between species. The wild tetraploid slender oat, A. barbara, has been a source of powdery mildew and stem rust resistance in cultivated oat but has largely been unexploited for crown rust resistance. A relatively high percentage of A. barbara accessions from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Small Grains Collection were resistant to a highly diverse crown rust population in recent tests. Tests of 1,099 A. barbata accessions from the Canadian Plant Gene Resources Center not represented in the USDA collection revealed that a similar percentage (11.4%) were at least moderately resistant at the seedling and adult plant stage when tested with a highly diverse bulk inoculum derived from the St. Paul buckthorn nursery. Eighteen accessions were rated as highly resistant or a mix of highly resistant and resistant plants in both seedling and adult plant tests. Three accessions (CN21531 from Italy and CN26271 and CN26305 from Spain) displayed a unique "blotchy" resistant reac- tion as adult plants. Resistant accessions were found from throughout much of the natural range of A. barbara but the Western Mediterranean and Lebanon had the highest frequency of accessions with broad-spectrum resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,3-Butadiene's (BD's) major electrophilic metabolites 1,2-epoxy-3-butene (EB), 1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxybutane (EBD), and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB) are responsible for both its mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. EB, EBD, and DEB are DNA reactive, forming a variety of adducts. All three metabolites are genotoxic in vitro and in vivo, with relative mutagenic potencies of DEB >> EB > EBD. DEB also effectively produces gene deletions and chromosome aberrations. BD's greater mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in mice over rats as well as its failure to induce chromosome-level mutations in vivo in rats appear to be due to greater production of DEB in mice. Concentrations of EB and DEB in vivo in humans are even lower than in rats. Although most studies of BD-exposed humans have failed to find increases in gene mutations, one group has reported positive findings. Reasons for these discordant results are examined. BD-related chromosome aberrations have never been demonstrated in humans except for the possible production of micronuclei in lymphocytes of workers exposed to extremely high levels of BD in the workplace. The relative potencies of the BD metabolites, their relative abundance in the different species, and the kinds of mutations they can induce are major considerations in BD's overall genotoxicity profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In some US potable water supplies, 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP) has been present at ranges of non-detect to less than 100ppb, resulting from past uses. In subchronic oral studies, TCP produced toxicity in kidneys, liver, and other tissues. TCP administered by corn oil gavage in chronic studies produced tumors at multiple sites in rats and mice; however, interpretation of these studies was impeded by substantial premature mortality. Drinking water equivalent levels (DWELs) were estimated for a lifetime of consumption by applying biologically-based safety/risk assessment approaches, including Monte Carlo techniques, and with consideration of kinetics and modes of action, to possibly replace default assumptions. Internationally recognized Frameworks for human relevance of animal data were employed to interpret the findings. Calculated were a reference dose (=39μg/kgd) for non-cancer and Cancer Values (CV) (=10–14μg/kgd) based on non-linear dose–response relationships for mutagenicity as a precursor of cancer. Lifetime Average Daily Intakes (LADI) are 3130 and 790–1120μg/person-d for non-cancer and cancer, respectively. DWELs, estimated by applying a relative source contribution (RSC) of 50% to the LADIs, are 780 and 200–280μg/L for non-cancer and cancer, respectively. These DWELs may inform establishment of formal/informal guidelines and standards to protect public health. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mammalian females generally carry the bulk of reproductive costs. They gestate for relatively long periods of time and provide the majority of parental care for dependent offspring. For this reason, many studies have examined how females deal with the energetic costs of reproduction. Here, we examine the influence of reproductive state on activity budgets, diet quality, and sociality in free-living female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. After controlling for dominance rank, we found that pregnant and lactating females consumed higher quality foods than nonpregnant, nonlactating females. However, pregnant females also traveled less. This result did not reflect differences in sociality, as the pregnant female group sizes included in our analyses were comparable to those in other reproductive categories. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Water soluble compounds persistent in humans and the environment pose a challenge for estimating safe levels in tap water. A viable approach to estimate a drinking water equivalent level (DWEL) for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was applied to its extensive relevant information from human and laboratory animal studies. PFOA has been identified at 3.5μg/L (mean) in tap water in proximity to a manufacturing facility; however, in most supplies, the levels were below 7.5ng/L (usual limit of detection). PFOA has an average half-life in humans of 3.5years. From animal studies, PFOA is considered a possible hepatotoxicant and developmental toxicant for humans. Based on two chronic studies, PFOA was judged to be a possible human carcinogen, whose mode-of-action was likely to be related to receptor activation but not genotoxicity. The Benchmark Dose-Uncertainty Factor approach was selected for dose–response for noncancer and cancer. Based on internal dose of PFOA, the DWEL protective against cancer is 7.7μgPFOA/L tap water, and the noncancer DWELs range from 0.88 to 2.4μg/L. These DWELs can be considered a reliable, albeit conservative, basis to set a Maximum Concentration Level Goal under the US Safe Drinking Water Act. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background/Objectives:Consumption of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), a viscous dietary fiber, lowers total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). However, HPMC had not previously been studied in individuals receiving lipid drug therapy.Subjects/Methods:This randomized, double-blind crossover trial examined the lipid effects of HPMC in subjects with hypercholesterolemia on statin therapy. Men (n=5) and women (n=8) with LDL-C2.59 mmol/l after at least 4 weeks of stable-dose statin therapy, and a mean age of 58.6 years, were enrolled. Subjects received twice daily doses of either 2.5 g HPMC or control, delivered in a lemonade beverage for 4 weeks, then crossed over to receive the opposite treatment for an additional 4 weeks.Results:Mean baseline concentrations of TC, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), LDL-C, HDL-C, triglyceride (TG), TC/HDL-C ratio and apolipoprotein (Apo) B were 4.95, 3.63, 3.03, 1.33, 1.30 and 3.89 mmol/l and 1.00 g/l, respectively. HPMC consumption resulted in significantly larger reductions (P<0.01 vs control for all) in TC (−10.9 vs −3.5%), non-HDL-C (−12.8 vs −2.9%), LDL-C (−15.7 vs −5.1%), TC/HDL-C ratio (−5.3 vs +1.3%) and Apo B (−8.7 vs −3.9%). There were no differences between treatments for changes in HDL-C (−5.2 vs −4.3%) or TG (+3.9 vs +8.9%).Conclusions:These results support the view that HPMC is an effective adjunct to statin therapy for further lowering atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins in men and women with primary hypercholesterolemia.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2009) 63, 1001–1007; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.9; published online 11 February 2009 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of race-specific seedling genes for resistance has been the primary means of controlling crown rust of oat (Puccinia coronata). As resistance genes from hexaploid cultivated oat, Avena sativa and, later, the wild hexaploid animated oat, A. sterilis, were deployed in oat cultivars, corresponding virulence in the crown rust population increased rapidly, such that the effective lifespan of a resistant cultivar in the United States is now 5 years or less. Introgression of resistance genes from diploid and tetraploid Avena spp. into hexaploid oat has been difficult due to differences in ploidy levels and the lack of homology of chromosomes between the two species. The wild tetraploid slender oat, A. barbara, has been a source of powdery mildew and stem rust resistance in cultivated oat but has largely been unexploited for crown rust resistance. In total, 359 accessions of A. barbara from the National Small Grains Collection were evaluated in seedling greenhouse tests. Of these accessions, 39% were at least moderately resistant when inoculated with a crown rust race with low virulence (DBBC). When tested further with a highly diverse bulk inoculum from the 2006 and 2007 St. Paul buckthorn nursery, 48 accessions (approximately 13%) were resistant. Many of these accessions were heterogeneous in reaction, but two accessions (PI320588 from Israel and PI337893 from Italy) were highly resistant (immune) and two others (PI337886 from Italy and PI367293 from Spain) consistently produced resistant reactions (chlorotic flecks) in all tests. Resistant accessions were found from throughout much of the natural range of A. barbara. Crosses of some of the better accessions have been made to cultivated oat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crown rust, caused by Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae is the most important disease of cultivated oat in North America. Numerous race-specific (Pc) genes for crown rust have been found in Avena spp. but this type of resistance has not been durable when used in oat cultivars. Increasing diversity for resistance within a crop by the use of multiline cultivars or varietal mixtures has been proposed as a means of achieving durable resistance to highly variable pathogens such as P. coronata f. sp. avenae. Multiline cv. E77 was evaluated over multiple seasons in the University of Minnesota buckthorn nursery in St. Paul. Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica, the alternate host of P coronata) supports a sexually recombining, highly diverse crown rust population in the St. Paul nursery. Crown rust severity on flag leaves was measured multiple times on E77 and its 10 component lines during grain filling. Single-urediniospore isolates taken from crown rust samples during early stages of the epidemic and at the end of the epidemic were tested for virulence on the 10 component lines of E77 in greenhouse seedling tests. Crown rust development was reduced in E77 compared with the weighted mean of the component lines at all stages of the crown rust epidemics. The mean virulence of single-urediniospore isolates tended to increase late in the epidemic on E77. These data suggest that multilines may select for complex virulence or "super races" and any resistance effect may not be durable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competition for fertile females determines male reproductive success in many species. The priority of access model predicts that male dominance rank determines access to females, but this model has been difficult to test in wild populations, particularly in promiscuous mating systems. Tests of the model have produced variable results, probably because of the differing socioecological circumstances of individual species and populations. We tested the predictions of the priority of access model in the chimpanzees of Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Chimpanzees are an interesting species in which to test the model because of their fission–fusion grouping patterns, promiscuous mating system and alternative male mating strategies. We determined paternity for 34 offspring over a 22-year period and found that the priority of access model was generally predictive of male reproductive success. However, we found that younger males had higher success per male than older males, and low-ranking males sired more offspring than predicted. Low-ranking males sired offspring with younger, less desirable females and by engaging in consortships more often than high-ranking fathers. Although alpha males never sired offspring with related females, inbreeding avoidance of high-ranking male relatives did not completely explain the success of low-ranking males. While our work confirms that male rank typically predicts male chimpanzee reproductive success, other factors are also important; mate choice and alternative male strategies can give low-ranking males access to females more often than would be predicted by the model. Furthermore, the success of younger males suggests that they are more successful in sperm competition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An experiment was designed to evaluate later timing of fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) with sexsorted semen among postpartum beef cows following the 7 & 7 Synch protocol, with the hypothesis that later timing would result in increased pregnancy rates (P/AI) among cows that expressed estrus prior to FTAI. Beef cows (n = 414) were blocked based on age and days postpartum (DPP) and randomly assigned to receive FTAI at 66 or 72 h after administration of prostaglandin F2a (PG). Estrus was synchronized using the 7 & 7 Synch protocol, which consists of administration of PG (500 µg cloprostenol) and insertion of an intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert (CIDR; 1.38 g progesterone) on Day 0, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 100 µg gonadorelin) on Day 7, and PG coincident with CIDR removal on Day 14. Estrus detection aids (EstrotectTM) were applied to all cows on Day 14, and activation status was recorded at fixedtime artificial insemination (FTAI) on Day 17. All cows that expressed estrus prior to FTAI received sex-sorted semen (4 × 106 cells per unit; SexedULTRA 4MTM). The proportion of cows expressing estrus prior to FTAI did not differ between treatments at this power of test [66 h: 71% (146/205); 72 h: 76% (158/209)]. Additionally, P/AI of estrous cows inseminated with sex-sorted semen did not differ between treatments [66 h: 44% (90/205); 72 h: 39% (82/209)]. In conclusion, later timing of FTAI following the 7 & 7 Synch protocol failed to improve P/AI of estrous cows inseminated with sex-sorted semen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 7 & 7 Synch and Bee Synch II protocols for control of the estrous cycle were compared among cows with varying percentages of Bos indicus influence. Angus (n = 48), ⅛ - ¼ Brahman-influenced (n = 90), Brangus (n = 11), and ½ Brahman-influenced (n = 56) cows were blocked based on breed, age, and days postpartum and randomly assigned to treatment. Cows treated with 7 & 7 Synch (n = 104) received prostaglandin F2α (PG; 25 mg dinoprost tromethamine) and insertion of an intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert (CIDR; 1.38g progesterone) on Day -17, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 100 μg gonadorelin) on Day -10, and PG coincident with CIDR removal on Day -3. Cows treated with Bee Synch II (n = 101) received PG coincident with CIDR insertion on Day -8 and PG coincident with CIDR removal on Day -3. Fixed-time artificial insemination was performed on Day 0 at 66 h. Ovarian ultrasound was performed on Day -3 to assess presence of corpora lutea (CL) and diameter of the largest ovarian follicle (LFD), and color Doppler was used on Day 7 to assess CL blood perfusion. A greater proportion of 7 & 7 Synch cows (P < 0.0001) had CL on Day -3 (83%; 86/104) compared with Bee Synch II cows (48%; 48/101). On Day -3, LFD did not differ among Bos indicus-influenced cows treated with Bee Synch II (12.5±0.3 mm), Bos indicus-influenced cows treated with 7 & 7 Synch (12.2±0.3 mm), or Angus cows treated with 7 & 7 Synch (12.1±0.6 mm); however, greater LFD was observed among Angus cows treated with Bee Synch II (15.4±0.8 mm). Brangus cows had greater periphery signal percentages (P = 0.02) when treated with 7 & 7 Synch compared with Bee Synch II. In conclusion, across cow of varying percentage Bos indicus influence, 7 & 7 Synch resulted in a greater proportion of cows with CL on Day -3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In all, 680 single-pustule isolates of the oat crown rust pathogen, Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae, were collected from cultivated and wild oat (Avena sativa and A. fatua, respectively) in the major oat-production areas of the United States from 2001 through 2005. They were tested for virulence on seedlings of differential oat lines in the greenhouse. In all, 171 races were found among the 357 isolates from the winter oat region of the United States, whereas 212 races were found among 323 isolates from the spring oat region. The crown rust population derived from winter oat in the southern United States was distinct from the spring oat population in the upper Midwest, although there was no virulence unique to either population. Virulence to Pc48 and Pc52 increased significantly in both regions during 2001 to 2005. Virulence to Pc59 increased and virulence to Pc53 decreased in the winter oat region during the same period. Many of the virulence associations previously reported in the U.S. oat crown rust population in the early 1990s also were found in both regions in this survey. Associations between virulence to the Pc genes were predominately positive in both regions; however, both positive and negative associations occurred more frequently in the winter oat region. Much of the virulence diversity in the oat crown rust population in the United States can be related to the deployment of resistance genes in commercial oat cultivars and virulence associations existing in the oat crown rust population. The mean virulence of the U.S. populations of crown rust continued to increase from 2001 to 2005. Genes for crown rust resistance derived from A. sterilis appear to be rapidly defeated, as has happened to Pc genes from A. sativa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Space use often correlates with reproductive success . Individual site fidelity is ubiquitous across a variety of taxa, including birds, mammals, insects, and reptiles . Individuals can benefit from using the same area because doing so affords access to known resources, including food and/or breeding sites. The majority of studies on site fidelity have focused upon strictly territorial species in which individuals range in well-defined, exclusive areas (e.g., ). By comparison, the transient groups that define fission-fusion species allow for considerable flexibility in individual space use. Although there is evidence that individual space use can influence reproductive success , relatively little is known about individual ranging patterns in fission-fusion species. Here, we investigate three potential correlates of male site fidelity (age, habitat quality, and maternal space use) in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). We found that when alone, each male preferentially concentrated his space use near the area where his mother ranged when he was dependent. We suggest that solitary ranging allows males to avoid direct competition with conspecifics and that foraging in familiar areas maximizes foraging efficiency. These results highlight the importance of male foraging strategies in a species in which male ranging is typically explained in terms of mating access to females. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective Unsuccessful surgery for acromegaly has major consequences for the patient as well as financial consequences for the National Health Service (NHS). Surgical expertise affects the outcome. We have used the UK National Acromegaly Register to assess surgical outcomes in different centres to investigate whether these match the previously published case series. Design Retrospective and prospective observational study by analysis of anonymized national computer register records derived from individual clinical case records from 22 UK endocrine units and their associated pituitary surgical services. Patients Cases of acromegaly, presenting in 1970–2004, with levels of GH or IGF-1 (785 and 430 cases, respectively) recorded prior to transsphenoidal adenomectomy and in the 12 months postsurgery, before any subsequent pituitary surgery or radiotherapy. GH-lowering pharmacological therapy was permitted only if suspended for biochemical testing. Measurements Percentage of cases with ‘safe’ mean postoperative GH levels (< 5 mU/l) and/or IGF-1 in the age- and sex-adjusted normal range. Results ‘Safe’ GH, normal IGF-1, or both was achieved for 26%, 29% and 20% of extrasellar macroadenomas (> 1 cm), respectively, 39%, 39% and 29% of intrasellar macroadenomas, 56%, 51% and 37% of microadenomas (< 1 cm) and 39%, 39% and 28% of cases overall. In centres contributing more than 10 patients’ data, rates of safe GH levels ranged from 20% to 68% and IGF-1 from 19% to 55%. Success rates in attaining safe postsurgical levels of GH improved only slightly in the UK between 1974 and 1999 but markedly thereafter. Conclusions Surgical outcomes for acromegaly in UK centres vary widely and historically have not, except in a few centres, matched those of large published series, which mostly have a success rate around 60%. Results have, however, improved substantially since 2000 and in the most successful units match those of the best published series. Experience is an important determinant of surgical success in acromegaly and the very recent improvement in surgical results in the UK coincides with a trend to concentrate pituitary surgery in the hands of a smaller number of specialists. Therefore, patients should be offered surgery by a dedicated pituitary surgeon with a caseload sufficient to offer the prospect of safe postsurgical GH and IGF-1 levels for the majority of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies from many different taxa have demonstrated that dominance rank greatly influences individual space use. While the importance of dominance among female chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, was debated in the past, mounting evidence now shows that rank is very important. In particular, rank has been shown to influence body mass, foraging strategies, association patterns, and ultimately, reproductive success. In this study, we investigated how rank influenced female space use among chimpanzees, P.t. schweinfurthii, at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Analysing 10 years of data, we found that new immigrants used areas away from dominant females, and that subordinates had lower site fidelity. We also found that high-ranking females had smaller core areas and that this size difference was pronounced during periods of food scarcity when food competition is highest. These patterns suggest that dominant females outcompete subordinates, forcing them to settle elsewhere, range more widely, and shift their space use across time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Setosphaeria turcica causes northern leaf blight, an economically important disease of maize throughout the world. Survey collections of S. turcica isolates from 1974 to 1994 provided a unique opportunity to examine temporal diversity in the eastern United States. Two hundred forty-two isolates of S. turcica from maize were studied with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, mating type, and virulence on maize differential inbred lines with known Ht resistance genes to examine changes over time. One hundred forty-nine RAPD haplotypes were identified. Nearly 20% of haplotypes recurred in more than one year. Race 0 isolates declined in frequency from 83% in 1974 to near 50% in the 1990s, most likely in response to the widespread deployment of Ht1 in commercial maize hybrids. Races 23 and 23N were present in the collection at low levels throughout the study period and were also found among isolates from Virginia in 1957. The frequency of MAT1-2 isolates increased sharply after 1979 and was associated with the emergence of race 1 during the same period. RAPD markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity among a subset of isolates collected in the United States from 1976 to 1982, the period in which this dramatic shift in race frequency occurred. Multilocus haplotypes were not exclusively associated with known races of S. turcica. Based on shared haplo-types and cluster analysis, race 1 isolates share greater similarity with race 0 than with 23 or 23N isolates, indicating race 1 probably evolved from multiple lineages of race O. Sorghum spp.-infecting isolates share greater similarity with one another than with maize-infecting isolates and represent a distinct subgroup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]