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In recent years, the problem caused by waste disposable paper cups (WDPCs) has became a topic of great concern to scientists, and commercial companies have also begun to take an interest in developing processes for tackling the issue. In this review, the inherent problems and social barriers during the recycling of WDPCs are described. This review presents the major conclusions of previously published works focused on the utilisation of WDPCs for material and energy purposes. The commercial utilisation of WDPCs is also described. Some suggestions for better recycling of WDPCs are given in the final part of this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based analytical devices possess desirable properties such as low cost, convenient production, and rapid output. These advantages over conventional analytical devices have attracted tremendous attention in recent years, and an abundance of fabrication techniques have been achieved with different designs. Related approaches are adopted by scientists and engineers from different research fields to create practical devices tailored for various applications. Among a diverse selection of strategies, paper-based analytical devices featuring enclosed channels can protect its contents from environmental harm, which is helpful in designing paper-based devices aimed toward practical use. However, superior properties of enclosed device designs have often been neglected when a paper-based platform is selected, and related discussion is still lacking in the field. To fill this empty space in the relevant literature, important issues are highlighted and recent research achievements are included in this article, which should have implication for scientists interested in sensing technology, analytical chemistry, material science, and miniaturized devices. For the convenience of reader's understanding, this article provides a general introduction to the basic properties and concepts of paper-based analytical devices. Firstly, commonly used fabrication strategies and detection methods are mentioned, with an in-depth emphasis on paper-based devices with enclosed channels, including breakthroughs in device types, thoughts on novel fabrication, and practical application examples. Subsequently, other important topics related to enclosed paper-based device design are summarized, and future challenges and opportunities in the field are also discussed. Image 1 • Brief introduction to the background of paper-based analytical devices. • In-depth discussion of paper-based analytical devices with enclosed channels. • How enclosed channels improve device lifetime and flow properties. • Challenges and perspective opportunities for enclosed paper-based devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exponential increase in the number of scientific publications raises the question of whether the sciences are expanding into a fractured structure, making cross-field communication difficult. On the other hand, scientists may be motivated to learn extensively across fields to enhance their innovative capacity, and this may offset the negative effects of fragmentation. Through an investigation of the distances within and clustering of cross-sectional citation networks, this study presents evidence that fields of science become more integrated over time. The average citation distance between papers published in the same year decreased from ~5.33 to 3.18 steps between 1950 and 2018. This observation is attributed to the growth of cross-field communication throughout the entire period as well as the growing importance of high-impact papers to bridge networks in the same year. Three empirical findings support this conclusion. First, distances decreased between almost all disciplines throughout the time period. Second, inequality in the number of citations received by papers increased, and, as a consequence, the shortest paths in the network depend more on high-impact papers later in the period. Third, the dispersion of connections between fields increased continually. Moreover, these changes did not entail a lower level of clustering of citations. Both within- and cross-field citations show a similar rate of slowly growing clustering values in all years. The latter findings suggest that domain-spanning scholarly communication is partly enabled by new fields that connect disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct measurement of the acidity (pH) of ambient aerosol particles/droplets has long been a challenge for atmospheric scientists. A novel and facile method was introduced recently by Craig et al. (2018), where the pH of size-resolved aerosol droplets was directly measured by two types of pH-indicator papers (pH ranges: 0–2.5 and 2.5–4.5) combined with RGB-based colorimetric analyses using a model of G-B (G minus B) vs. pH2. Given the wide pH range of ambient aerosols, we optimize the RGB-based colorimetric analysis on pH papers with a wider detection range (pH ∼ 0 to 6). Here, we propose a new model to establish the linear relationship between RGB values and pH: pHpredict = a⋅Rnormal+b⋅Gnormal+c⋅Bnormal. This model shows a wider applicability and higher accuracy than those in previous studies and is thus recommended in future RGB-based colorimetric analyses on pH papers. Moreover, we identify one type of pH paper (Hydrion® Brilliant pH dip stiks, lot no. 3110, Sigma-Aldrich) that is more applicable for ambient aerosols in terms of its wide pH detection range (0 to 6) and strong anti-interference capacity. Custom-made impactors are used to collect lab-generated aerosols on this type of pH paper. Preliminary tests show that, with a collected particle size range of ∼ 0.4–2.2 µm , the pH paper method can be used to predict aerosol pH with an overall uncertainty ≤ 0.5 units. Based on laboratory tests, a relatively short sampling time (∼ 1 to 4 h) is speculated for pH prediction of ambient aerosols. More importantly, our design of the impactors minimizes potential influences of changed environmental conditions during pH paper photographing processes on the predicted aerosol pH. We further show that the routinely adopted way of using pH color charts to predict aerosol pH may be biased by the mismatch between the standard colors on the color charts and the real colors of investigated samples. Thus, instead of using the producer-provided color charts, we suggest an in situ calibration of pH papers with standard pH buffers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct measurement of the acidity (pH) of ambient aerosol particles/droplets has long been a challenge for atmospheric scientists. A novel and facile method was introduced recently by Craig et al. (2018), where the pH of size-resolved aerosol droplets was directly measured by two types of pH-indicator papers (pH ranges: 0–2.5 and 2.5–4.5) combined with RGB-based colorimetric analyses using a model of G − B (G minus B) versus pH². Given the wide pH range of ambient aerosols, we optimize the RGB-based colorimetric analysis on pH papers with a wider detection range (pH ~ 0 to 6). Here, we propose a new model to establish the linear relationship between RGB values and pH: pHpredict = a × Rnormal + b × Gnormal + c × Bnormal. This model shows a wider applicability and higher accuracy than those in previous studies, and is thus recommended in future RGB-based colorimetric analyses on pH papers. Moreover, we identify one type of pH paper (Hydrion® Brilliant pH dip stiks, Lot Nr. 3110, Sigma-Aldrich) that is more applicable for ambient aerosols in terms of its wide pH detection range (0 to 6) and strong anti-interference capacity. The determined minimum sample mass (~ 180 μg) highlights its potential to predict aerosol pH with a high time resolution (e.g., ≤ 1 hour). We further show that the routinely adopted way of using pH color charts to predict aerosol pH may be biased by the mismatch between the standard colors on the color charts and the real colors of investigated samples. Thus, instead of using the producer-provided color chart, we suggest an in-situ calibration of pH papers with standard pH buffers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reading primary research literature is an essential skill for all scientists and students on science degree programmes, however little is known about how researchers at different career stages interact with and interpret scientific papers. To explore this, we conducted a survey of 260 undergraduate students and researchers in Biological Sciences at a research intensive UK university. Responses to Likert scale questions demonstrated increases in confidence and skill with reading the literature between individuals at each career stage, including between postdoctoral researchers and faculty academics. The survey indicated that individuals at different career stages valued different sections of scientific papers, and skill in reading the results section develops slowly over the course of an academic career. Inexperienced readers found the methods and results sections of research papers the most difficult to read, and undervalued the importance of the results section and critical interpretation of data. These data highlight a need for structured support with reading scientific literature at multiple career stages, and for senior academics to be aware that junior colleagues may prioritise their reading differently. We propose a model for the development of literature processing skills, and consider the need for training strategies to help inexperienced readers engage with primary literature, and therefore develop important skills that underpin scientific careers. We also encourage researchers to be mindful of language used when writing papers, and to be more inclusive of diverse audiences when disseminating their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK is one of the largest funders of health research in the world, but little is known about how health funding is spent. Our study explores whether major UK public and charitable health research funders support the research of UK-based scientists producing the most highly-cited research. To address this question, we searched for UK-based authors of peer-reviewed papers that were published between January 2006 and February 2018 and received over 1000 citations in Scopus. We explored whether these authors have held a grant from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the Medical Research Council (MRC) and the Wellcome Trust and compared the results with UK-based researchers who serve currently on the boards of these bodies. From the 1,370 papers relevant to medical, biomedical, life and health sciences with more than 1000 citations in the period examined, we identified 223 individuals from a UK institution at the time of publication who were either first/last or single authors. Of those, 164 are still in UK academic institutions, while 59 are not currently in UK academia (have left the country, are retired, or work in other sectors). Of the 164 individuals, only 59 (36%; 95% CI: 29–43%) currently hold an active grant from one of the three funders. Only 79 (48%; 95% CI: 41–56%) have held an active grant from any of the three funders between 2006–2017. Conversely, 457 of the 664 board members of MRC, Wellcome Trust, and NIHR (69%; 95% CI: 65–72%) have held an active grant in the same period by any of these funders. Only 7 out of 655 board members (1.1%) were first, last or single authors of an extremely highly-cited paper. There are many reasons why the majority of the most influential UK authors do not hold a grant from the country’s major public and charitable funding bodies. Nevertheless, the results are worrisome and subscribe to similar patterns shown in the US. We discuss possible implications and suggest ways forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper responds to Friend's (2023) critique of the Powers-BSA , a view according to which laws of nature are efficient descriptions of how modally laden properties (powers) are possibly distributed in spacetime. In the course of this response, the paper discusses the nature of scientific and metaphysical explanation, the aim of science, and the structure of modal space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prahalad Chunnilal Vaidya was an eminent general relativist, gravitation theorist, physicist, mathematician, educationist and a follower of Gandhian philosophy in post-independence India. Apart from his scientific career, Vaidya is renowned for his Vaidya metric. Though he has contributed significantly to the scientific community, very few people are aware about him or his contributions. As 23 May 2019 was the 101st birth anniversary of Vaidya, here we present his contributions and their impact through a bibliometric study. This study presents an analysis of published research works of Vaidya. During his active career, he had contributed 102 publications, including 90 journal articles, 5 conference papers, 4 book chapters, 2 review articles and 1 report. His publications have received 2004 citations, h-index of 18 and i10-index of 29 from 1979 to 2018. We analysed Vaidya's publications by type, country, journals, publishers, citations, year-wise growth, collaborated authors, top cited papers, etc. This bibliometric study is an effort to draw the attention of the younger generation of scientists to Vaidya and his contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context.--Whole slide imaging (WSI) represents a paradigm shift in pathology, serving as a necessary first step for a wide array of digital tools to enter the field. Its basic function is to digitize glass slides, but its impact on pathology workflows, reproducibility, dissemination of educational material, expansion of service to underprivileged areas, and intrainstitutional and interinstitutional collaboration exemplifies a significant innovative movement with far-reaching effects. Although the benefits of WSI to pathology practices, academic centers, and research institutions are many, the complexities of implementation remain an obstacle to widespread adoption. In the wake of the first regulatory clearance of WSI for primary diagnosis in the United States, some barriers to adoption have fallen. Nevertheless, implementation of WSI remains a difficult prospect for many institutions, especially those with stakeholders unfamiliar with the technologies necessary to implement a system or who cannot effectively communicate to executive leadership and sponsors the benefits of a technology that may lack clear and immediate reimbursement opportunity. Objectives.--To present an overview of WSI technology-- present and future--and to demonstrate several immediate applications of WSI that support pathology practice, medical education, research, and collaboration. Data Sources.--Peer-reviewed literature was reviewed by pathologists, scientists, and technologists who have practical knowledge of and experience with WSI. Conclusions.--Implementation of WSI is a multifaceted and inherently multidisciplinary endeavor requiring contributions from pathologists, technologists, and executive leadership. Improved understanding of the current challenges to implementation, as well as the benefits and successes of the technology, can help prospective users identify the best path for success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemistry researchers are frequently evaluated on the perceived significance of their work with the citation count as the most commonly-used metric for gauging this property. Recent studies have called for a broader evaluation of significance that includes more nuanced bibliometrics as well as altmetrics to more completely evaluate scientific research. To better understand the relationship between metrics and peer judgements of significance in chemistry, we have conducted a survey of chemists to investigate their perceptions of previously published research. Focusing on a specific issue of the Journal of the American Chemical Society published in 2003, respondents were asked to select which articles they thought best matched importance and significance given several contexts: highest number of citations, most significant (subjectively defined), most likely to share among chemists, and most likely to share with a broader audience. The answers to the survey can be summed up in several observations. The ability of respondents to predict the citation counts of established research is markedly lower than the ability of those counts to be predicted by the h-index of the corresponding author of each article. This observation is conserved even when only considering responses from chemists whose expertise falls within the subdiscipline that best describes the work performed in an article. Respondents view both cited papers and significant papers differently than papers that should be shared with chemists. We conclude from our results that peer judgements of importance and significance differ from metrics-based measurements, and that chemists should work with bibliometricians to develop metrics that better capture the nuance of opinions on the importance of a given piece of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the policy responses of Canada, Sweden, and the United States to the discovery of dioxins in pulp mill effluents and paper products, with particular attention to the impact of science and the scientific community on national environmental standards. Important areas of policy divergence were found, despite considerable scientific consensus among environmental scientists in the three jurisdictions, as the potential force of shared causal knowledge was undermined by competing domestic interests and different institutional contexts for decision-making. This analysis challenges the emphasis of the epistemic community literature on the role of scientists in promoting policy convergence, underscoring the importance of the interaction of ideas, interest group politics, and institutions in public policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While scientific researchers often aim for high productivity, prioritizing the quantity of publications may come at the cost of time and effort dedicated to individual research. It is thus important to examine the relationship between productivity and disruption for individual researchers. Here, we show that with the increase in the number of published papers, the average citation per paper will be higher yet the mean disruption of papers will be lower. In addition, we find that the disruption of scientists' papers may decrease when they are highly productive in a given year. The disruption of papers in each year is not determined by the total number of papers published in the author's career, but rather by the productivity of that particular year. Besides, more productive authors also tend to give references to recent and high-impact research. Our findings highlight the potential risks of pursuing productivity and aim to encourage more thoughtful career planning among scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moderate-to-severe psoriasis is associated with significant comorbidity, an impaired quality of life, and increased medical costs, including those associated with treatments. Systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) of randomized clinical trials are considered two of the best approaches to the summarization of high-quality evidence. However, methodological bias can reduce the validity of conclusions from these types of studies and subsequently impair the quality of decision making. As co-authorship is among the most well-documented forms of research collaboration, the present study aimed to explore whether authors’ collaboration methods might influence the methodological quality of SRs and MAs of psoriasis. Methodological quality was assessed by two raters who extracted information from full articles. After calculating total and per-item Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) scores, reviews were classified as low (0-4), medium (5-8), or high (9-11) quality. Article metadata and journal-related bibliometric indices were also obtained. A total of 741 authors from 520 different institutions and 32 countries published 220 reviews that were classified as high (17.2%), moderate (55%), or low (27.7%) methodological quality. The high methodological quality subnetwork was larger but had a lower connection density than the low and moderate methodological quality subnetworks; specifically, the former contained relatively fewer nodes (authors and reviews), reviews by authors, and collaborators per author. Furthermore, the high methodological quality subnetwork was highly compartmentalized, with several modules representing few poorly interconnected communities. In conclusion, structural differences in author-paper affiliation network may influence the methodological quality of SRs and MAs on psoriasis. As the author-paper affiliation network structure affects study quality in this research field, authors who maintain an appropriate balance between scientific quality and productivity are more likely to develop higher quality reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do highly productive researchers have significantly higher probability to produce top cited papers? Or do high productive researchers mainly produce a sea of irrelevant papers—in other words do we find a diminishing marginal result from productivity? The answer on these questions is important, as it may help to answer the question of whether the increased competition and increased use of indicators for research evaluation and accountability focus has perverse effects or not. We use a Swedish author disambiguated dataset consisting of 48.000 researchers and their WoS-publications during the period of 2008–2011 with citations until 2014 to investigate the relation between productivity and production of highly cited papers. As the analysis shows, quantity does make a difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Science history is a discipline that teaches the development of scientific thought and the discoveries of scientists. However, these topics can sometimes be abstract and difficult to understand. The use of technology can make the teaching of the history of science more effective, engaging, and accessible. By providing students with visual and interactive experiences, it allows them to better understand abstract concepts and closely follow the discoveries of scientists. In this way, history of science lessons can become more appealing and conducive to learning for students. Objectives: This research aims to design and develop a Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) environment that can be used for teaching science history. Methods: The research was conducted using a design‐based research method consisting of four stages: Analysis, design, development‐implementation‐evaluation, and reporting. The research involved 10 science teachers and five secondary school students. Data were collected through focus group interviews, individual interviews, notes, audio recordings, and images, and then analysed using content analysis. Results and Conclusions: As a result of the research, a MAR application named TISAR‐3D was developed, which allows students to interactively and visually explore scientists and enrich their learning experience. Implications: The widespread use of the TISAR‐3D application in science history education is recommended, as well as the development of similar MAR applications for other topics. Lay Description: What is known about this topic: AR technology is an increasingly used technology in education.AR technology is effective in teaching the history of science.AR makes abstract concepts concrete and provides interactive experiences for students. What this paper adds: The research focuses on the development of a MAR application called TISAR‐3D.The application supports Turkish and English languages and offers voice narration.The role of scientists in the history of science is not sufficiently known.Scientists are not adequately represented in textbooks. Implications of the study findings for practitioners: Include more scientists in the app for a broader learning experience.Include more interactive activities in the app for a fun learning experience.Teachers should extend more time to accommodate the app's use in class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on a study which indicates that reviewers of papers tend to recommend acceptance if the author is famous in science. It discusses the Matthew effect, which describes how high-status researchers, or those who already have many citations and grants, tend to get disproportionately more of the same. It explains the steps taken by the researchers to avoid bias in their own study.

The article announces researchers Shaina Potts and Freyja L Knapp as winners of the Ashby Prizes for their papers published in 2016.

This paper discusses the influence of different sign conventions for strains and stresses, i.e. the solid mechanics sign convention and the soil mechanics sign convention, on the form of governing partial differential equations (the static equilibrium equations and the continuity equation) used to describe the wave-induced cyclic response of a poro-elastic seabed due to propagation of a sinusoidal surface water-wave. Some selected analytical solutions, obtained by different authors and published in specialist literature in the form of complex functions describing the wave-induced pore-fluid pressure, effective normal stress and shear stress oscillations in the seabed, have been analysed and compared with each other mainly with respect to different sign conventions for stains and stresses and also with regard to different orientations of the positive vertical axis of the two-dimensional coordinate system and different directions of surface water-wave propagation. The performed analyses of the analytical solutions has indicated many inaccuracies, or even evident errors and exemplary mistakes of wrong-signed values of basic wave-induced response parameters (the shear stress in particular), thereby disqualifying these solutions and their final equations from practical engineering applications. Most of the mistakes found in the literature must be linked to authors' lack of understanding and consistency in an uniform application of a certain sign convention for strains and stresses in the soil matrix at both stages of mathematical formulation of the governing problem and correct interpretation of equations of the final analytical solution. The present paper, based mostly on a thorough literature review, ought to draw attention and arouse interest among coastal scientists and engineers in proper identification and use of the existing analytical solutions to the wave-induced cyclic seabed response - solutions which differ very often in the applied sign convention for stresses in the soil matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper investigated the citation patterns within the Moor Journal of Agricultural Research from the year 2006 to2016, offering a comprehensive analysis of author collaboration, institutional contributions, and preferred information resources. The study spans a significant period and presents key findings that shed light on the journal's significance in the agricultural research community.One notable finding is the prevalence of collaborative efforts among authors, with threeauthored papers leading the pack at 32.79% of the total published articles during the study period. Two-authored papers follow closely, constituting 26.23% of the total output. In contrast, singleauthor papers occupy the fourth position, contributing 14.75% of the recorded papers. These results align with previous research, particularly the findings of Singh (2017), highlighting the collaborative nature of scientific research. Institutional analysis reveals that the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, in Ogun State, stands as the journal's most prominent contributor, accounting for 39.80% of the articles. The University of Ibadan in Oyo State follows with 19.14%, while Obafemi Awolowo University in Ile Ife contributes 13.40%. This strong representation indicates the high recognition of the journal among agricultural scientists in the South West of Nigeria. Collectively, fifteen universities from the South West contribute 90.91% of the articles, while five universities from the northern region contribute 5.27%. The South-South region contributes 2.39%. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, representing the South East, contributes the least at 1.43%, emphasizing the need for broader regional coverage. In terms of institutional affiliations of authors, the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T) emerges as the dominant contributor, with an impressive 68.47% of the articles. This significantly surpasses other institutions, with the National Horticulture Research Institute and Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, both in Ibadan, contributing 8.11% each. The substantial difference between IAR&T and other institutions suggests a potential advantage related to its role as the journal's publisher. Further analysis reveals that the Federal College of Agriculture in Ibadan contributes the highest number of articles (41.18%), followed by the Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology in Ibadan (29.41%).. In conclusion, this research offers a comprehensive overview of citation patterns in the Moor Journal of Agricultural Research, uncovering valuable insights into author collaboration, institutional contributions, and citation preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing and publishing scientific papers have become requisites for all scientists (researchers and academics alike) to maintain their professional career. The prospects of writing a scientific paper are often regarded as somewhat daunting to the uninitiated. However a universal, well established structure format known as "IMRAD": i.e. Introduction, Methods, Results And Discussion has been established. This paper details this methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents bibliometric analysis of the research papers of Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy. He is one of the scientists who popularized science in India and truly known as the 'Father of Indian Chemistry'. During the period of 1888 to 1936, in a span of 49 years, he contributed 158 research papers in several reputed national and international journals. The analysis of his contributions includes year and periodical distribution of items, their language distribution, and single and multiple authorship. Year-wise distribution of pages authored by Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy has also been presented as well as his journal preference based on periodical distribution of articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bibliography of papers, reports and books authored by Stjepan Mohorovičić is compiled and is presented in this paper. The bibliography contains 440 entries grouped into five categories: scientific papers (89 entries), professional and popular papers (87 entries), data reports (69 entries), literature reports (189 entries), and monographs and books (6 entries). A significant fraction of the papers and reports were published in international journals. The list reveals that Stjepan Mohorovičić was one of the most versatile and productive scientists working in Croatia in the twentieth century, whereas a brief overview of the impact of his publications, also presented in this paper, shows that he was one of the most creative Croatian scientists as well. It is stressed that Stjepan Mohorovičić's output merits an in-depth evaluation and the bibliography is offered as the starting point for such an endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discuses that LGBTQ scientists who don't disclose their sexual orientation in the workplace publish fewer papers than their peers.

We scientists, whether struggling or not, need colleagues to cite our papers, and increasingly so; we also need to carry out worthwhile research. I present a strategy that simultaneously enhances citations and research quality, but is simple and straightforward. Yet it is rarely adopted, perhaps because it requires integration of a particular approach with necessary tools, aided through feedback, and the tools can be difficult to implement. The approach has four goals: high significance, high influence, excellent presentation and sustained effort. Achievement of these goals is more likely if the tools are used and helpful feedback obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the Papers of Year 2010 award, in which the board of directors of the journal "Human and Ecological Risk Assessment" (HERA) selected several risk management papers. He says that the degree of contribution to the field of risk assessment and the overall quality of writing were the twofold categories. He lists several nominated papers written by various researchers and scientists according to its criteria including one from Mark A. Harwell, Niall O'Brien, and David L. Olson.

Based on the principles of the h-index, I propose a new measure, the w-index, as a particularly simple and more useful way to assess the substantial impact of a researcher's work, especially regarding excellent papers. The w-index can be defined as follows: If w of a researcher's papers have at least 10w citations each and the other papers have fewer than 10(w+1) citations, that researcher's w-index is w. The results demonstrate that there are noticeable differences between the w-index and the h-index, because the w-index plays close attention to the more widely cited papers. These discrepancies can be measured by comparing the ranks of 20 astrophysicists, a few famous physical scientists, and 16 Price medalists. Furthermore, I put forward the w(q)-index to improve the discriminatory power of the w-index and to rank scientists with the same w. The factor q is the least number of citations a researcher with w needed to reach w+1. In terms of both simplicity and accuracy, the w-index or w(q)-index can be widely used for evaluation of scientists, journals, conferences, scientific topics, research institutions, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several papers discussed in the 7th International Young Scientists School "Systems Biology and Bioinformatics" held in Novosibirsk, Russia on June 22-25, 2015, is presented. Topics include next generation sequencing (NGS), evolutionary bioinformatics, and systems biology and gene network modeling. The conference featured several research papers which include from A. I. Klimenko, A. V. Bryanskaya and T. M. Khlebodarova.

An index of authors of conference papers presented during the 2015 IEEE Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference (NSREC) is presented.

The article presents several rules for restructuring papers to avoid losing readers. Authors are instructed to focus their papers on a central contribution and to concentrate on the context-content-conclusion (C-C-C) scheme. They are also advised to optimize a paper's logical flow by avoiding zig-zag and using parallelism and to include complete story in the abstract.

The article reports that immunologist Luk van Parijs was fired from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The school alleged that he had confessed to faking data in one published paper, several unpublished manuscripts and grant applications. Van Parijs's academic future may be shot to pieces. But his scientific past, so far is intact. He has contributed to roughly 40 papers stretching back to 1994, many of them in the blossoming field of RNA interference. None has been publicly labeled fraudulent or retracted. MIT has not said which paper it found to be problematic. Other investigations are continuing. One of the biggest problems in these fraud things says Kathleen Case, publisher at the American Association for Cancer Research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is that the investigations get finished. And the last thing people think of is the journals. Large-scale fraud cases are rare. But scientists whose work is challenged have often co-authored dozens or even hundreds of papers.

There was clearly something afoot when one of the world''s most esteemed biometric scientists brought out and then threatened to put a paper bag on his head in front of hundreds of government and industry participants at a recent show in the USA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A crossmapping technique is introduced for visualizing multiple and overlapping relations among entity types in collections of journal articles. Groups of entities from So entity types are crossplotted to show correspondence of relations. For example, author collaboration groups are plotted on the x axis against groups of papers (research fronts) on the y axis. At the intersection of each pair of author group/Search front pairs a circular symbol is plotted whose size is proportional to the dumber of times that authors in the group appear as authors in pipers in the research front. Entity groups are found by agglomerative hierarchical clustering using conventional similarity measures. Crossmaps comprise a simple technique that is particularly suited to showing overlap in relations among entity groups. Particularly useful crossmaps are: research fronts against base reference clusters, research fronts against author collaboration groups, and research fronts against term co-occurrence clusters. When exploring the knowledge domain of a collection of journal papers, it is useful to have several crossmaps of different entity pairs, complemented by research front timelines and base reference cluster timelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientists as authors have different attitude towards copyright, as opposed to authors of fiction and other publications, which is mostly based on different publishing motives. The dominant publishing model of scientific papers is still based on scientists' willingness to publish without payment as well as to sign away their copyright to the publisher. As a result the authors are often unable to use their papers later, not even for educational purposes. Research of Croatian publishers of scholarly journals and their acceptance and attitude towards alternative, new publishing models (preprint and postprint archives as well as personal web pages), has shown that a great number of publishers are not well-acquainted with the new models and have no clear attitude towards them. The majority has also not yet incorporated these models in their copyright policy. According to the results, 74% of Croatian publishers do not allow preprint publication (preprint archive or web page), but on the other hand postprint publishing (postprint archive or web page) is allowed in 65%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author discusses the paper of doctor Adam Finkel regarding the solution focused risk assessment (SFRA). He states that Finkel addressed the need to be prepared or used risk assessments in different manner. He relates that Finkel indicates the need of scientists to change their timing on when the risk management solutions must be considered by the risk assessors. He mentions that the proposal of Finkel has emphasized on the possible solutions.

The discoveries of Gregor Mendel, as described by paper Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden (Experiments on plant hybrids), can be used in undergraduate genetics and biology courses to engage students about specific nature of science characteristics and their relationship to four of his major contributions to genetics. The use of primary source literature as an instructional tool to enhance genetics students' understanding of the nature of science helps students more clearly understand how scientists work and how the science of genetics has evolved as a discipline. We offer a historical background of how the nature of science developed as a concept and show how Mendel's investigations of heredity can enrich biology and genetics courses by exemplifying the nature of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calls for the submission of papers concerning the role of artists and scientists in times of war. Atrocities faced by society as of June 2005; Significance of ethics to the definition of the role of artists and scientists in times of war; Recommendations for a proactive collaboration between artists and scientists issued by the Leonardo Governing Board.

Data papers, such as those published by Ecological Research, encourage the retrieval and archiving of valuable unpublished, undigitized ecological observational data. However, scientists remain hesitant to submit their data to such forums. In this perspective paper, we describe lessons learned from the Long‐Term Ecological Research, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and marine biological databases and discuss how data sharing and publication are both powerful and important for ecological research. Our aim is to encourage readers to submit their unpublished, undigitized ecological observational data then the data may be archived, published and used by other researchers to advance knowledge in the field of ecology. Coupling data sharing and syntheses with the development of innovative informatics would allow ecology to enter the realm of big science and provide seeds for a new and robust agenda of future ecological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space–time behavior research is an important branch of geography research that focuses on micro individual space–time behavior and macro urban social structure and their interactions. It plays an important role in urban public policy making. In this paper, an attempt is made to introduce the theory of space–time behavior research in urban design and probe into the spatial method of realizing urban humanism. Taking the urban design masterplan of Huairou Science City (HSC), this study discusses a framework of the layout evaluation and optimization strategy mainly for the greenspace system in HSC's masterplan, based on the extent to which the layout of the greenspaces can be adapted to the behaviors of HSC's users. The main content of this paper starts with an introduction to the hypothesis of the Behavior-Layout Integrated Evaluation and Planning (BLIEP) model and expounds on its foundation and potential principles or methods; under this model, this study takes HSC's masterplan as an example, carrying out an analysis on the space–time behaviors of HSC's users and conducting the behavior-integrated evaluation and optimization planning for the layout of greenspaces. It has been identified that some greenspaces, especially community greenspaces, cannot be fully adapted to users' behaviors and activity demands due to the morphological or visual pursuit in their layouts. Thus, the optimization work is supposed to be done. This paper demonstrates the predicament of the traditional layout of greenspaces over the neglect of user-friendliness and makes an attempt under the tendency for greenspaces in green corridors or urban fabric to scatter by integrating the behavioral space into the built environment. Ultimately, further discussions are focused on upgrading the model and its extended application to other aspects in urban design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For intensive academic activities, there is a need to ensure introduction of scientific research results, discussion of scientific works and spread of scientific investigation results in an interaction among scientists, scientists and scientific community, scientists and society. This kind of communication creates and fosters the persistent value of scientific work through the presentation and dissemination of results of scientific theoretical and empirical investigations. In the article, scientific communication is understood as a dissemination of scientific information of all areas of scientific research through formal and informal channels of communication. Scientific communication as a concept unites various possibilities such as science mass communication, public understanding of science, public awareness of science, scientific culture, scholarly communication aspects such as academic communication, purely scientific communication, etc. The aim of the article is to analyze formal science communication presented by scientists from the Faculty of Communication of Vilnius University. The research aims to present completeness of science communication presented by the scholars of the Faculty of Communication in dissemination of results of scientific researches and to create a knowledge dissemination map in which a flow of science communication and activities of scholars could be shown. The research is based on the quantitative variables that describe the form of science communication, from analysis of documental communication in scientific publications to formal communication such as participation in national and international conferences, expert activities, etc. Analysis of formal science communication is carried out from four main points: analysis of the science communication structure at the Faculty of Communication, Vilnius University; measurement of the geographical scope of science communication performed by the scholars of the Faculty; a set of participants and a flow of science communication; identification of institutions and individual scholars that actively participate in science communication in the field of communication and information. Results of the research stress several important aspects which present science communication at the Faculty of Communication of Vilnius University: the communication model "scientists to scientists" is dominating; dissemination of scientific information is oriented towards the Lithuanian scientific community; by active participation in international scientific networks and conferences; the map that presents the spread of scientific research results is wider than Lithuania's geographical frame. As the main means for formal science communication, scientific publications could be mentioned. "Knygotyra" and "Informacijos mokslai" are the main scientific journals where formal science communication in the area of communication and information is concentrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A set of 316 commentaries by authors of highly-cited papers was reviewed, to identify any difficulty encountered by the authors in producing or publishing their articles. The commentaries were selected from those published each week in the Citation Classic[SUPR] feature of Current Contents. According to their commentaries, a small proportion (5.7%) of the authors of these papers had some difficulty when doing the research, or when trying to publish the results. Three more highly-cited papers which had also encountered difficulties in getting published were identified from Citation Classic[SUPR] commentaries: one of them was co-authored by a Nobel Prize winner. Three of the papers which encountered publication problems are the most cited from their respective journals. In part, the problematic papers reported innovative methods or theories, or presented new interpretations of previous data. Those in the peer review system should have access to these findings, to improve their review of innovative work. Evaluative criteria that are too narrow can sometimes lead to the initial rejection of very important papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract References in scientific papers play an important role in acknowledging prior work of others on the topic under investigation. Moreover, they are used to show the research is built on solid ground, carefully prepared by others. However, proper citation requires that one has read and understood the paper that is cited. We discuss an example of one of our own papers erroneously being cited in support of the interpretation of an equation, while we in reality demonstrated this interpretation is incorrect. This is likely a result of the citing authors not having read or understood the paper. We place this in a broader perspective, pointing to similar examples in other fields of science. Such improper citation practices can lead to perpetuation of false information, which is then incorrectly linked to scientists who in reality do not support the claims being made. We urge the scientific community to ensure the papers we cite fully support the statement we make, as references otherwise become meaningless. Highlights • Proper citation practices are important to science. • Example of citing paper in support of claim that is actually explicitly criticized. • Further examples of improper citations and their impacts are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the citations from papers by Korean scientist for several fields in the sciences. Comparison of articles taken from Korean sources versus non-Korean sources; Indentification of the relationships between the citations; Analysis of the difference in Korean sources and non-Korean sources.

Scientists from a consortium of Swiss energy research centres and universities have prepared a white paper on 'Power-to-X' for the Swiss Federal Energy Research Commission, to collect the key insights into Power-to-X technologies. The study sheds light on contributions that could be made to Switzerland's energy strategy by different technologies based on conversion and storage of various forms of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy storage is one of the key technologies for energy conservation and therefore is of great practical importance. One of its main advantages is that it is best suited for solar thermal applications. This study deals with a comprehensive discussion of the evaluation and the selection of sensible and latent heat storage technologies, systems and applications in the field of solar energy. Several issues relating to energy storage are examined from the current perspective. In addition, some criteria, techniques, recommendations, checklists on the selection, implementation and operation of energy storage systems are provided for the use of energy engineers, scientists and policy makers. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]