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Targeting receptor‐interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) has emerged as a promising therapeutic stratagem for neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). A positron emission tomography (PET) probe enabling brain RIPK1 imaging can provide a powerful tool to unveil the neuropathology associated with RIPK1. Herein, the development of a new PET radioligand, [11C]CNY‐10 is reported, which may enable brain RIPK1 imaging. [11C]CNY‐10 is radiosynthesized with a high radiochemical yield (41.8%) and molar activity (305 GBq/µmol). [11C]CNY‐10 is characterized by PET imaging in rodents and a non‐human primate, demonstrating good brain penetration, binding specificity, and a suitable clearance kinetic profile. It is performed autoradiography of [11C]CNY‐10 in human AD and healthy control postmortem brain tissues, which shows strong radiosignal in AD brains higher than healthy controls. Subsequently, it is conducted further characterization of RIPK1 in AD using [11C]CNY‐10‐based PET studies in combination with immunohistochemistry leveraging the 5xFAD mouse model. It is found that AD mice revealed RIPK1 brain signal significantly higher than WT control mice and that RIPK1 is closely related to amyloid plaques in the brain. The studies enable further translational studies of [11C]CNY‐10 for AD and potentially other RIPK1‐related human studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unconventional superconductivity on a honeycomb lattice has received increasing interest since the discovery of graphene primarily due to the similarities between materials with a honeycomb lattice and cuprate superconductors. Many theoretical studies have been conducted on superconductivity on a honeycomb lattice, however, a consistent picture is still lacking. In this paper, we have extended the theory of kinetic-energy-driven superconductivity, which has been developed to investigate unconventional superconductivity in cuprate superconductors, to explore superconductivity on a honeycomb lattice within the t-J model. Our results demonstrate that the charge-carrier pair gap parameter with d x 2 − y 2 + i d x y -wave symmetry exhibits a dome-like shape as a function of doping, with superconductivity emerging at a certain doping concentration and disappearing at high doping levels, similar to what has been observed in cuprate and cobaltate superconductors. Furthermore, the charge-carrier pair gap parameter decreases with increasing the value of J ∕ t (the ratio between the antiferromagnetic exchange coupling constant and the nearest-neighbor hopping integral), and approaches zero when J ∕ t reaches a sufficiently large value. This indicates that the antiferromagnetic order will suppress the superconducting state and a sufficiently strong exchange coupling will completely destroy the superconductivity. Taking into account our present results together with the corresponding results of cuprate and cobaltate superconductors, it appears that the dome-like shape of the doping dependence of the charge-carrier pair gap parameter may be a common feature in doped Mott insulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Paclitaxel is a compound derived from Pacific yew bark that induces various cancer cell apoptosis. However, whether it also has anticancer activities in KOSC3 cells, an oral cancer cell line, is unclear. Methods: 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, flow cytometry, and western blotting assays were carried out to assess cell viability, subG1 phase of the cell cycle, and apoptosis-related protein expression, respectively. Results: Our findings indicate that paclitaxel could inhibit cell viability and increase the expression of apoptotic markers, including plasma membrane blebbing and the cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase in KOSC3 cells. Also, the treatment with paclitaxel remarkably elevated the percentage of the subG1 phase in KOSC3 cells. In addition, treatment with a pan-caspase inhibitor could recover paclitaxel-inhibited cell viability. Moreover, caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-7, and BH3 interacting domain death agonist (Bid) were activated in paclitaxel-treated KOSC3 cells. Conclusions: Paclitaxel induced apoptosis through caspase cascade in KOSC3 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatic polyimide films are widely used in high-tech fields due to their excellent combination of thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. These films serve as precursors for the preparation of high thermal conductivity graphite films, with carbon content up to 70%, exhibits exceptional thermal and electrical conductivity, making it a promising precursor for polymer-based graphite films. This study focuses on the reserch of graphitization using commercial DuPont Kapton polyimide film. The polyimide film was rapped around a cylindrical mold and heat-treated at various temperatures. The impact of the process system on graphitization was thoroughly investigated, along with the evolution of polyimide's structure and properties during heat treatment. Results demonstrated that the size of the prepared films initially increased and then decreased with the increase in graphitization temperature. Additionally, the color of the prepared films transitioned from yellow-brown to black and eventually gray matte. The brittleness of the prepared films followed a similar pattern of initially increasing and then decreasing. When the temperature was below 2200 °C, the surface of the graphite films was smooth and defectless. However, at 2200 °C, small holes appeared on the surface, and at 2300 °C, the surface began to exhibit a "foaming" phenomenon, which intensified with temperature. XRD and Raman spectra analysis revealed that the degree of graphitization, crystallinity, and order of the prepared films increased with temperature. At 2800 °C, the sample achieved a theoretical degree of graphitization of 95.35% and a thermal conductivity of 1246.36 W/(m·K). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drive-stack design principle for the Tonpilz transducer aiming to transmit the acoustic signal in an ultra-wideband has been proposed [(2023). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 154, 3709–3725], in which the design method is obtained and validated through simulation. This letter presents the experimental investigation of a fabricated transducer prototype and gives the measurement results of electroacoustic performance, including the electrical admittance, transmitting voltage response, directivity beam pattern, electroacoustic efficiency, and source level. The results indicate that the transducer can operate in the frequency band from 20 to 80 kHz without deep response notches within the band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the effectiveness and safety of interleukin-17 inhibitors (IL-17i) in treating erythrodermic psoriasis, comparing these biologics to conventional therapies. Topics include the significant improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores with IL-17i, better control of edema, and improved quality of life measures compared to conventional treatments.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact worldwide and continues to spread due to various mutations of the virus. Many governmental and nonprofit agencies at different levels have quickly developed COVID-19 dashboards to disseminate information on the pandemic to the public. However, most of these systems have mainly distributed "plain" information (e.g. cases, death counts, vaccination), and rarely provided insights that can be gained from spatiotemporal analyses, such as the detection of emerging clusters. The results from these analyses hold tremendous potential for health policymakers as they try to identify ways to slow down transmission. We present a web-based geographic framework to detect and visualize space-time clusters of COVID-19. Our tightly coupled framework integrates the prospective space-time scan statistics and local indicators of spatial association (LISA) with novel 2D and 3D interactive visuals in a cyber environment (). We illustrate the applicability of our approach using COVID-19 data for the continental US. Our framework is portable to other regions that may experience infectious diseases but is also flexible to handle data of different spatial and temporal granularities. This paper fits within an effort to integrate space-time analytics for the monitoring of infectious diseases in web environment, ultimately improving health surveillance systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study aims to evaluate the incremental predictive value of pericarotid fat density (PFD) on head and neck computed tomography angiography (CTA) for the obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) (≥ 50% stenosis) relative to a clinical risk model (Framingham risk score (FRS)) and the degree of carotid artery stenosis and plaque type in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients without a known history of CAD. Methods: In a cohort of 134 consecutive stable patients diagnosed with AIS or TIA undergoing head and neck CTA between January 2010 and December 2021, pericarotid adipose tissue density (PFD) was quantified using a dedicated software. We collected demographic and clinical data, assessed the risk of CAD using the FRS, and analyzed coronary and carotid artery CTA images. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess associations between FRS, PFD, CTA variables, and obstructive CAD risk. Four prediction models were established to evaluate the incremental predictive value of PFD relative to FRS, stenosis degree, and plaque types. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated, and the areas under the curves (AUC) were compared. Results: Increasing FRS, stenosis degree, and PFD values were positively correlated with obstructive CAD (all p < 0.05). In the predictive models for obstructive CAD, the model incorporating carotid stenosis exhibited superior predictive performance compared to FRS alone (p < 0.05). Moreover, the predictive model integrating PFD demonstrated enhanced performance and yielded the highest AUC of the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC = 0.783), with sensitivity and specificity values of 86.89% and 65.75%, respectively. Conclusion: CTA-derived PFD measurements offer supplementary predictive value for obstructive CAD beyond FRS and stenosis, thereby facilitating improved risk stratification of TIA or stroke patients without a history of CAD history. Clinical relevance statement: CTA-derived PFD provides incremental predictive value for obstructive coronary artery disease in acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack patients without CAD history, beyond Framingham risk score and carotid artery stenosis degree, improving risk stratification. Key Points: • Pericarotid fat density is associated with obstructive coronary artery disease in acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack patients. • Higher pericarotid fat density corresponds to an increased risk of obstructive coronary artery disease. • Estimation of pericarotid fat density using computed tomography angiography imparts additional predictive value for obstructive CAD in risk stratification of acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is considered to be a distinct clinical entity from psoriasis vulgaris (PV), with different clinical and histological manifestations. The pathogenesis of GPP has not been thoroughly elucidated, especially in those patients lacking interleukin (IL)36RN. In present study, we performed RNA sequence analysis on skin lesions from 10 GPP patients (4 with and 6 without IL36RN mutation) and 10 PV patients without IL36RN mutation. Compared with PV, significantly overexpressed genes in GPP patients were enriched in IL‐17 signalling pathway (MMP1, MMP3, DEFB4A and DEFB4B, etc.) and associated with neutrophil infiltration (MMP1, MMP3, ANXA and SERPINB, etc.). GPP with IL36RN mutations evidenced WNT11 upregulation and IL36RN downregulation in comparison to those GPP without IL36RN mutations. The expression of IL‐17A/IL‐36 in skin or serum and the origin of IL‐17A in skin were also investigated. IL‐17A expression in skin was significantly higher in GPP than PV patients, whereas, there were no differences in skin IL‐36α/IL‐36γ/IL‐36RA or serum IL‐17A/IL‐36α/IL‐36γ between GPP than PV. Besides, double immunofluorescence staining of MPO/IL‐17A or CD3/IL‐17A further confirmed that the majority of IL‐17A in GPP skin was derived from neutrophils, but not T cells. These data emphasized the role of neutrophil‐derived IL‐17A in the pathogenesis of GPP with or without IL36RN mutations. Targeting neutrophil‐derived IL‐17A might be a promising treatment for GPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid column resonance (LCR) transducers have been widely used in deep-sea acoustic applications because of their fluid-filled structures. Until now, studies of pipe resonance have generally been based on the plane acoustic wave equation, but for a vibrating object, the velocity is the primary focus instead of the pressure. Thus, the motion equation of a pipe resonance mode can be deduced based on the Navier–Stokes (N–S) equations. In this work, the velocity of an LCR transducer is obtained using the finite element model, and the velocity distribution inside the liquid column is examined. In addition, the radiating surface of the LCR transducer is identified and a simplified model of the radiation that consists of concave pistons and ring sources is proposed and verified. The theory behind the high mechanical quality (Q) value of the LCR transducer is explained through the radiation of the LCR transducer and the low viscosity of the water. This is also verified through a finite element model and measurements. Due to the high mechanical Q value and the low frequency of the LCR transducer, such measurements should be carried out in open-field water and the pulse should be long enough to achieve a steady state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tonpilz transducers mainly work near the first-order longitudinal resonance. Until now, the cognition, research, and application of third-order resonance and above are still inadequate. By coupling the first-order resonance with other high-order resonances, it is possible to extend the bandwidth of the Tonpilz transducer to more than two octaves. Three difficulties hinder the achievement of the ultra-wideband, including how to activate consecutive high-order resonances, how to eliminate the response notches between resonances, and how to control the response values of resonances to reduce band fluctuation. This paper addresses these key issues. The results show that the number, position, length, and applied voltage of the drive-stack all significantly affect the band. We finally propose a drive-stack design principle that can activate the first four longitudinal resonances with close response values to be coupled to form the ultra-wideband. When applying this principle to the Tonpilz transducer, many variables need to be optimized. To solve this problem, an efficient and accurate optimization technology is proposed, consisting of simulated annealing initial optimization and finite element re-optimization, through which an ultra-wideband covering the frequency range of 19.5–90 kHz is obtained, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed principle. The designed transducer has three drive-stacks, and the band contains four longitudinal resonances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astronauts exhibit neurological dysfunction during long-duration spaceflight, and the specific mechanisms may be closely related to the cumulative effects of these neurological injuries in the space radiation environment. Here, we investigated the interaction between astrocytes and neuronal cells exposed to simulated space radiation. we selected human astrocytes (U87 MG) and neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y) to establish an experimental model to explore the interaction between astrocytes and neuronal cells in the CNS under simulated space radiation environment and the role of exosomes in the interactions. We found that γ-ray caused oxidative and inflammatory damage in human U87 MG and SH-SY5Y. The results of the conditioned medium transfer experiments showed that astrocytes exhibited a protective effect on neuronal cells, and neuronal cells influenced the activation of astrocytes in oxidative and inflammatory injury of CNS. We demonstrated that the number and size distribution of exosomes derived from U87 MG and SH-SY5Y cells were changed in response to H2O2, TNF-α or γ-ray treatment. Furthermore, we found that exosome derived from treated nerve cells influenced the cell viability and gene expression of untreated nerve cells, and the effect of exosomes was partly consistent with that of the conditioned medium. Our findings demonstrated that astrocytes showed a protective effect on neuronal cells, and neuronal cells influenced the activation of astrocytes in oxidative and inflammatory damage of CNS induced by simulated space radiation. Exosomes played an essential role in the interaction between astrocytes and neuronal cells exposed to simulated space radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective • To explore the incidence and associated factors of glaucoma optic nerve damage (GOND) among patients with Posner-Schlossman syndrome. Methods • We retrieved relative studies till July 2022 using databases including PubMed, CNKI, VIP, and Wan-Fang. The retrieval terms include “Posner-Schlossman syndrome”, “Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis”, and “visual field”. The Chinese retrieval terms were the corresponding Chinese terminologies for the English terms mentioned above. The outcomes were the incidence of GOND among PSS patients, the male proportion, patient age, the proportion of patients with single eye affected, disease duration, and intraocular pressure during the episode in patients with or without GOND. Review manager 5.3 was used for the analysis. Results • In total, 19 studies were included in our analysis. The pooled incidence of GOND among PSS patients was 0.26 (95% CI = 0.16-0.43). Age [MD = 11.3(5.86, 16.73); P < .0001], disease duration [MD = 4.27 (3.38, 5.16), P < .00001], and single or double eye affected [RR = 0.69 (0.49, 0.98), P=.04] were significantly associated with the development of GOND. Whereas, gender [RR = 1.09 (0.91, 1.29), P = .35] and intraocular pressure at episodes [MD = 2.66 (-0.38, 5.7), P = .09] were not significantly associated with GOND development. Conclusion • A fraction of PSS patients ultimately develop GOND so physicians should not be highly optimistic about the prognosis of PSS patients and timely and effective treatment is very important. Patients of higher age, those with double eyes affected, and suffering from a long disease duration might be at a greater risk of developing GOND. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Class I flextensional transducers cannot form broadband characteristics because of the deep valley between their first- and second-order response curves. This valley arises from the sound pressure cancellation produced by the vibration in different areas of the shell. This paper examines the cause of the deep valley by analyzing the three-dimensional equivalent radiated sound field of the transducer. By solving the three-dimensional vibration equation of the shell of revolution and reducing its dimensionality, it can be concluded that its vibration state is related to the positive and negative curvatures in both main directions. Therefore, a variable-curvature shell class I flextensional transducer is proposed, and the second-order vibration of the transducer is changed by the variable-curvature structure composed of positive and negative Gaussian curvature surfaces. The proposed transducer avoids sound pressure cancellation and achieves broadband characteristics. After optimization, a transducer prototype is fabricated, and a pool test is conducted. The test results show that the transducer couples the first three vibration modes, attaining broadband characteristics with an in-band fluctuation of less than 8 dB and a bandwidth of more than 5.4 kHz in the axial and circumferential directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate whether the toric intra-ocular lens (IOL) power calculation based on total corneal astigmatism (TCA) in eyes with high posterior corneal astigmatism (PCA) could result in a systematic over-correction or under-correction after operation. Methods: The present study included a mono-centric retrospective study design. The data were collected from 62 consecutive eyes during uncomplicated cataract surgery by a single surgeon with a measured PCA of 0.50 diopters (D) or higher. Toric IOL calculations were made using TCA measurements. The eyes were grouped as either "with-the-rule" (WTR) or "against-the-rule" (ATR) on the basis of the steep anterior corneal meridian. The post-operative refractive astigmatic prediction error was analyzed 1 month post-operatively using the vector analysis by the Alpins method and double-angle plots method. Results: The correction indexes were 1.14 ± 0.29 in the ATR eyes and 1.25 ± 0.18 for the WTR eyes, indicating a tendency toward over-correction. The mean over-correction was 0.22 ± 0.52D in the ATR group and 0.65 ± 0.60D in the WTR group. The magnitude of error (ME) values were significantly different from the ideal value of zero in both groups (ATR: P = 0.03; WTR: P = 0.00). No significant difference in mean absolute error (MAE) in predicted residual astigmatism was found between ATR and WTR groups (0.61 ± 0.42 D versus 0.64 ± 0.39 D; P = 0.54). The ATR group yielded better results, with 48% <0.50D prediction error in the main analysis. Conclusions: The results suggested that in cases of high PCA, the toric IOL calculation, which was performed using TCA, may cause a potential over-correction in the ATR and WTR eyes. For ATR eyes, over-correction led to slight disruption of post-operative visual quality because of the "with-the-rule" residual astigmatism after operation. Therefore, we suggested using TCA for toric IOL calculation in ATR eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A liquid column resonance (LCR) transducer, also referred to as an organ pipe transducer, is a type of transducer that utilizes the liquid column resonance mode to produce acoustic energy underwater. Traditional transducers, such as piezoelectric rings or Janus transducers, are commonly used as the driving source in LCR transducers. A flextensional transducer (FT) is introduced into the LCR transducer as the driving source because of the relatively larger volume velocity at low frequencies. Moreover, the eigen-mode of the Class IV FT is easier to couple with the LCR mode to broaden the bandwidth of a LCR transducer. To overcome the problems associated with the low stiffness of elliptical metal pipes, an improved aluminum pipe, which has a cross-beam to increase the stiffness, was proposed and utilized in a LCR transducer driven by a Class IV FT. The fabricated LCR transducer prototype driven by the Class IV FT has two resonance peaks from 700–2000 Hz, and the transmitting voltage response values of these peaks are 132.1 and 137.8 dB (re 1 μPa/V @1 m). Comparing with an LCR transducer driven by a 33-mode ring, the results show that the LCR transducer driven by a Class IV FT provides good efficiency and broadband characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) have been widely used in health care education to simultaneously assess knowledge, skill and attitude. Due to the high cost of running an OSCE, its application in professional psychology is still limited. To solve this problem, virtual standardised patient (VSP) implementations in creating psychology OSCEs can be a cost‐effective method for administering a psychology OSCE regularly. This study aimed to develop and examine the psychometric properties of the VSP version of the Intake OSCE (VSP‐Intake OSCE) in measuring psychologists' psychological assessment competencies (PACs) from entry to early practice. The initial development of the VSP‐Intake OSCE contains a VSP station and a follow‐up written station to measure PACs when conducting an intake assessment. To administer the VSP station, we built a new VSP system that allows psychologists to interact with a VSP verbally. A sample of 36 participants, including 27 graduate students and nine psychologists, were recruited to examine the psychometric properties of the VSP‐Intake OSCE. As a newly developed instrument, the VSP‐Intake OSCE revealed good inter‐rater reliability and construct validity. We believe using VSP implementations to develop psychology OSCEs will be essential in promoting OSCE applications in professional psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a smartphone is a very convenient way to learn languages in modern life. To understand the impact of the immersive environment created by a smartphone on essay writing in Chinese for second language learners, a study was conducted on 36 Vietnamese students in their first year at a university in Taiwan. This study adopted an experimental research design that lasted for 4 weeks. The participants were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Two essay writing activities were conducted. All of the research elements, including the teacher, teaching process, learning duration, and writing topics (except in the prewriting stage) were identical in the two groups. Writing ideas were collected within 20 min, and the control group looked at pictures before writing, while the experimental group used the Google Cardboard device with a smartphone to watch 360° videos before writing. After the prewriting stage, both groups wrote an essay about a topic based on what they had planned during the prewriting stage. The results indicated that the experimental group had significantly higher composition scores than the control group. Interview results also suggested that most students were glad to have tried using Google Cardboard to watch 360° videos, and were also highly willing to continue using it in future writing classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate (1) the mental health impacts (i.e., insomnia and suicide ideas) of the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) the mediation effects of stay-at-home levels on those impacts. This study investigated monthly national COVID-19 deaths, stay-at-home levels, and internet searches for words for "insomnia" and "suicide" across 45 countries during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 1, 2020, to February 28, 2021). We used the changes of internet search volumes for "insomnia" and "suicide" (from the Google Trends database) to represent the mental health impacts, and the time of cell phone activity at the residence (from Google Location History) to estimate the stay-at-home effects. We computed the proportion mediated (PM) caused by stay-at-home levels in the COVID-19 impacts on insomnia and suicide ideas, respectively. Throughout the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, national COVID-19 deaths significantly correlated to increased internet searches for "insomnia" but decreased searches for "suicide". In addition, the mediation effect was significant in the first six-month of COVID-19-related increases in insomnia (PM = 42.6 %, p = 0.016), but this effect was not significant (PM = 13.1 %, p = 0.270) in the second six-month. By contrast, the mediation effect was not significant in the first six-month of COVID-19-related decrease in suicide ideation (PM = 8.1 %, p = 0.180), but this effect was significant (PM = 39.6 %, p = 0.014) in the second six-month. Stay-at-home levels significantly mediated both increased insomnia and decreased suicide ideas, but within different time frames. • The speed of national COVID-19 spread increased insomnia but decreased suicide ideas. • The mental health impacts of COVID-19 significantly mediated by stay-at-home effects. • The stay-at-home mediated increased insomnia in the first half year of pandemic. • The stay-at-home mediated decreased suicide ideas in the second half year of pandemic. • The stay-at-home mediated insomnia and suicide in the first and the second half year respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless charging technology has become an important development trend in future electric vehicle (EV) power supply technology due to its safety, flexibility, and convenience. With its industrialized development, interoperability has become an essential technical link. The interoperability of wireless charging systems refers to the ability of output performance to meet specified indicators when different transmitter and receiver devices are matched. This study reviews the research status of the interoperability of EV wireless charging technology. First, the definition and composition of the interoperability of wireless charging systems are briefly given. Then, the article provides a review of standards about interoperability so far. The interoperability of various magnetic couplers and compensation topologies is also analyzed and summarized. After that, the paper reviews the existing interoperability evaluation methods. Finally, this work highlights the existing problems and challenges in current research of interoperability. We hope that this work will contribute to the further development of EV wireless charging technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we assessed the effects of biochar application for five years on soil phosphorus (P) factions by chemical sequential P fractionation, phosphatase activity, and 31P NMR. Four treatments were included in this research: two biochar (0 and 2.63 t ha−1) levels blended with two P fertilizer levels (0 and 26 kg P ha−1), respectively. We found elevated levels of soil pH, total carbon (C), and total P in soil exposed to biochar. The inorganic (Ca8 – P, Al – P, Fe – P, and Ca10 – P) and organic (LOP and HROP) P fractions were all enhanced by biochar regardless of the application of P fertiliser. 31P NMR spectra further showed that ortho – P, monoester – P, and diester – P levels in the soil with added biochar combined with P fertiliser were 464.5 mg kg−1, 74.3 mg kg−1, and 13.9 mg kg−1, respectively, which were the highest among all treatments. Biochar application increased alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity by 24.4–32.7% and decreased phosphodiesterase activity by 10.2–11.0%. In conclusion, biochar application significantly improves soil P fractions and regulates phosphatase activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The draining of brain interstitial fluid (ISF) to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the subsequent draining of CSF to meningeal lymphatics is well‐known. Nonetheless, its role in the development of glioma is a remarkable finding that has to be extensively understood. The glymphatic system (GS) collects CSF from the subarachnoid space and brain ISF through aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) water channels. The glial limiting membrane and the perivascular astrocyte‐end‐feet membrane both have elevated levels of AQP4. CSF is thought to drain through the nerve sheaths of the olfactory and other cranial nerves as well as spinal meningeal lymphatics via dorsal or basal lymphatic vessels. Meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) exist below the skull in the dorsal and basal regions. In this view, MLVs offer a pathway to drain macromolecules and traffic immunological cells from the CNS into cervical lymph nodes (CLNs), and thus can be used as a candidate curing strategy against glioma and other associated complications, such as neuro‐inflammation. Taken together, the lymphatic drainage system could provide a route or approach for drug targeting of glioma and other neurological conditions. Nevertheless, its pathophysiological role in glioma remains elusive, which needs extensive research. The current review aims to explore the lymphatic drainage system, its role in glioma progression, and possible therapeutic techniques that target MLVs in the CNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarization fatigue tests have been conducted on both bulk Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 (PMN-xPT) single crystals and two 1-3 PMN-xPT/polymer composites with both "soft" and "hard" epoxy fillers, respectively. The variations of remnant polarization, coercive electric field, and micro-crack morphology under 10 Hz cyclic electric loading were studied. It was found that the magnitude of coercive field for both composites was higher compared to that of single crystals. However, as the number of cycles increases, the degradation ratio of remnant polarization and the increased portion of coercive field for both composites were lower than that of single crystals; the sequence is PMN-0.26PT bulk single crystal > 1-3 PMN-0.26PT/soft epoxy composites > 1-3 PMN-0.26PT/hard epoxy composites. In addition, the observed micro-crack propagation morphology shows that 1-3 PMN-0.26PT/hard epoxy composites can substantially improve fatigue-resistance owing to the lower stretching strain benefiting from the polymeric filler. Our results indicated that 1-3 PMN-0.26PT/polymer composites present much better electric polarization stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type IV flextensional transducers do not have broadband characteristics due to the deep valley between their first- and second-order response curves arising from the sound pressure cancellation produced by the vibration in different areas of the shell. In this paper, the cause of the deep valley is examined by analyzing the equivalent radiated sound field of the transducer. Simplifying the three-dimensional vibration equation to a two-dimensional equation shows that the vibration state of the shell is related to the positive and negative curvature. Therefore, a variable-shell flextensional transducer with a negative curvature is proposed, which changes the second-order vibration of the transducer by introducing a negative curvature structure. The transducer avoids acoustic pressure cancellation, achieves broadband characteristics, and has continuous high efficiency in the frequency band. After optimization, a prototype of the transducer is fabricated and a pool test is completed. The test results show that the transducer realizes the coupling of the first three vibration mode, forming a broad band with an in-band fluctuation of less than 8 dB at 1200–5600 Hz, and the efficiencies of the first to third resonance peaks are 30.2 % , 16.6 % , and 9.4 % , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fractional oscillator equation with the sinusoidal excitation m x ″ (t) + b D t α x (t) + k x (t) = F sin (ω t) , m , b , k , ω > 0 and 0 < α < 2 is comparatively considered for the Weyl fractional derivative and the Caputo fractional derivative. In the sense of Weyl, the fractional oscillator equation is solved to be a steady periodic oscillation x W (t) . In the sense of Caputo, the fractional oscillator equation is solved and subjected to initial conditions. For the fractional case α ∈ (0 , 1) ∪ (1 , 2) , the response to excitation, S (t) , is a superposition of three parts: the steady periodic oscillation x W (t) , an exponentially decaying oscillation and a monotone recovery term in negative power law. For the two responses to initial values, S 0 (t) and S 1 (t) , either of them is a superposition of an exponentially decaying oscillation and a monotone recovery term in negative power law. The monotone recovery terms come from the Hankel integrals which make the fractional case different from the integer-order case. The asymptotic behaviors of the solutions removing the steady periodic response are given for the four cases of the initial values. The Weyl fractional derivative is suitable for a describing steady-state problem, and can directly lead to a steady periodic solution. The Caputo fractional derivative is applied to an initial value problem and the steady component of the solution is just the solution in the corresponding Weyl sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mikania micrantha is an exotic and aggressive species that can reproduce asexually and sexually through its germinative stem and its featherlike seeds. Present weeding methods cannot effectively or economically control the spread of Mikania micrantha. In this article, we propose a method to suppress the growth and spread of Mikania micrantha by applying a high-energy laser beam to penetrate its stem. The threshold penetrating optical intensity is 3.1 W/mm2. To optimize the damage to the inner tissue of the stem, which includes the vascular bundle and medulla for transporting organic nutrients, water, and inorganic salt, the absorption spectrum of the tissue and laser beam size are analyzed. According to the absorption spectrum of the tissue and growth mechanism of Mikania micrantha, a 455 nm blue laser is used as an irradiated light source. A single beam with two different beam sizes or two laser beams with the same beam size is used to optimize the stem damage. By the time the cumulative energy reaches 15 Joules for a single laser beam with dimensions of 0.81 mm × 0.74 mm, the inner tissue will be damaged 97.5%. We perform laser irradiation on the fresh Mikania micrantha grown hydroponically, with the result that all samples withered in 30 days. Therefore, using the method before the flowering season of Mikania micrantha can effectively inhibit its reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-competing risks data often arise in medical studies where the terminal event (e.g., death) censors the non terminal event (e.g., cancer recurrence), but the non terminal event does not prevent the subsequent occurrence of the terminal event. This article considers regression modeling of semi-competing risks data to assess the covariate effects on the respective non terminal and terminal event times. We propose a copula-based framework for semi-competing risks regression with time-varying coefficients, where the dependence between the non terminal and terminal event times is characterized by a copula and the time-varying covariate effects are imposed on two marginal regression models. We develop a two-stage inferential procedure for estimating the association parameter in the copula model and time-varying regression parameters. We evaluate the finite sample performance of the proposed method through simulation studies and illustrate the method through an application to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare data for elderly women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer and initially treated with breast-conserving surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Problematic online behaviors, including sexting, cyberbullying, and Internet gaming disorder (IGD), were associated with a higher risk of self-harm among adolescents. However, the independent effect on self-harm brought by each problematic online behavior remains unknown.Methods: This cross-sectional nationwide survey investigated a representative sample of 8446 Taiwanese adolescents (49.7 % female, mean age = 15.4 ± 1.8, ranging from 10 to 18) in the summer of 2021. We used self-reported questionnaires to assess adolescents' problematic online behaviors. 18-item Risk-Taking and Self-Harm Inventory was applied to evaluate their self-harm risks. Adolescents with score ≥ 7 were considered self-harm identified. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between problematic online behaviors and self-harm risks.Results: The prevalence of sexting, cyberbullying victimization, cyberbullying perpetration, and IGD was 1.3 %, 1.1 %, 0.9 %, and 0.7 %, respectively. Adolescents with sexting were associated with higher self-harm scores (β = 4.30, 95 % CI [3.35, 5.25]), so did adolescents with IGD (β = 3.33, 95 % CI [1.96, 4.71]), cyberbullying perpetration (β = 2.61, 95 % CI [1.03, 4.20]), and cyberbullying victimization (β = 1.40, 95 % CI [0.04, 2.76]). Also, sexting (OR = 5.16, 95 % CI [3.26, 8.07]) and IGD (OR = 3.11, 95 % CI [1.50, 6.15]) were associated with increased odds of identified self-harm behaviors.Conclusions: Sexting, cyberbullying victimization, cyberbullying perpetration, and IGD were all independently associated with an increased self-harm risk among adolescents. Among them, sexting was shown to be the most robust risk factor of identified self-harm behaviors. To prevent self-harm among adolescents, it is important to identify youth involved in problematic online behaviors, especially sexting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mussel-inspired adhesive hydrogels have been developed in biomedical fields due to their strong adhesive property, cohesive capability, biocompatibility, and hemostatic ability. Catechol-functionalized chitosan is a potential polymer used to prepare adhesive hydrogels. However, the unique gelation mechanism and self-healing properties of catechol-grafted chitosan alone have not yet been explored. Herein, catechol-grafted chitosan (CC) was synthesized and further concentrated to obtain the self-healing CC hydrogels. The gelation mechanism of CC hydrogels may be attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonding, cation–π interactions, Michael addition, or Schiff base reactions during concentration phases. Rheological studies showed that the CC hydrogel owned self-healing properties in repeated damage–healing cycles. Coherent small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analyses revealed the formation of a mesoscale structure (~9 nm) as the solid content of the hydrogel increased. In situ SAXS combined with rheometry verified the strain-dependent behavior of the CC hydrogel. The CC hydrogel displayed the osmotic-responsive behavior and enhanced adhesive strength (0.38 N/cm2) after immersion in the physiological saline. The CC scaffold prepared by lyophilizing the CC hydrogel revealed a macroporous structure (~200 µm), a high swelling ratio (9656%), good compressibility, and durability. This work provides an insight into the design of using chitosan–catechol alone to produce hydrogels or scaffolds with tunable mechanical properties for further applications in biomedical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction of methoxy and trifluoromethyl groups into zinc porphyrin sensitizers to improve the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. [Display omitted] • In this work, we synthesized two novel self-assemblies based on the zinc porphyrin dyes ZnPx-ZnPAc (x = 1,2) and used them for dye-sensitized solar cells. • In order to enable the porphyrin dyes to have better absorption in the visible region, we introduced methoxy and trifluoromethyl groups into the upper zinc porphyrin ZnPx, respectively, with the aim of improving their optoelectronic properties. • We characterized the assembly mode by UV spectroscopy, theoretical calculations, photoelectric properties and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the measurements were consistent with the conclusions. In this study, we have successfully constructed two novel self-assembled composites, the ZnPx-ZnPAc (x = 1,2), which based on zinc porphyrin derivatives, and applied them to the development of dye-sensitized solar cells. The upper dye of these self-assembly's features zinc porphyrin (ZnPx) as the core unit, while two different electron donors, methoxy (P1) and trifluoromethyl (P2), are introduced to enhance their photovoltaic properties. Photoelectrochemical studies showed that the power conversion efficiency of ZnP1-ZnPAc was superior to that of ZnP2-ZnPAc because ZnP1-ZnPAc had larger J sc and V oc , which could be attributed to the stronger electron-donating ability of methoxy than trifluoromethyl. To further validate the photoelectrochemical results, we also characterized the assembly mode by spectroscopy, theoretical calculations and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. And the measurements were consistent with the conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composition and availability of soil organic nitrogen play a key role in soil N retention and supply. The application of traditional chemical fertilizers can improve soil production and crop yields. However, it also leads to low N utilization efficiency and soil solidification. Previous studies have shown that fertilizers added with biochar can improve soil fertility and facilitate soil nutrient transformation by regulating soil biological indicators. However, whether biochar used with fertilizers can promote nutrient cycling in the long term, which remains to be tested. Therefore, this study aims to explore the long-term effects of biochar with different levels used with fertilizers on soil fertility, N supply potential of organic N, and microbial communities, thus, providing a theoretical reference for the rational management of biochar applications. In this study, a field experiment was carried out from 2013 to 2018 assess dynamic changes in organic N fractions and diversity and richness of microbial communities under the impacts of chemical fertilizers combined with different levels of biochar. Biochar with no amendment (CK), biochar with 15.75 t ha−1 (BC1), biochar with 31.5 t ha−1 (BC2), and biochar with 47.25 t ha−1 (BC3) are four biochar levels that were tested in this study. The results show that compared with CK, those other three biochar levels can increase soil organic matter, C/N, and pH values. Acid-hydrolysable N (AHN) makes a major contribution to organic N in soil. Biochar retention for six years has significantly affected AHN levels, as well as its four fractions, namely, amino acid N (AAN), acid-hydrolysable ammonium N (AN), amino sugar N (ASN), and hydrolysable unknown N (HUN). Some vital biological characteristics, with which each AHN fraction is primarily regulated, can be altered with the application of biochar. That is, AAN is mainly controlled by enriched Verrucomicrobia , Cyanobacteria , Glucosylbacteria , and Nitrospira , and reduced soil urease, while AN is mainly controlled by enriched Verrucomicrobia , Bacteroidetes , Gemmatimonadetes , Acidobacteria , and Proteobacteria. ASN is regulated by enriched Acidobacteria and depleted soil protease, while HUN is regulated by Gemmatimonadetes and enriched soil nitrate reductase. It has been found that microbial and soil enzyme activities are involved in N cycle processes, indicating that the formation of AHN fractions is closely associated with biochar-induced specific microbial and enzyme activities. This study has provided new insights into the influences of biochar with different levels on distribution of soil organic N fractions, and shifts in soil enzyme activities and microbial communities. • Soil organic matter, C/N and pH increased during six-year of biochar retention. • Soil nitrate reductase activities increased under amounts of biochar retention. • Soil urease activities decreased under amounts of biochar retention. • Soil organic nitrogen fractions positively with soil microbial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a practical acoustic source that can implement the third-order super-cardioid beam pattern (SCBP). Based on the product theorem of the array, the third-order dipole beam pattern can be implemented based on the first-order and second-order dipole beam patterns so that a four-element array is designed. In addition, the second-order dipole beam pattern can also be implemented by the same four-element array. Hence, a four-element array is designed to implement the third-order SCBP. Subsequently, the single-sided radiation flextensional transducer—which is a type of low-frequency underwater acoustic transducer—is selected as the array element of the four-element array that is studied and analyzed by means of the finite element method. Finally, a four-element array prototype is fabricated and tested leading to the conclusion that the special four-element array combined with the product theorem provides a practical way for the implementation of the third-order SCBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The double-sided inductor capacitor capacitor topology has been proposed in some national standards for wireless charging systems. However, misalignment between the transmitting and receiving coils usually leads to detuning and weak coupling, resulting in low output power and inefficiency. To improve power output under weak coupling, this article proposes a control method based on the variable inductor and capacitor (VLC). First, it is deduced that the zero phase angle input and full output power can be achieved by VLC regulation under certain misalignment. Second, the variable inductor using an EE-shaped core and pulsewidth modulation controlled capacitor are applied to achieve VLC regulation, and the principles and implementation of VLC are analyzed. Third, as the coupling coefficient k can be identified through the primary electrical parameters, a convenient and accurate coupling coefficient identification method is utilized to help VLC regulation. Finally, a prototype with a 3.3 kW output power and an 87.5% maximum system efficiency (dc–dc) is built to validate the proposed method. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis, proving that the output power is almost constant when k varies from 0.08 to 0.18. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless electric vehicle charging technology is developing in the direction of high power levels. However, more generated heat brought by higher power will accelerate the system's aging and can even lead to damage. An excellent thermal design for the magnetic coupler can reduce each part's maximum temperature, ensuring long-term operation reliability. Therefore, in this article, the magnetic coupler's thermal estimation and design are studied based on a 6.6 kW wireless electric vehicle charging system. First, the calculation method of internal resistance of a litz coil, core loss, and eddy current loss of a shielding aluminum plate are studied. Considering the influence of thermal fields on material properties, each part's power loss calculation formula is further modified to improve the accuracy. After that, heat dissipation research is carried out. The heat dissipation measures, such as filling the surface of the shielding aluminum plate with thermal conductive silicone grease, are proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the heat dissipation measures is verified by simulation and experiments. The experiment shows that the error between the power loss value of each part calculated by simulation and measured by the experiment is less than 15%, and the maximum temperature of the magnetic coupler is controlled below 80 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A continuously steerable super-cardioid beam pattern (SCBP) has advantages such as controllable direction, narrower beam width, and higher gain. It is generally implemented with a uniform circular array (UCA). Here, an implementation method of continuously steerable SCBPs is proposed for a projector array. The synthesis and the implementation of the continuously steerable SCBP are studied and analyzed based on a UCA model composed of omnidirectional sources. An improved version of the common method is proposed. It requires fewer array elements and the massive power amplifiers matched to each array element, which reduces the cost and the installation space. Subsequently, a continuously steerable SCBP is implemented with a uniform circular projector array (UCPA). This system is composed of single-sided radiation flextensional transducers and is studied and analyzed with a finite element method, which verified that the proposed method is suitable for the underwater acoustic projector array. Finally, UCPA prototypes were fabricated. The tests demonstrated that the proposed implementation method is a flexible way for the application of the continuously steerable SCBP in the low-frequency emission field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NiMnGa alloy is a typical magnetic shape memory alloy with up to 6% immense strain, high energy density, and low effective elastic modulus. These comprehensive characteristics make it possible to realize a low-frequency underwater acoustic transducer. To describe the field-induced dynamic strain, an equivalent circuit model (ECM) of a longitudinal NiMnGa transducer is presented as a lumped parameter model, which couples magnetics, mechanics, and acoustics. In this paper, we focus on the piezomagnetic equations as the constitutive relationship of the NiMnGa element with a dynamic magnetic field. Furthermore, combined with the dynamic kinetic equation, the equivalent circuit is derived, and it has the advantage of containing acoustical terminals. The proposed model can predict the resonance frequency, effective stiffness, and input impedance of the NiMnGa transducer. Finally, a finite element model (FEM) is developed to verify the lumped parameter model. The results indicate that the spring's stiffness increases the resonance frequency, while the mass load is on the contrary, and they both agree well with the results of ECM. In addition, the FEM and ECM can also predict the dynamic responses, which provide a guideline for the design of longitudinal NiMnGa transducers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The coexistence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs) in occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) is a contradictory phenomenon, and the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. The characteristics of pre-S/S mutations in OBI genotypes B and C (OBIB and OBIC) in the presence or absence of anti-HBs were analyzed extensively in this study. Methodology. The amino acid substitutions of envelope proteins of 21 OBI strains, including 4 HBs (+) OBIB, 6 HBs (−) OBIB, 6 HBs (+) OBIc, and 5 HBs (−) OBIC samples, were analyzed and fully compared among groups of HBV genotypes and the presence of anti-HBs. Results. The mutation rates in pre-S1, pre-S2, and S proteins of OBIC were significantly higher than wild-type HBV (wt-HBV) genotype C strains, but only the mutation rate of S protein in OBIB was significantly higher compared to wild-type HBV genotype B. The mutation rates in S protein of anti-HBs (−) OBI were higher than anti-HBs(+) OBI samples (4.40% vs. 2.43% in genotype B, P > 0.05 ; 6.81% vs. 3.47% in genotype C, P < 0.05). For these high-frequency substitutions in the pre-S/S region, the mutations sN40S and sK122R were found in 27.3% and 45.5% of anti-HBs (−) OBI strains, respectively. 7 substitutions were uniquely found in OBIC strains and 9 substitutions were commonly detected in OBIB and OBIC strains. Conclusions. These results suggested that the mutations might occur randomly and were not selected by antibody pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can we leverage digital technologies to enhance language learning and bilingual representation? In this digital era, our theories and practices for the learning and teaching of second languages (L2) have lagged behind the pace of scientific advances and technological innovations. Here we outline the approach of digital language learning (DLL) for L2 acquisition and representation, and provide a theoretical synthesis and analytical framework regarding DLL's current and future promises. Theoretically, DLL provides a forum for understanding differences between child language and adult L2 learning, and the effects of learning context and learner characteristics. Practically, findings from learner behaviors, cognitive and affective processing, and brain correlates can inform DLL-based language pedagogies. Because of its highly interdisciplinary nature, DLL can serve as an approach to integrate cognitive, social, affective, and neural dimensions of L2 learning with new and emerging technologies including VR, AI, and big data analytics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personalized learning through DLL In authentic DLL contexts, learners' learning logs accompanied by long-term portfolios can be automatically saved and analyzed in DLL, to provide the basis for constructing student models and precise and personalized progress indices. As we elaborated in section 4.4 of the KA, understanding the neural substrates of DLL will not only provide further evidence on the impacts of DLL, but also a window into how brain changes might reflect the various cognitive and social dimensions of DLL. Keywords: digital language learning; technology and learning; personalized learning and big data; individual difference EN digital language learning technology and learning personalized learning and big data individual difference 402 405 4 06/01/22 20220501 NES 220501 Introduction In our Keynote Article (henceforth KA) we outlined the DLL framework for using cutting-edge digital technologies to enhance second language (L2) learning and representation. [Extracted from the article]

[Display omitted] • ATP1A3 was significantly associated with immune features in GBM samples and immunotherapy process. • ATP1A3 demonstrated substantial expression differences in different immunophenotypes and molecular types. • The scoring model generated by nine genes could be used as an independent prognostic factor. The ATP1A3 gene is associated with the development and progression of neurological diseases. However, the pathological function and therapeutic value of ATP1A3 in glioblastoma (GBM) remains unknown. In this study, we tried to explore the correlation between the ATP1A3 gene expression and immune features in GBM samples. We found that ATP1A3 gene expression levels showed significant negative correlation with immune checkpoints such as PD-L1, CTLA-4 and IDO1. Next, ATP1A3 gene expression levels showed significant negative correlation with the anti-cancer immune cell process, the immune score and stromal score. By grouping ATP1A3 expression levels, we found that that immunomodulator-related genes and tumor-associated immune cell effector gene expression levels were associated with lower ATP1A3 expression. In addition, immunotherapy prediction pathway activity and a majority of the anti-cancer immune cell process activity levels were also showed to be correlated with lower ATP1A3 gene expression. Further, nine prognostic factors were identified by prognostic analysis, and a GBM prognostic model (risk score) was established. We applied the model to the TCGA GBM training set sample and the GSE4412 validation set sample and found that patients in the high risk score subgroup had significantly shorter survival time, demonstrating the prognostic value and prognostic efficacy of the risk score. Furthermore, ATP1A3 overexpression has also been found to sensitize cancer cells to anti-PD-1 therapy. In conclusion, we showed that ATP1A3 is a highly promising treatment target in GBM and the risk score is an independent prognostic factor for cancer and can be used to help guide the prediction of survival time in patients with GBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fenton-like agents & effective microorganisms synergistically enhance humification. • Synergism of biotic and abiotic agents for humus enhancement has been revealed. • Oxidation of macromolecules & microbial community structure adjustment are crucial. • Humic product can be used as organic fertilizer for Brassica chinensis L. Improving the humification of compost through a synergistic approach of biotic and abiotic methods is of great significance. This study employed a composite reagent, comprising Fenton-like agents and effective microorganisms (EM) to improve humification. This composite reagent increased humic-acid production by 37.44 %, reaching 39.82 g kg−1, surpassing the control group. The composite reagent synergistically promoted micromolecular fulvic acid and large humic acid production. Collaborative mechanism suggests that Fenton-like agents contributed to bulk residue decomposition and stimulated the evolution of microbial communities, whereas EMs promoted highly aromatic substance synthesis and adjusted the microbial community structure. Sequencing analysis indicates the Fenton-like agent initiated compost decomposition by Firmicutes , and EM reduced the abundance of Virgibacillus , Lentibacillus , and Alcanivorax. Applied as an organic fertilizer in Brassica chinensis L. plantations, the composite reagent considerably improved growth and photosynthetic pigment content. This composite reagent with biotic and abiotic components provides a learnable method for promoting humification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). As glaucoma progresses asymptomatically and the lack of specific biomarkers or noninvasive imaging tools during the early stage, it is often discovered at a relatively late stage without cure. Development of an effective tool for early diagnosis remains a necessity. As well known, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in the development of glaucoma, with peroxynitrite (ONOO−) as one of the most abundant cytotoxic ROS. In this work, we constructed a novel near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent nanoprobe named ER-ONOO-NPs. It specifically and sensitively targets ER-associated ONOO− with low biotoxicity in cultured RGCs. Systematically applied to the NMDA-induced mouse model of glaucoma, ER-ONOO-NPs performs well for real-time dynamic monitoring of ONOO− fluctuations at the Ganglion cell layer of mice prior to RGCs apoptosis. Thus, our results suggest that the ER-targeted NIR fluorescent nanoprobe could be a noninvasive imaging tool for early diagnosis of glaucoma in high-risk population. [Display omitted] • An endoplasmic reticulum-targeted NIR fluorescent nanoprobe was developed for ONOO−. • The nanoprobe can detect ONOO− selectively and sensitively with fluorescence changes at 660 nm. • The fluorescence nanoprobe can image ER-associated ONOO− with low biotoxicity in cells. • The nanoprobe can monitor the level changes of ONOO− under endoplasmic reticulum stress in glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supported nano-silver (nano-Ag) catalysts have been widely used in heterogeneous catalysis. However, their poor thermal stability restricts their practical application. In order to solve this issue, we report a novel supported nano-Ag catalyst by employing the strong metal–support interactions (SMSIs) between the Ag nanoparticles (NPs) and hydroxyapatite (HAP). The home-made HAP was prepared via a facile hydrothermal or co-precipitation method, which can effectively anchor small size Ag NPs prepared by an impregnation method. Taking advantage of the unique confinement effect with different morphology HAP and the protective effect of hydroxyl groups on the HAP surface, highly dispersed Ag NPs were obtained. These Ag/HAP catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 physical adsorption, SEM, TEM and XPS. It was found that the particle size of Ag NPs was strongly related to the morphology and structure of the HAP supports, and it significantly affects the CO oxidation performance. The nano-Ag catalyst with a lamellar nanosheet structure HAP has the highest content of Ag0, and 100% CO conversion can be achieved at 160 °C. The Ag NPs loaded on HAP nanosheets with a large specific surface area showing excellent CO oxidation activity demonstrating that the strategy may open a new way to design and develop highly dispersed nano-Ag catalysts for heterogeneous catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Angiogenesis is primarily attributed to the excessive proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. Targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is therefore significant in anti-angiogenic therapy. Although these treatments have not reached clinical expectations, the upregulation of alternative angiogenic pathways (endoglin/Smad1) may play a critical role in drug (VEGF-neutralizing agents) resistance. Enhanced endoglin expression following a VEGF-neutralizing therapy (semaxanib®) was noted in patients. Treatment with an endoglin-targeting antibody augmented VEGF expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Therefore, approaches that inhibit both the androgen and VEGF pathways enhance the HUVECs cytotoxicity and reverse semaxanib resistance. The purpose of this study was to find natural-occurring compounds that inhibited the endoglin-targeting pathway. Methods: Curcuminoids targeting endoglin were recognized from two thousand compounds in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Database@Taiwan (TCM Database@Taiwan) using Discovery Studio 4.5. Results: Our results, obtained using cytotoxicity, migration/invasion, and flow cytometry assays, showed that curcumin (Cur) and demethoxycurcumin (DMC) reduced angiogenesis. In addition, Cur and DMC downregulated endoglin/pSmad1 phosphorylation. Conclusions: The study first showed that Cur and DMC demonstrated antiangiogenic activity via the inhibition of endoglin/Smad1 signaling. Synergistic effects of curcuminoids (i.e., curcumin and DMC) and semaxanib on HUVECs were found. This might be attributed to endoglin/pSmad1 downregulation in HUVECs. Combination treatment with curcuminoids and a semaxanib is therefore expected to reverse semaxanib resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euphormin-A (1) and euphormin-B (2), two new pyranocoumarin derivatives, and forty known compounds (3–42) were isolated from Euphorbia formosana Hayata (Euphorbiaceae). The chemical structures of all compounds were established based on spectroscopic analyses. Several isolates were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity. Compounds 1, 2, 10, 18, 25, and 33 significantly inhibited against superoxide anion generation and elastase release by human neutrophils in response to formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (fMLP/CB). Furthermore, compounds 25 and 33 displayed the most potent effects with IC50 values of 0.68 ± 0.18 and 1.39 ± 0.12 µM, respectively, against superoxide anion generation when compared with the positive control (2.01 ± 0.06 µM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abnormal urine composition is a key reason for kidney stone formation, but little is known about the roles of small metabolites in the urine during kidney stone formation. Here, we found urine glycine in patients with kidney calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone was significantly lower than that in healthy people via 1H NMR spectra detection, and investigated the role and underlying mechanism of glycine in the regulation of CaOx stone formation. Our results showed that glycine could significantly attenuate ethylene glycol‐induced CaOx crystal depositions in rat kidney via decreasing urine oxalate and increasing urine citrate. Mechanism studies revealed that glycine could decrease urine oxalate through downregulating Slc26a6 expression, whereas increase urine citrate via inhibiting Nadc1 expression. Moreover, glycine decreased the protein expression of both Slc26a6 and Nadc1 via increasing the expression of miRNA‐411‐3p, which directly bound to the 3′‐untranslated regions of Slc26a6 and Nadc1 messenger RNAs, in vitro and in vivo. Together, our results revealed a novel role of glycine in the regulation of kidney CaOx crystal formation and provided a potential target for the treatment of kidney CaOx stone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiconductor lasers with high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and output power are heavily investigated driven by more energy-efficient commercial applications. In this paper, an asymmetric broad area laser (A-BAL) design is studied and compared with a conventional symmetric broad area laser (S-BAL) design for 808 nm single emitter laser diodes. We present a comparative theoretical and experimental investigation by studying the thermal effects on the laser parameters. The output characteristics and efficiency loss paths for the designs were analyzed. The leakage of carriers was identified as the primary source of the PCE reduction with temperature. Suppressing this leakage by optimization of the A-BAL design, a record continuous-wave PCE of 68% at 25 °C and 60.4% at 75 °C were achieved for a single emitter laser with 10 W output power. These devices deliver high efficiency at high temperatures with reliable operation achieving 2000 h of an accelerated aging lifetime without failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) was used to efficiently distinguish weak random-cavity emission from large broad spontaneous emission of the ZnO bulk and the multiple quantum wells (MQWs) structures. By fast Fourier transforming (FFT) the EMD results, we obtained the optical cavity lengths of random lasing and their corresponding emission intensity. With increasing pumping power, the EMD-FFT method confirms that the nonlinear trend of the random lasing emission in ZnO bulk and the change in optical cavity length is a result of change in refractive index dispersion due to the bandgap renormalization with high excited carrier density in nonpolar a-plane ZnO MQWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Return of crop straw and its biochar to the agricultural field decreases pressure on phosphorus (P) resources and reduces leaching and P runoff. We conducted a 5‐year field trial from 2013 to 2017 to study the capability of maize straw and its biochar to retain soil P, which was quantified by investigating the distribution of P fractions in the soil profile (0–100 cm) and soil aggregates of different grain sizes. The impact of soil treatments with nitrogen‐phosphorus‐potassium (NPK) fertiliser alone or combined with biochar or maize straw were examined. We found that maize straw and its biochar increased soil aggregate stability, which showed an increase in mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter, and aggregates with diameter > 250 μm. Maize straw and its biochar promoted both inorganic (dicalcium phosphate dehydrate [Ca2‐P], octocalcium phosphate [Ca8‐P], aluminium phosphate [Al‐P], iron phosphate [Fe‐P], hydroxyapatite [Ca10‐P], and occluded phosphate [O‐P]) and organic (labile organic phosphorus, LOP, and moderately labile organic phosphorus, MLOP) P accumulation and stabilization in soil aggregates, especially in small macroaggregates of 250–2000 μm. Total phosphorus (TP), Ca8‐P, Fe‐P, LOP, MLOP, moderately resistant organic phosphorus (MROP) and highly resistant organic phosphorus (HROP) were enhanced by maize straw and its biochar, whereas Ca2‐P and O‐P were decreased in the 0–20‐cm topsoil. We measured decreased TP, Fe‐P, O‐P and Ca10‐P in the 40–100‐cm soil layer following maize straw and biochar deposition, whereas higher Ca2‐P, Al‐P, MROP and HROP were obtained in maize straw‐supplemented soil relative to NPK fertiliser treatment in the 20–100‐cm soil layer. Thus, maize straw and its biochar can be used to effectively improve soil structure to support P retention and biochar has the potential to reduce P leaching from the soil profile. Highlights: Maize straw and its biochar effectively improved soil structure to support P retentionInorganic and organic P fractions mainly accumulated in the small macroaggregate fractionBiochar has the potential to reduce P leaching in the soil profile [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]