8 results
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2. The Future of State-Building: Beyond the Crisis of Liberal Peacebuilding.
- Author
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Hameiri, Shahar
- Subjects
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NATION building , *PEACEBUILDING , *LIBERALISM , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *IDEOLOGY , *GOVERNMENT policy , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
It has recently become commonplace to argue that the liberal peacebuilding paradigm is in crisis. The ideological decline of the liberal peace thesis has prompted some observers to argue that we are perhaps also witnessing a decline in the willingness of the world?s major governments and international organisations to intervene beyond borders in crisis situations. In this paper it is argued that such arguments are misconceived because they locate contemporary state-building in the narrow context of developments within the peacekeeping/peacebuilding sphere and the normative and policy debates related to these. In actual fact, the particular nature of contemporary state-building interventions is only explicable when viewed against the backdrop of broader historical processes involving shifts in the structure of the global political economy, state transformation and the associated development of new modes of transnational governance and regulation. The future of state-building is therefore the future of statehood. The idea of the state as a territorially bound power container? is even more of a myth today than it has ever been, yet the state continues to be seen as the most important site for the regulation of liberal markets and, more importantly, for the containment of conflict and various security risks. It is thus likely that though its particular content will conceivably change the international/transnational regulation of the domestic governance of states will persist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
3. Extent of alcohol prohibition in civil policy in Muslim majority countries: the impact of globalization.
- Author
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Al-Ansari, Basma, Thow, Anne-Marie, Day, Carolyn A., and Conigrave, Katherine M.
- Subjects
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GLOBALIZATION & society , *SOCIAL history , *LIQUOR laws , *ALCOHOLIC beverages , *ALCOHOL drinking , *ECONOMICS , *INDUSTRIES , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *ISLAM , *POLICY sciences , *RULES , *GOVERNMENT policy ,ISLAMIC countries - Abstract
Background and Aims Many policies have been introduced to reduce alcohol harm in different countries. However, Muslim majority countries (MMCs), where the major religion (Islam) prohibits alcohol consumption, have less well-developed civil alcohol policies. Overall, MMCs have low prevalence of alcohol consumption, although recently most MMCs have been undergoing transition, which has sometimes increased pressure for alcohol availability and impacted on social practices, alcohol policies and broader public health. Globalization, the influence of the global alcohol industry, recent governmental transition or political instability and the presence of immigrants from non-Muslim countries can all affect civil alcohol policy. In this context, consumption overall has increased compared with two decades ago. This paper presents an overview of current civil alcohol policy, with regard to the presence or absence of alcohol prohibition, and provides an insight into the legal availability of alcohol in MMCs and the challenges facing policymakers. Methods English, Arabic and Persian language sources were examined, using PubMed, government websites for each country and the World Health Organization (WHO). Some of the challenges MMCs may face in developing alcohol policies are explored, including the need to interact with the global economy and the potential influence of the alcohol industry. Conclusion Muslim majority countries have adopted a range of civil alcohol policies in recent decades. There is a pressing need for better data and to support Muslim majority countries in alcohol policy development. Lessons from Muslim majority countries can help to inform other parts of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Strategic Patterns in International Business: Product Differentiation or Complementarity?
- Author
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Mehanna, Rock-Antoine
- Subjects
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INTERNATIONAL markets , *INTERNATIONAL trade , *PRODUCT differentiation , *ECONOMIC globalization , *MOBILE businesses , *STRATEGIC planning & economics , *STRATEGIC planning , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *ECONOMICS , *GOVERNMENT policy ,ECONOMIC conditions in South Asia ,ECONOMIC conditions in East Asia - Abstract
This paper attempts to find out whether, and which, strategic patterns in international business-as represented by two strategies: product differentiation and product complementarity- drive countries' bilateral trade flows. Using a modified version of the gravity model along with features of Porter's National Competitiveness theory (1990), this paper investigates which of the two major trade theories-inter-industry or intra-industry-prevails in the different regions of the world during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. Results show that trade transactions were most statistically influenced by product complementarity in the 1970s, but then switched to product differentiation in the 1980s and 1990s, most probably due to the increasing role of globalization. Most regions experienced a product differentiation pattern over all three decades, except for South Asia, Africa, East Asia, and the Middle East (the latter three only in the 1970s), which show a pattern of product complementarity. The estimation of certain pertinent regional blocs reveals that EU, ASEAN, SADC, and APEC seem to create trade, while ECOWAS, GCC, SAARC, and MERCOSUR seem to have insignificant results. Interesting policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Plain packaging: an opportunity for improved international policy coherence?
- Author
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LENCUCHA, RAPHAEL and DROPE, JEFFREY
- Subjects
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SMOKING prevention , *ECONOMICS , *INDUSTRIES , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *PACKAGING , *POLICY sciences , *PUBLIC administration , *GOVERNMENT policy , *TOBACCO products - Abstract
This paper highlights two salient challenges at the intersection of tobacco control and macroeconomic policy-making: (i) the use of trade and investment disputes to undermine and/or stall tobacco control legislation and (ii) the inconsistency, and thus unpredictability, of country positions across the two spheres. In the interest of improving international policy coherence, the authors suggest possible solutions to these two challenges at the national and intergovernmental levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Sending a Message: The Reputation Effect of US Sanction Threat Behavior.
- Author
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Peterson, Timothy M.
- Subjects
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AMERICAN economic sanctions , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *THREATS , *INTERNATIONAL trade , *GROSS domestic product , *ACQUIESCENCE (International law) , *INTERNATIONAL economic relations , *ECONOMICS , *GOVERNMENT policy , *TWENTIETH century ,UNITED States politics & government - Abstract
Studies often assume that empty sanction threats inflict reputation costs on senders. However, target response to senders' previous decisions whether to back down or impose sanctions remains unexamined. In this paper, I argue that the target of sanction threats looks to the sender's actions against prior resistant targets. When the sender has backed down recently, the target, inferring that the sender is prone to making empty threats, is less likely to acquiesce. Conversely, when the sender has recently imposed sanctions against a resistant target, the current target infers that sanction imposition is likely to follow resistance, and therefore, it is more likely to acquiesce, all else equal. In statistical tests of US sanction threats spanning 1971-2000, I find strong evidence that the target is less likely to acquiesce when the United States recently backed down from a sanction threat. I find somewhat weaker evidence that the target is more likely to acquiesce when the United States recently imposed sanctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Population Aging and Intergenerational Solidarity: International Policy Frameworks and European Public Opinion.
- Author
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Zaidi, Asghar, Gasior, Katrin, and Manchin, Robert
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PUBLIC opinion , *INTERGENERATIONAL relations , *DEMOGRAPHY , *ECONOMICS , *EMPLOYMENT , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *PENSIONS , *PUBLIC welfare , *RETIREMENT , *GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
The population aging challenges facing the European Union countries have been articulated in two ways: the financial sustainability of public welfare systems and the adequacy of retirement incomes and social services. The ideas underlying social sustainability, though less clearly defined, encompass not just both of these challenges but also address the need to ensure intergenerational solidarity, formally or informally, in countries experiencing aging populations. This paper identifies policy challenges put forward by the United Nations and by the European Union regarding that need while also reporting on the opinions of European citizens on various aspects of intergenerational solidarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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8. Constitutional rights to health care: the consequences of placing limits on the right to health care in several Western and Eastern European countries.
- Author
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Den Exter, André, Hermans, Bert, and den Exter, André
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CIVIL rights , *MEDICAL care , *TREATIES , *COST control , *HEALTH policy , *COMPARATIVE studies , *CONTRACTS , *ECONOMICS , *HEALTH , *HEALTH care rationing , *HUMAN rights , *HEALTH insurance , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *JURISPRUDENCE , *LEGISLATION , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *MEDICAL protocols , *NATIONAL health services , *PHYSICIANS , *POLICY sciences , *PUBLIC health , *RESEARCH , *RESOURCE allocation , *GOVERNMENT aid , *PRIVATE sector , *GOVERNMENT policy , *EVALUATION research , *PATIENT selection - Abstract
This paper examines the right to health care. Various expressions of this right may be distinguished. These include both individual rights and social rights which could be based upon international treaties and constitutional rights. They may be found in national health legislation and, in some cases, in jurisprudence. To analyze the consequences of limiting the right to health care, a framework for judicial review has been developed which encompasses these expressions of the right to health care. The framework was used to examine legal and health policy developments in three Western and two Eastern European countries. In Italy and the Netherlands the right to health care is protected constitutionally (but on differing legal bases) while the United Kingdom does not have a written constitution. In contrast, Hungary and Poland have for many years seen the state take responsible for the provision, administration and allocation of health care services and the right to health care was guaranteed theoretically but not in practice because of the lack of (financial) means. However, the Polish Constitution explicitly anticipates possible limitations of the right to health care. What all these countries have in common is a cost containment perspective where the future will bring even tighter limits on what resources patients may consume. Despite differences in legal structure between these countries, where they seem to converge is on the consequences of putting limitations on the right to health care. The courts in Italy, the Netherlands and the UK have formulated conditions drawn from the acceptance that this right has to be judged within the context of limited resources. It may be concluded that finding a compromise between the right to health care and cost containment policies could also be an issue, Eastern European countries will have to face in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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