19 results
Search Results
2. Theoretical underpinnings of state institutionalisation of inclusion and struggles in collective health in Latin America.
- Author
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Mahmood, Qamar and Muntaner, Carles
- Subjects
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POLITICAL participation , *DECISION making , *HEALTH care reform , *HUMAN rights , *INSTITUTIONAL care , *EMPLOYEE participation in management , *PRACTICAL politics , *PUBLIC health administration , *SOCIAL isolation , *SOCIAL norms , *SOCIAL participation , *WORK environment , *WORLD health , *FINANCIAL management , *LABELING theory , *COMMUNITY-based social services , *HUMAN services programs , *PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Community participation as a strategy in health aims to increase the role of citizens in health decision-making which are contextualised within the institutions of democracy. Electoral representation as the dominant model of democracy globally is based on the elite theory of democracy that sees political decision-making a prerogative of political elites. Such political elitism is counter to the idea of democratic participation. Neoliberalism together with elitism in political sphere have worsened social inequities by undermining working class interests. Latin America has seen adverse consequences of these social inequities. In response, social movements representing collective struggles of organised citizens arose in the region. This paper explores the theoretical underpinnings of democratic participation in contemporary Latin American context at the nexus of emerging social movement activism and policy responses. The paper will use empirical examples to highlight how such democratic practices at the societal level evolved while demanding political inclusion. These societal democratic practices in Latin America are redefining democracy, which continues to be seen in the political sphere only. Health reforms promoting participatory democracy in several Latin American countries have demonstrated that establishing institutions and mechanisms of democratic participation facilitate collective participation by the organised citizenry in state affairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. El papel de los tribunales supremos y la nueva derecha: el neogolpismo en Brasil.
- Author
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Goulart, Mayra and Luiz Coelho, André
- Subjects
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APPELLATE courts , *NEW right (Politics) , *IMPEACHMENTS , *EXECUTIVE power - Abstract
This paper aims to analyse the role of supreme courts of justice in some of the recent removals from office of progressive "pink tide" Latin American presidents and governments where so-called "new right" governments have taken power. It shows the composition of the supreme courts to be a decisive factor in removing these governments from power. The core hypothesis is that the judiciary may have served as a body for legitimating interruption and dismissal processes led by the legislature in contexts of institutional paralysis (or conflict with the executive branch). To demonstrate this, the case of Brazil is analysed and specifically the role played by the Federal Supreme Court (STF) in the dismissals of Luis Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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4. Politics and Policies of Latin America's Two Lefts: The Role of Party Systems vs. Resource Bonanzas.
- Author
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Weyland, Kurt
- Subjects
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SOCIAL change , *RADICALISM , *COMPARATIVE studies , *ECONOMIC trends ,LATIN American politics & government - Abstract
As Latin America has moved to the left during the last decade, why have the governments of Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay chosen a path of moderate, gradual change, whereas their counterparts in Venezuela, Bolivia, and Ecuador have proceeded with considerable economic and political radicalism? Comparative analysis and case studies of Brazil and especially Bolivia find that economic performance and party institutions do not provide a satisfactory explanation for this striking difference in political approach. Instead, natural resource rents and commodity booms (and busts) play a crucial role. The unearned windfalls produced by bonanzas inspire risk-acceptance among political leaders and common citizens, which can prompt ideological radicalism and political confrontation. By developing this argument and basing it on a novel, cognitive-psychological micro-foundation, the paper seeks to contribute to theories of the rentier state and the "resource curse." ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
5. Reprimarization.
- Author
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Cooney, Paul
- Subjects
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PRIMARY commodities , *PRIMARY sectors , *ECOLOGY - Abstract
In recent decades there has been a tendency throughout Latin America of the expansion of activities associated with the primary sector, such as mining, oil, cattle and soy, namely reprimarization. This tendency reflects the growth of the commodities markets and China in recent years. This paper examines the implications for both the environment and development in general, as a result of the reprimarization tendency in Argentina and Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Infrastructure and productivity in Latin America: is there a relationship in the long run?
- Author
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Teles, Vladimir Kühl and Mussolini, Caio Cesar
- Subjects
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INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) , *INDUSTRIAL productivity , *LONG run (Economics) , *ECONOMIC development , *FISCAL policy , *COINTEGRATION - Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between infrastructure and total factor productivity (TFP) in the four major Latin American economies: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Design/methodology/approach – The authors hypothesise that an increase in infrastructure has an indirect effect on output by raising productivity. To assess this theory, the traditional Johansen methodology was used for testing the cointegration between TFP and physical measures of infrastructure stock, such as energy, roads, and telephones. The Lütkepohl, Saikkonen and Trenkler Test, which considers a possible level shift in the series and has better small sample properties, was applied to the same data set and the two tests were compared. Findings – The results do not support a robust long-term relationship between the series; the authors do not find strong evidence that cuts in infrastructure investment in some Latin American countries were the main reason for the fall in TFP during the 1970s and 1980s. Originality/value – The present paper addresses the empirical relationship between infrastructure and economic growth for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico between 1950 and 2000, using new time series econometric methods finding new evidences on this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
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7. Doing it for Themselves: Direct Action Land Reform in the Brazilian Amazon
- Author
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Simmons, Cynthia, Walker, Robert, Perz, Stephen, Aldrich, Stephen, Caldas, Marcellus, Pereira, Ritaumaria, Leite, Flavia, Fernandes, Luiz Claudio, and Arima, Eugenio
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LAND reform , *DIRECT action , *HOUSEHOLD surveys , *SOCIAL movements , *WELFARE economics , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis - Abstract
Summary: The present paper considers a sometimes contentious process of land reform presently occurring in Brazil. This process, referred to in the paper as Direct Action Land Reform (DALR), involves organizations such as the Landless Rural Workers Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra, or MST) and more spontaneous actions of individuals desiring a piece of land for their own. Results of a survey covering 751 households engaged in such land reform actions in the Brazilian Amazon are presented, in order to describe participants and land reform processes. Evidently, social movement organizations provide for a modest degree of wealth accumulation, a welfare improvement that must be set against potential environmental costs. The paper concludes by calling attention to the challenge DALR may ultimately pose to the Brazilian state. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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8. Topsy-Turvy Neo-Developmentalism: An Analysis of the Current Brazilian Model of Development.
- Author
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Milanez, Bruno and Santos, Rodrigo S. P.
- Subjects
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DEVELOPMENTALISM (Economics) , *MINERAL industries , *ECONOMIC development , *GROSS domestic product , *ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
The paper discusses the similarities and differences between neo-developmentalism and neo-extractivism. The evaluation compares Brazil with nine other Latin American countries and is based on a framework that considers both economic policies and their outcomes. On the policy side, it looks at income, monetary, international trade, industrial and mineral resource policies; on the outcome side, it observes the composition of both exports and the Gross Domestic Product. In the end, we argue that neo-developmentalism and neo-extractivism are actually variations of the same development route and may face similar challenges in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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9. Changing Weather: China's Role in Latin America's Climate Change Policy.
- Author
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Leiteritz, Ralf J.
- Subjects
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GOVERNMENT policy on climate change , *ENVIRONMENTAL policy , *INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,21ST century Latin American politics & government - Abstract
The paper addresses the issue of whether – in line with the Chinese economic approximation to Latin America during the last decade – the region has experienced political changes in terms of countries' foreign policies, shifting their traditional alignment with the positions of the regional hegemon, the United States. Given this general focus, the research project focuses on evaluating a specific issue of global governance: climate change policy. Here I find a marked difference between the Chinese and the US position, constituting two opposing poles between which Latin American countries must operate. I consider the cases of two countries, Brazil and Chile, in terms of their discursive location between China and the United States on global climate change policy. I was able to identify discursive changes throughout the decade that suggest a political alignment of the two Latin American countries with China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
10. Novas dimensões na relação entre os Estados Unidos e a América Latina.
- Author
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Júnior, Haroldo Ramanzini
- Subjects
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INTERNATIONAL relations research , *POLICY sciences , *GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
The paper presents a general analysis of the relations among United States and Latin America considering issues such as the questioning of the US centrality globally and in the hemisphere, Brazil's policies to the region and the impact of the growing relations with China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
11. Industrial Wage Inequality in Latin America in Global Perspective, 1900-2000.
- Author
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Frankema, Ewout
- Subjects
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WAGES , *ECONOMIC globalization , *EQUALITY & economics , *PAY equity , *FACTOR income distribution ,SOCIAL aspects - Abstract
Standard economic theories of wage inequality focus on the factor-biased nature of technological change and globalization. This paper examines the long-run development of industrial wage inequality in Latin America from a global comparative perspective. We find that wage inequality was comparatively modest during the first half of the twentieth century, but rising much faster during the post-war era than in other industrial countries. In-depth analyses of wage inequality trends in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile confirm this pattern, but also reveal notable country peculiarities. In Argentina and Chile, trend breaks coincided with large political-institutional shocks while in Brazil, wage inequality increased unabated under the wage regulation policies of successive post-war administrations. We argue that without taking national policies with respect to education and the labor market into account, economic theory cannot explain 'Latin American' patterns of wage inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. MERCADOS ACCIONARIOS Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA ECONOMÍA REAL EN AMÉRICA LATINA.
- Author
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Brugger, Samuel and Ortiz, Edgar
- Subjects
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STOCK exchanges , *ECONOMETRIC models ,LATIN American economy - Abstract
The paper examines the relationship between the performance of Latin American stock markets with their real economies, applying seven econometric models for the cases of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico. The relationship between stock market yields in these countries and their respective GDPS is examined and compared, applying to the series for each country unit root tests, cointegration analysis, error correction model analysis, Granger causality modeling, self-regression vector analysis, stimulus and response functions, and variance decomposition analysis. The series comprise the following stock markets: Argentina's MERVAL, Brazil's BOVESPA, Chile's IGPA, and Mexico's IPC, as compiled by Economática. The GDP series were obtained from the Cepalstat data base. The series are monthly and are for the period 1993-2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
13. Selection of standards for digital television: The battle for Latin America
- Author
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Angulo, Jorge, Calzada, Joan, and Estruch, Alejandro
- Subjects
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DIGITAL television , *DIGITAL communications standards , *DIGITAL technology , *MOBILE television standards - Abstract
Abstract: This paper analyses the implementation of Terrestrial Digital Technology (TDT) standards in Latin America. The analysis suggests that while some governments have chosen the standard attending to their industrial objectives, others have been influenced by the relevance of network externalities and scale economies and by the political and commercial relationship with their neighbours. The discussion about the technical characteristics of the systems was only relevant in the first years of the process, when the leading countries of the region had still not made their selection. Brazil decided to create its own version of the Japanese ISDB standard in 2006, and in the following years it has persuaded a significant part of the continent to choose it. Another block of countries has adopted the US ATSC standard. The most prominent case is that of Mexico, which has a preferential access to the US market. Only three countries have chosen the European DVB standard, the most widely used standard in the world. Colombia has tried to lead its introduction in the continent, but the results so far have been meagre. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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14. Political discontent in new democracies: the case of Brazil and Latin America.
- Author
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Álvaro Moisés, José
- Subjects
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POLITICAL change , *GLOBALIZATION , *NEW democracies , *DEMOCRATIZATION , *DISCONTENT , *POLITICAL participation - Abstract
Political changes related to globalization apparently produce similar effects on old and new democracies. All over the world, comparative research on democratization has showed that political distrust is a common variable affecting the whole of the State and the relationship between citizens and democracy. Nevertheless, political discontent in old democracies has stimulated citizens to adopt new attitudes and modes of political participation, while in newly democratized countries citizens tend to withdraw from politics as a consequence of institutional distrust. In fact, in many new democracies, although adhering to the normative meaning of the democratic regime, distrust of democratic institutions is associated to citizens' negative feeling about political efficacy, low levels of political interest and political participation, and also preference for democratic models which exclude political parties and/or parliaments. This paper evaluates the meanings and consequences of the contemporary phenomenon of political discontent in Brazil and Latin America and discusses its implications for democratic theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Situating Fortaleza: Urban space and uneven development in northeastern Brazil
- Author
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Garmany, Jeff
- Subjects
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URBANIZATION , *PUBLIC spaces , *URBAN density , *METROPOLIS , *CITY dwellers ,FAVELAS - Abstract
Abstract: The academic literature on Brazilian cities focuses overwhelmingly upon the metropolises of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. While fruitful in its own right, this research confronts scholars of Latin American cities elsewhere with two ongoing limitations: (1) Despite estimates that nearly one quarter of Brazil’s urban population inhabits the conurbation of Rio and São Paulo, at least 75% of urban space in Brazil, an area populated by roughly 120 million people, is consistently overlooked; and (2) the findings from these two megacities are often (and unfairly) extrapolated across other urban contexts in Brazil, perpetuating lingering misgivings about the overall ‘nature’ of Brazilian cities. In this paper, I consider the Northeast of Brazil, drawing upon my own research from the favela (slum) community of Pirambu, located in the city of Fortaleza, to help understand urban development outside of the Rio/São Paulo corridor. By considering historical circumstances, geographic specificity, theoretical implications, and the course of Brazilian development, I highlight informal urban growth in an oft-overlooked region of Latin America while, at the same time, revealing many of the geographic attributes that give Rio and São Paulo their truly exceptional character. My goal in this work is not to refute the work of others, but rather to underscore the importance of geographic context to socio-spatial processes of urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Comunicação e Integração Latino- Americana: a participação da mídia local na construção da cultura e da identidade fronteiriça1.
- Author
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Müller, Karla Maria, Serezer Gerzson, Vera Regina, Specil Raddatz, Vera Lucia, and Câncio Soares, Marcelo Vicente
- Subjects
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DIGITAL media , *COMMUNICATION & culture , *COMMUNICATION , *CULTURE , *SOUTH Americans - Abstract
This article brings reflections about the role that media plays towards the frontier culture and identity constructions, considering the differentiation and approximation regarding Brazilian national frontier spaces with its South American neighbors. Besides analyzing the local communication media, the paper also is based on the local voices, which reveals that the same media becomes a participant in the Latin America integration process and in the symbolic construction of the frontier phenomena and the frontier person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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17. Children’s Work and Mothers’ Work––What is the Connection?
- Author
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DeGraff, Deborah S. and Levison, Deborah
- Subjects
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CHILD labor , *EMPLOYMENT of mothers , *MOTHER-child relationship , *EMPLOYMENT , *DATA analysis , *ECONOMIC surveys , *POVERTY , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Summary: This paper examines the relationship between the employment of children and their mothers, with the aim of informing discussion on efforts to reduce child labor in Brazil. The analysis builds on the largely separate literatures on children’s time use and mothers’ work in two ways—by examining characteristics of employment which are often not available in survey data, and by modeling both children’s work and mothers’ employment. The results suggest that the relationship between children’s and mothers’ work is complex, with substantial evidence of positive correlation. The findings are consistent with the argument that anti-poverty programs that target women’s employment could result in increased child labor. This possibility warrants further analysis in order to better inform policy regarding child labor. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
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18. Etanol e biodiesel como recursos energéticos alternativos: perspectivas da América Latina e da Ásia.
- Author
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MASIERO, GILMAR and LOPES, HELOISA
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BIOMASS energy industries , *INTERNATIONAL trade , *ALCOHOL industry , *BIODIESEL fuels industry , *STRATEGIC alliances (Business) - Abstract
This paper presents Latin American and Asian perspectives on the biofuels emerging industry. The Brazilian's possibilities of participation on this industry evolution and the involvement on the world trade for ethanol and biodiesel are discussed. Also, an investigation about who will be the main "strategic" partners of Brazil in this sector is made: the huge consumer markets of developed countries or the emerging and also hungry consumers of energy Asian economies? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Generics in Latin America: An analysis of the Brazilian experience.
- Author
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Valente, Vera
- Subjects
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GENERIC drugs , *GENERIC drug substitution , *FINANCIAL performance , *CORPORATION reports , *GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
Latin America accounts for approximately 8 per cent of the global generic market. Generics participation in the Latin American countries has been growing — however, the concept of generics differs considerably from country to country. In such landscape, Brazil has been distinguished not only because of the rigorous sanitary legislation — requiring bioequivalence tests and Good Manufacturing Practices certification for generic registration and aligning local regulation with internationally recognised scientific standards for proof of efficacy and safety — but also because of the market performance the generics have shown since their implementation in 1999. Annual sales reached US717m and 157m units in 2005 and displayed the highest growth rates among the different segments within the Brazilian pharmaceutical market. This paper reviews the Brazilian experience with generics, focusing on current regulatory and market issues and on the main challenges and opportunities expected for the near future in this region.Journal of Generic Medicines (2006) 4, 30–36. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jgm.4950045 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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