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Semi-IPN composites of natural rubber (NR), hydrophilic sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carbon black (CB) with different compositions have been created by solution casting process in an attempt to develop a novel adsorbent under various pH ranges for the cationic dye methylene blue (MB). The produced NR/CMC film can be employed as an adsorbent of MB dye, according to the results, which demonstrate that composites with 2% CMC and 0.2 g CB displayed a maximum adsorption capacity of 1.72 mg/g and a dye removal efficiency of 85.22% at pH 9. The semi-IPNs were characterised using X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetry, FTIR, and SEM methods. The NR/CMC semi-IPN composites' SEM micrographs showed a continuous, homogenous and porous structure. The films' equilibrium swelling characteristics were examined. For the NR98%CMC2% polymeric composition, containing 2% glutaraldehyde (GA) and 0.02 g CB loading, a maximum tensile strength of 3.3 MPa was achieved. In a 12-month period with 2% CMC, the NR/CMC semi-IPN showed a 70% biodegradation rate, while the pure NR showed only a 20% degradation rate. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the addition of CMC reduces the crystallinity of natural rubber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tryptophan, an essential amino acid playing a pivotal role in various biological processes, stands as a focal point in our investigation. In this study, we introduce a groundbreaking electrochemical sensor that integrates a nanocomposite comprising carbon black (CB) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) for the selective detection of L-tryptophan (Trp). The synthesis of ZnO-NPs, accomplished through the sol-gel technique, was meticulously characterized using XRD, FTIR, and UV-visible methods to unveil their structural and optical properties. The construction of the sensing electrode involved the deposition of a CB/ZnO-NP nanocomposite onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) utilizing the drop-coating method. Rigorous evaluation and analysis of the modified glassy carbon electrode were carried out through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The resulting CB/ZnO-NPs/GCE electrode exhibited an augmented surface area and outstanding electrocatalytic activity. Significantly, the CB/ZnO-NP sensor displayed remarkable analytical performance for tryptophan detection over an extensive concentration range from 0.01 to 100 µmol.L−1, featuring a low detection limit of 0.017 µmol.L−1. Moreover, the proposed electrochemical sensor exhibited notable selectivity, specifically targeting tryptophan, emphasizing its potential for diverse analytical applications. This work not only expands our understanding of tryptophan detection but also offers a highly sensitive and selective tool with broad applications in biomedical and environmental fields, underscoring the significance of this innovative sensor in advancing analytical methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposite nanozeolite/acetylene carbon black was prepared by combining a type A zeolite with acetylene carbon black (AcB) and used to modify glassy carbon electrode (GCE) without polymer. The zeolite was prepared by hydrothermal method using natural kaolin. The physicochemical characterization of the composite showed a well-integrated composite in which the cubic crystal of the zeolite A and the graphitic aggregate of the carbon black were maintained. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study revealed that the composite film GCE (ZA-AcB/GCE) prepared by drop coating displayed a higher kinetic charge transfer compared to pristine zeolite modified GCE (ZA/GCE) and bare GCE. ZA-AcB/GCE, ZA/GCE and GCE were subsequently used to investigate the electrochemical behaviour of acetaminophen (AC) in acidic, neutral and alkaline pHs. The results demonstrate a good electrocatalytic property toward AC at composite film GCE in all these electrolytes compared to bare GCE and confirm the dependence of the electrochemical reaction mechanism of AC on the electrolyte's pHs. Under optimal conditions, ZA-AcB/GCE exhibited higher sensitivity and selectivity toward both analytes taken individually or simultaneously within large concentration range: 0.5–89 µM for AC and 5–99 µM for caffeine (CAF) with the respective limit of detection of 0.38 and 0.82 µM. The developed sensors were applied successfully in the quantification of the both analytes in pharmaceutical tablets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coexistence of dopamine (DA) and acetaminophen (AC) in living organisms leading to an unexpected mutual interference in electrochemical detection techniques demands a simultaneous, selective as well as simple and cost-effective approach for DA and AC. Herein, a novel nanocomposite was fabricated by integrating carbonized ZIF-67 (C-ZIF-67) with carbon black Super P (SP) and introduced onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to form a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor (C-ZIF-67/SP/GCE) for the simultaneous determination of DA and AC. The well-prepared nanomaterial presents a polyhedral morphology interlaced on a reticulated chain. C-ZIF-67/SP/GCE shows excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the redox reactions of DA and AC in a dynamic linear range up to 100 μM, which could be attributed to the synergistic effect of the large specific surface area of C-ZIF67 and the excellent conductivity of SP. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N = 3) of 0.58 μM and 0.27 μM were obtained for DA and AC, respectively. Moreover, the developed sensor exhibited good reproducibility and long-term stability. The C-ZIF-67/SP/GCE was employed to analyze DA and AC biomedical samples and satisfactory recoveries were achieved. This approach provides a simple, easy and sensitive method to detect DA and AC simultaneously and selectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrically conductive nanocomposites based on polypropylene (PP) were prepared using carbon black (CB) nanoparticles via melt blending in the presence of glycerol and castor oil as hydroxyl functional dispersing aids and maleic anhydride–grafted polypropylene (MAgPP) as a compatibilizer. Initially, electrical conductivity of PP/CB nanocomposites with different dosages of both CB nanoparticles and dispersing aids were investigated through electrical analysis. Results indicated that castor oil had no beneficial effects on electrical conductivity. However, the efficiency of 3 wt% loading of glycerol was verified through measurements of electrical, rheological, thermal and mechanical properties as well as by morphological studies. The volume electrical conductivity value of PP nanocomposites containing 12 wt% CB significantly enhanced to 1.2 × 10−4 S/cm by adding 3 wt% glycerol in compared with nanocomposite without glycerol with the volume conductivity value of 1.8 × 10−6 S/cm. Incorporation of optimum amount of glycerol favoured the dispersion of nanofiller in the matrix which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy observations, leading to higher conductivity due to better formation of conductive pathways within the matrix. Additionally, at the same concentration of CB nanofiller, samples treated with 3 wt% glycerol showed higher melting temperatures, storage modulus (G ˊ), complex viscosity, tensile modulus and elongation at break. These findings indicate that adding an optimum amount of an efficient hydroxyl functional component like glycerol into PP/CB nanocomposite can be a promising way to enhance the electrically conductive performance while other properties could be maintained well or even improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient electrode materials for supercapacitors has been a topic of extensive research. In this study, a novel electrode material composed of carbon black anchored bismuth‐tungstate‐aniline complex (Bi2(WO4)3/Aniline/CB) (BTACB) nanocomposite was synthesized for supercapacitor applications. The BTACB nanocomposite exhibited excellent electrochemical properties with a specific capacitance of 306 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g and excellent cycling stability. The improved electrochemical performance of the BTACB electrode material is attributed to the synergistic effects of the bismuth‐tungstate and aniline complex, and the conductive carbon black, which provides high surface area and good conductivity. These findings suggest that the carbon black anchored bismuth‐tungstate‐aniline complexed electrode material is a promising candidate for high‐performance supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive nanocomposites play a significant role in tissue engineering by providing a platform to support cell growth, tissue regeneration, and electrical stimulation. In the present study, a set of electroconductive nanocomposite hydrogels based on gelatin (G), chitosan (CH), and conductive carbon black (CB) was synthesized with the aim of developing novel biomaterials for tissue regeneration application. The incorporation of conductive carbon black (10, 15 and 20 wt.%) significantly improved electrical conductivity and enhanced mechanical properties with the increased CB content. We employed an oversimplified unidirectional freezing technique to impart anisotropic morphology with interconnected porous architecture. An investigation into whether any anisotropic morphology affects the mechanical properties of hydrogel was conducted by performing compression and cyclic compression tests in each direction parallel and perpendicular to macroporous channels. Interestingly, the nanocomposite with 10% CB produced both anisotropic morphology and mechanical properties, whereas anisotropic pore morphology diminished at higher CB concentrations (15 and 20%), imparting a denser texture. Collectively, the nanocomposite hydrogels showed great structural stability as well as good mechanical stability and reversibility. Under repeated compressive cyclic at 50% deformation, the nanocomposite hydrogels showed preconditioning, characteristic hysteresis, nonlinear elasticity, and toughness. Overall, the collective mechanical behavior resembled the mechanics of soft tissues. The electrical impedance associated with the hydrogels was studied in terms of the magnitude and phase angle in dry and wet conditions. The electrical properties of the nanocomposite hydrogels conducted in wet conditions, which is more physiologically relevant, showed a decreasing magnitude with increased CB concentrations, with a resistive-like behavior in the range 1 kHz–1 MHz and a capacitive-like behavior for frequencies <1 kHz and >1 MHz. Overall, the impedance of the nanocomposite hydrogels decreased with increased CB concentrations. Together, these nanocomposite hydrogels are compositionally, morphologically, mechanically, and electrically similar to native ECMs of many tissues. These gelatin-chitosan–carbon black nanocomposite hydrogels show great promise for use as conducting substrates for the growth of electro-responsive cells in tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is devoted to investigating the mechanical characteristics of a novel natural rubber (NR)-based elastomer nanocomposite reinforced with carbon black and alumina nanoparticles acting as partial and primary reinforcements, respectively. Before conducting various mechanical tests on the specimens, the vulcanization properties of this elastomer nanocomposite was surveyed. It is demonstrated that adding the alumina nanoparticles to the NR-based elastomer matrix can significantly reduce the cure time and improve the quality of the vulcanizates. Then, the influence of alumina nanoparticles on the modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break, and energy absorption capacity of the elastomer nanocomposite were assessed, and the ideal nanoparticles' weight percentage was determined to be 10%. This is supported by calculating the Reinforcing Efficiency Parameter (REP), indicating that the elastomer nanocomposite with 10% alumina has the best reinforcing efficiency in tensile properties. Also, using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB), it was found that the material is exceptionally strain-rate sensitive, and the specimens exhibited much higher values of stiffness and energy absorption under high strain-rate loading. It is inferred from the results that the elastomer nanocomposite reinforced with the optimal amount of alumina nanoparticles can be an excellent candidate for energy absorption applications under high strain-rate loadings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous monitoring of body movements or physicochemical health indicators by various wearable devices with intriguing geometries has attracted increasing research attention. Among them, fiber-based wearable devices have been intensively investigated due to the ease of fabrication, excellent flexibility and adaptability, and abundant applicable working mechanisms. Although various spinning methods can prepare composite fibers, obtaining highly conductive fibers at high filler-loading fractions has always been difficult. In addition, most synthetic fibers are designed only for specific applications, exhibiting narrow applicability. This work proposed a dual-functional smart fiber-based sensor that could work based on either piezoresistive or electrochemical mechanisms. Through the wet spinning of dopes containing nanosized carbon black and thermoplastic polyurethane, nanocomposite fibers with decent electrical conductivities (2.10 × 102 S m−1 or 4.77 × 10−3 Ω·m), high mechanical stretch abilities and toughness (εmax~2400%, KIC = 61.44 MJ m−3), as well as excellent self-heal abilities (η ≥ 64.8%), could be obtained. Such coupled electromechanical properties endowed the as-synthesized fibers with strain-sensing or biomarker monitoring capabilities based on piezoresistive or electrochemical mechanisms. The proposed novel dual-functional smart fibers demonstrated potential for multifunctional wearable health monitoring devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible films of a conductive polymer nanocomposite-based castor oil polyurethane (PUR), filled with different concentrations of carbon black (CB) nanoparticles or multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), were obtained by a casting method. The piezoresistive, electrical, and dielectric properties of the PUR/MWCNT and PUR/CB composites were compared. The dc electrical conductivity of both PUR/MWCNT and PUR/CB nanocomposites exhibited strong dependences on the concentration of conducting nanofillers. Their percolation thresholds were 1.56 and 1.5 mass%, respectively. Above the threshold percolation level, the electrical conductivity value increased from 1.65 × 10−12 for the matrix PUR to 2.3 × 10−3 and 1.24 × 10−5 S/m for PUR/MWCNT and PUR/CB samples, respectively. Due to the better CB dispersion in the PUR matrix, the PUR/CB nanocomposite exhibited a lower percolation threshold value, corroborated by scanning electron microscopy images. The real part of the alternating conductivity of the nanocomposites was in accordance with Jonscher's law, indicating that conduction occurred by hopping between states in the conducting nanofillers. The piezoresistive properties were investigated under tensile cycles. The nanocomposites exhibited piezoresistive responses and, thus, could be used as piezoresistive sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the synergistic effect created by adding Graphene (GE) nanoplatelets and carbon black (CB) fillers to the rubber matrix was used to determine the high stretchable sensor properties. GE and CB-filled rubber nanocomposite (HcN) strain sensors have been shown to detect and trace crack initiation and crack propagation of different sizes under cyclic loading. Tests were performed with four different crack sizes (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mm) at five different strain levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) to determine the strain sensing performance of the specimens. The electrical response of HcNs under loading was measured with the four-point probe technique and recorded with a high-performance data acquisition system. The progression of external cracks created by scalpel on HcNs was examined by measuring electrical resistance changes caused by cyclic strain loading between 0% and 20%. The electrical response of 4 phr and 8 phr filled HcNs behaved qualitatively similar to each other, while 1 phr filled HcNs showed a significantly different response in terms of quality and quantity. In 4 phr GE-filled specimens, the resistance increase was changed steadily depending on the crack length, and unstable conditions occurred at 5 and 10 mm crack lengths at 1 and 8 phr GE filler ratios. The flexible and stretchable elastomer-based conductive strain sensing sensors, developed with the synergistic interaction of well-dispersed carbon-based fillers in the matrix, can detect and record damaged conditions caused by cyclic loading in many application areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon black nanocomposites are complex systems that show potential for engineering applications. Understanding the influence of preparation methods on the engineering properties of these materials is critical for widespread deployment. In this study, the fidelity of a stochastic fractal aggregate placement algorithm is explored. A high-speed spin-coater is deployed for the creation of nanocomposite thin films of varying dispersion characteristics, which are imaged via light microscopy. Statistical analysis is performed and compared to 2D image statistics of stochastically generated RVEs with comparable volumetric properties. Correlations between simulation variables and image statistics are examined. Future and current works are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The full-field microscale electrical behavior of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix composites with 12 wt% (below the electrical percolation threshold) and 20 wt% (above the electrical percolation threshold) carbon black (CB) nanoparticles was obtained with the aid of Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (C-AFM) as a function of uniaxial tensile strain. A comparison between the macroscale and the microscale 2D strain fields showed that 25 × 25 μm2 specimen domains can serve as a representative surface element (RSE) to describe the macroscale mechanical response under finite deformations. The same surface domain size was shown to serve as RSE for the local electrical behavior of CB/PDMS nanocomposites at small and large strains. The transverse specimen contraction due to the Poisson's effect increased the through-thickness conductivity of 12 wt% CB specimens, with a rapid increase in the total electric current measured at the scale of the RSE taking place above 23% uniaxial true strain. The locally dominant tunneling conductance in the undeformed specimen state transitioned to a combination of Ohmic (linear local current-voltage (I–V) characteristics) and tunneling (parabolic local I–V characteristics) at 35% uniaxial true strain. In comparison, the local I–V characteristics of undeformed PDMS composites with 20 wt% CB were a combination of Ohmic (contributing the majority of the total current) and tunneling. Upon application of 35% uniaxial true strain the vast majority of local conduction sites became Ohmic, while the total electric current at the scale of the RSE increased relatively linearly with applied strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Material extrusion (MEX), frequently known as fused filament fabrication (FFF), is a material extrusion 3D printing process for fabricating cost-effectively functional polymeric parts. Even if the MEX process fabricates fully dense or lightweight specimens with a relatively complex geometry in a reduced time and cost, it presents some drawbacks in shape accuracy, surface roughness, and anisotropic mechanical response. Herewith, the interaction between material design, 3D printing, and laser post-processing is investigated for efficient printable nanocomposite materials. Polylactic acid (PLA)/carbon black (CB) nanocomposites were prepared with a thermomechanical process and characterized for their mechanical and electrical properties. Then, they were processed with a low-cost CO2 laser, to assess their behavior in the process. Critical geometrical characteristics were measured, and results were analyzed with statistical modeling, to optimize the process and evaluate the effect of the laser cutting parameters on the quality of the samples. This paper points out new data on low-cost CO2 laser cutting of MEX thin plates fabricated using PLA/CB nanocomposite filament and an affordable material extrusion MEX 3D printing process. The data produced are helpful for the improvement of the shape accuracy and surface roughness of parts and components used in nanocomposite-based innovative assemblies and systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To illustrate mechanisms of Payne effect in rubbers and their nanocomposites experiencing large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS), comparison studies were performed in styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) copolymers and their selectively crosslinked materials at temperatures below and above glass transition temperature of the polystyrene (PS) phase. It was found that under periodic dynamic shear, the strain softening is reversible when the polyisoprene (PI) phase, either crosslinked or not, is restricted by hard PS domains but it shows hysteresis once the PS domains disassociate. The strain softening can happen at the time scale of intrinsic Rouse relaxation of elastically active network strands. Critical stress of strain softening scales with number density of elastically active network strands, a simple relation being verified not only in the selectively crosslinked SIS copolymers but also in PI gum vulcanizates and carbon black filled PI compounds. Payne effect is traditionally used to term strain softening of highly filled rubber vulcanizates under LAOS deformation while evidenced herein is that the Payne effect of highly filled rubber vulcanizates shares the mechanism being common to the strain softening of SIS copolymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been found that composites based on Co,N,S-doped carbon and Co9S8 can act as catalysts for the hydrogenation of quinoline and its monomethyl derivatives providing the formation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines with 75-99% yields. The high efficiency of these systems is caused first of all with the presence of Co-Nx sites in their composition, which are formed as a result of the pyrolysis of cobalt salts and poly-5-aminoindole. The use of highly dispersed Vulcan XC72R carbon black as a component of the reaction mixture during the composite catalyst preparation by the pyrolysis contributes to a greater extent to the formation of active Co-Nx sites in them, compared to graphene oxide or in the case when a carbon component is not added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was used to develop hydrogels as adsorbents for wastewater treatment applications due to its surface functionality and modifiable characteristics. Hydrogels (Hyd) were synthesized by grafting copolymers of acrylic acid (AA) and itaconic acid (IA) onto the CMC backbone by free radical polymerization method in order to remediate Fuchsin from aqueous solution. The presence of CMC in copolymer hydrogel of AA and IA (Poly(AA- co -IA)) up to 14.29 wt% enhances equilibrium swelling and removal efficiency. Different novel nanocomposite hydrogel samples were prepared by varying weight percentages of carbon black (CB) nanoparticles in the range of 0 to 12.5 wt%. The addition of CB up to 5 wt% enhanced the swelling and removal efficiency of the Hyd. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) test gave the surface area of 0.615, and 0.890 m2/g for Hyd and Hyd/CB, respectively, indicating that incorporation of CB led to a significant increase in Hyd surface area. The Maximum removal efficiency of Fuchsin under the optimum conditions was obtained to be 83.33, 93.54, and 98.76 % for Poly(AA- co -IA), Hyd, and Hyd/CB, respectively. The kinetic study showed that the pseudo-second-order is the best-fitted model. Isotherm studies showed that equilibrium data have a good fitness with the Langmuir model with R2 of 0.978, 0.992, and 0.982 for Poly(AA- co -IA), Hyd, and Hyd/CB, respectively. The Langmuir model gave an adsorption capacity of 26.99, 31.6, and 33.75 mg/g for Poly(AA- co -IA), Hyd, and Hyd/CB, respectively. Also, the value of n and R L parameters demonstrated that the adsorption process is physical and favorable for adsorbents. The study of thermodynamic parameters illustrated that the adsorption of Fuchsin using adsorbents is a spontaneous, exothermic, and entropy-decreasing process. Regeneration study showed that CMC-based hydrogels have higher performance in ad(de)sorption cycles than Poly(AA- co -IA) and the addition of CB to the Hyd matrix enhances reusability. Overall, Hyd and Hyd/CB can be used as promising adsorbents for the remediation of Fuchsin due to high swelling and adsorption capability. [Display omitted] • The optimized wt.% of carboxymethylcellulose in hydrogel based on swelling and removal efficiency was obtained to be 14.29. • Incorporation of carbon black into hydrogel enhances swelling and removal efficiency. • Under optimum adsorption conditions, 98.76 % of dye is removed by nanocomposite hydrogel. • The kinetic and isotherm data are well fitted to pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, respectively. • Carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogels showed higher efficiency in reusability. • Fuchsin is adsorbed via electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and л-л interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposite systems comprised of a poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA) matrix and carbon black (CB) or graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were used to investigate conductivity and crystallisation dynamics using a commercially relevant melt-state mixing process. Crystallisation kinetics and morphology, as investigated by DSC and SEM, turn out to depend on the interplay of (i) the interphase interactions between matrix and filler, and (ii) the degree of filler agglomeration. For the GNP-based systems, an almost constant conductivity value was observed for all compositions upon cooling, something not observed for the CB-based compositions. These conductivity changes reflect structural and morphological changes that can be associated with positive and negative thermal expansion coefficients. GNP-based systems were observed to exhibit a percolation threshold of approximately 2.2 vol%, lower than the 4.4 vol% observed for the CB-based systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonlinear elastic moduli of block samples of polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites with three types of fillers: SiO2 particles, halloysite nanotubules, and carbon black (CB) are measured by ultrasonic technique in the frequency range of 1.5–2.5 MHz. The linear elastic moduli of nanocomposite samples change not significantly over those of pure PS, while nonlinear moduli demonstrate considerable variations. All samples exhibit a well‐marked dependence of nonlinear elastic moduli on frequency, more pronounce at lower frequencies. The most profound changes are obtained in samples with CB inclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coating technology is widely recognized as the most cost-effective and efficient method of preventing metal corrosion. Polymers have been regarded as a powerful coating material owing to their excellent barrier qualities, simplicity of modification, and large-scale production. Nanomaterials differ significantly from their physical and chemical properties, and have been hailed as highly promising functional materials in a wide range of applications, affecting nearly every aspect of science and technology. The addition of organic or inorganic nanofiller particles to polymer nanocomposite coatings may improve corrosion protection and lower the possibility of blistering or delamination. High hardness for polymer coatings, on the other hand, could be achieved by forming hard nanocrystalline phases inside the matrix. This article provides an overview of recent developments in polymer nanocomposite coatings in terms of their history, coating methods, properties, features, and drawbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The thermo-mechanical coupling fatigue of NR/BR nanocomposites was studied. • The heat build-up of NR/BR:30/70 nanocomposite was the most serious one. • A thermo-mechanical coupling method was adopted to reproduce the self-heating response. • The FCGR from T 0 to T c was well described by the Lake-Lindley model. • No rubber blends consistently exhibits optimal resistance to crack growth over a wide tearing energy range. Fatigue crack growth and dissipative self-heating due to viscoelasticity are crucial properties of rubber materials under dynamic service conditions. Systematic evaluation of the thermo-mechanical coupled fatigue properties with suitable lab testing methods could contribute to the development of long-lasting and robust elastomer materials. In this work, on the one hand, the hysteresis energy density, thermal conductivity, and surface temperature rise, which are closely related to the self-heating generation rate, heat transfer rate and heat build-up of the carbon black reinforced seven different natural rubber (NR) and polybutadiene rubber (BR) blends were measured. A thermo-mechanical coupling simulation method was used to reproduce the experimental observation. On the other hand, the fatigue threshold (T 0), critical tearing energy (T c), and fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) under different tearing energy were investigated by using the advanced rubber fatigue instruments. The Lake-Lindley model was utilized to describe the rubber fatigue responses from the intrinsic strength to the ultimate strength. The results show that the dissipative self-heating of NR/BR:30/70 blend is the most obvious one, which could be well explained by the simulation results. The T 0 shows an upward trend while T c shows a downward trend with the increasing blend ratio of BR. The existence of carbon black fillers showed tiny effect on T 0 of NR, but significantly enhanced the T 0 of BR. The FCGR of reinforced NR/BR nanocomposites have Lake-Lindley law responses that cross over each other. Therefore, which rubber material is superior to others in resisting crack propagation depends on the magnitude of the input tearing energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing interest is focused on the application of 3D printing for sensor manufacturing. Using 3D printing technology offers a new approach to the fabrication of sensors that are both geometrically and functionally complex. This work presents the analysis of the 3D-printed thermoplastic nanocomposites compress under the applied force. The response for the corresponding resistance changes versus applied load is obtained to evaluate the effectiveness of the printed layer as a pressure/force sensor. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and high-structured carbon black (Ketjenblack) (KB) in the polylactic acid (PLA) matrix were extruded to develop 3D-printable filaments. The electrical and piezoresistive behaviors of the created 3D-printed layers were investigated. The percolation threshold of MWNT and KB 3D-printed layers are 1 wt.% and 4 wt.%, respectively. The PLA/1 wt.% MWNT 3D-printed layers with 1 mm thickness exhibit a negative pressure coefficient (NPC) characterized by a decrease of about one decade in resistance with increasing compressive loadings up to 18 N with a maximum strain up to about 16%. In the cyclic mode with a 1 N/min force rate, the PLA/1 wt.% MWNT 3D-printed layers showed good performance with the piezoresistive coefficient or gauge factor (G) of 7.6 obtained with the amplitude of the piezoresistive response (Ar) of about -0.8. KB composites could not show stable piezoresistive responses in a cyclic mode. However, under high force rate compression, the PLA/4 wt.% KB 3D-printed layers led to responses of large sensitivity (Ar = −0.90) and were exempt from noise with a high value of G = 47.6 in the first cycle, which is a highly efficient piezoresistive behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since electrostatic self-assembly carbon nanotubes–carbon black (CNTs–CB) composite fillers have good electrical conductivity and an easy dispersion process, they were incorporated into epoxy matrix to fabricate the CNTs–CB/epoxy nanocomposites. The mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, piezoresistivity, as well as microstructure characterization of the CNTs–CB/epoxy nanocomposites were experimentally investigated. The piezoresistive mechanisms of the CNTs–CB/epoxy nanocomposites were also established based on tunneling conduction and contacting conduction. The significant improvements in compressive yielding strength and elastic modulus of the nanocomposites could be attributed to the stable interfacial interaction. A moderate percolation threshold was obtained at 0.41 vol% for the CNTs–CB/epoxy nanocomposites in comparison with that of the nanocomposites filled with only CNTs or CB particles. In monotonic compressive loading, the CNTs-CB/epoxy nanocomposites exhibited highly sensitive and remarkably non-monotonic piezoresistive responses, which could be divided into three stages and showed dependence on the distinct evolution of hybrid conductive networks under compression. Moreover, the experimental results of cyclic loadings confirmed the stability, repeatability, and recoverability in piezoresistive responses of the nanocomposites. Overall, the highly sensitive and steadily piezoresistive responses demonstrate that the CNTs–CB/epoxy nanocomposites are attractive to be used as compressive strain sensors for structural health monitoring in civil infrastructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective design and fabrication of novel visible light-oriented photocatalysts is an existing challenging task that requires further dedicated efforts, and it has been always a main concern among the scientific community. This study deals with the design and fabrication of an extremely active and ultrafast ternary photocatalyst based on Ag nanoparticles, polypyrrole doped carbon black (PPy-C) and mesoporous TiO 2 (m-TiO 2). Sol-gel methodology along with sonication and photodeposition routes have been employed for the successful creation of the ternary framework. Ternary photocatalyst composed of uniform spherical titania nanoparticles (10–15 nm in size) perfectly intermingled with the polymeric linkage of PPy-C. Fruitful creation of unique trio photocatalyst between AgNPs, PPy-C and m-TiO 2 was confirmed by XPS and XRD. FTIR analysis further supports the development of nanocomposite photocatalyst. TEM analysis showed uniform spherical m-TiO 2 nanoparticles (10–15 nm in size) covered by PPy-C with compact nodes like appearance interlocked very well among each other. The newly developed Ag@PPy-C/m-TiO 2 ternary photocatalyst exhibited band gap energy in desired visible range of spectra. The photocatalytic efficiency for all created photocatalysts has been evaluated taking Imidacloprid (insecticide derivative) and methylene blue (MB) dye as target pollutants. The novel Ag@PPy-C/m-TiO 2 photocatalyst produced astonishing results with ultrafast removal of both Imidacloprid as well MB dye under visible light irradiation. The newly created ultrafast Ag@PPy-C/m-TiO 2 photocatalyst has removed 96.0% of the insecticide Imidacloprid in only 25 min with almost ⁓ 2.65 times more efficient than bare m-TiO 2 towards the removal of insecticide derivative. The present report offers a highly encouraging and vastly talented Ag@PPy-C/m-TiO 2 ternary photocatalyst, enabling the ideal management of extremely lethal and notorious chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present work, we offer the design of good, wideband microwave absorption materials (MAMs) based on CB/Mn0.1Ni0.5Zn0.4Fe2O4 (carbon black/MnNiZn ferrite). The ferrite is prepared by a self-combustion method using sucrose as fuel. The chemical is utilized for the synthesis of carbon black nanopowder is carbon black powder (2-8 μm). Then, the operation is continued via mixing carbon black and MnNiZn ferrite through the grinding balls. Four various weight ratios of CB/Mn0.1Ni0.5Zn0.4Fe2O4 (1:0, 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) with various thicknesses (2-4-6 mm) are prepared. X-ray diffractometry and FTIR spectroscopy are utilized in order to characterize samples. The morphology of the powders is investigated by SEM. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and microwave absorption properties are measured in the frequency band of 8.8-12 GHz to accomplish the practical characterization. The MAMs show broad bandwidths under -10 dB in the range of 0.3-3.2 GHz and reasonable surface density in the range of 2.91-3.66 kg/m² with a weight ratio within a paraffin matrix of 40% w/w. The MAM shows a minimal reflection loss of -18.3 dB at the frequency of 11.4 GHz for the thickness of 2 mm. The maximum shielding efficiency is 18.5 dB at 11.5 GHz for 2 mm thickness of the CB/F-21 nanocomposite sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using filler and impact modifiers for balancing stiffness and toughness properties is a common strategy for modification of polymer matrices' performance. Nanocomposites based on poly lactic acid/polyolefin elastomer/including multiwalled carbon nanotubes/carbon black nanoparticles (PLA/POE/MWCNTs/CB) were produced using an internal mixer. Fuzzy rule-based system (FRBS) was applied to predict and simulate of mechanical properties of the samples. The fieldemission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was applied to determine the state of nanofillers distribution. The FESEM images showed that the carbon black and MWCNTs individually were well distributed. But, the simultaneous addition of nanofillers by more than 1 wt% from each one led to their agglomeration. The results illustrated that the presence of MWCNTs and carbon black separately and simultaneously led to an increase in tensile strength and Young's modulus. The simultaneous presence of them led to an improvement in impact strength by 30%. Also, by incorporating POE into the PLA matrix, a significant increment in impact strength was obtained by 110%. The obtained surface plots from FRBS revealed that there is an interaction between nanofillers effects on the mechanical properties. Finally, a good agreement between the predicted mechanical properties using FRBS and evaluation tests led to extract accurate models with proper R2 and standard error for all responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastomer-based nanocomposites(EcNs) were prepared with a novel mixing method to determine the deformation properties under constant amplitude dynamic operating conditions. The fillers of EcNs consists of functionalized(M-FCNTs) and nonfunctionalized carbon-nanotubes(M-NCNTs), graphite(GF) and carbon black(CB). In this study, six different mixtures were prepared using M-FCNT, and M-NCNT fillers in 1, 2, 3 phr ratios, except for a CB-filled reference mixture(C00). Graphite, which has exfoliation and excellent lubricating properties1, was added to six mixtures at the rate of 1 phr to prevent agglomeration of M-CNTs in the mixtures. SEM images show that M-CNTs are homogeneously distributed, interacting strongly with GF, and M-FCNTs have a better interface interaction than M-NCNTs. During crosslinking of M-NCNT filled EcNs, due to the resistance in the direction of the polymer chain's movement, the difference between minimum torque and maximum torque increased by approximately 10% compared to M-FCNTs. The lost energy (ΔW) between the loading and unloading curves of M-NCNT filled EcNs increased compared to the M-FCNT filled mixtures and C00. The resistance properties depending on the samples' strain value showed a more stable and repetitive behavior in M-FCNT filled EcNs with a ratio of 1 and 2 phr, called F-C01 and F-C02, respectively. The semiconductor F-C01 sample showed the most stable behavior due to preserving the conductive filler network's structural order during the fatigue test, although the average resistance change was highest with 1.51E + 07 Ω. We discuss ways to use conductive elastomer composites as an effective deformation detection sensor in dynamic applications based on the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid nanocomposites of high‐density polyethylene have been prepared via the melt‐mixing method in the presence of different amounts of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and conductive carbon black (CB). The electrical conductivity, positive temperature coefficient (PTC), and the correlation between crystallinity and electrical conductivity of hybrid nanocomposites are investigated to study the effect of crystallinity on electrical conductivity. The samples are characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and electrical resistivity. SEM micrographs reveal good distribution of CB and GNPs in nanocomposites. According to DSC and XRD results, the crystallinity of samples decreases by the addition of CB and GNP. The electrical conductivity of all the samples increases, whereas in the sample 16% of CB and 1% of GNP electrical conductivity decrease due to GNP acting as a heterogeneous nucleating agent and the numerous incomplete and small crystals formation. The highest electrical conductivity (1.46×10−4 S cm−1) is obtained in the sample high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/CB18/GNP1, which shows high increment in the PTC curve in the range of 105−120 °C. Also, repeatability and reversibility of PTC in this sample show good potential for use in different applications such as thermistors, temperature sensors, and self‐regulating heaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiC/Al–Cu nanocomposites were fabricated in Al–Ti–C powder systems using carbon black, a mixture of C and carbon nanotubes (C + CNTs), and CNTs via an in-situ method involving combustion synthesis and hot pressing. As the carbon source changed from pure carbon black to the C + CNT mixture and pure CNTs, the size of the TiC nanoparticles decreased gradually. The nanocomposites synthesized based on the C + CNT mixture exhibited the most uniform dispersion of TiC nanoparticles. The 30 vol% TiC/Al–Cu nanocomposite prepared from the C + CNT mixture had the best comprehensive mechanical properties (yield strength (411 MPa), compressive strength (712 MPa), fracture strain (17.2%), hardness (206.8 HV), and wear resistance under the experimental conditions due to having the most uniformly dispersed TiC nanoparticles. The wear mechanism was a combination of plastic deformation, abrasion, and adhesion. This method may be a low-cost and convenient means to control the sizes of in-situ TiC nanoparticles and prepare high-performance TiC/Al–Cu nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rubber nanocomposites experiencing dynamic shears at large strain amplitudes (γ) exhibit the nonlinear Payne effect featured by decays of storage and loss moduli (G′ and G″) or by G′ decay accompanied with G″ overshoot near a critical strain amplitude. The occurrence of the Payne effect has been assigned to damages of "filler network" and rubber-filler interfacial interactions for a long time and to Rouse dynamics of rubber chains recently. To solve the dispute, influences of extraction, crosslinking, and paraffin swelling on the Payne effect of carbon black filled natural rubber nanocomposites are investigated systematically. Master curves of G′ as a function of γ could be always created, and overshoot of G″ in the filled vulcanizates weakens with increasing filler content and intensifies by dilution via paraffin swelling, suggesting that the Payne effect is not mainly rooted in the "filler network" and rubber-filler interfacial interactions. The filler reduces the onset strain amplitude of the Payne effect by amplifying microscopic strain amplitude of the rubber phase, irrespective of whether the matrix is crosslinked or not and whether the crosslinked matrix is swollen or not. Partial removal of bound rubber by compounding the paraffin swollen compounds could lower modulus and eliminate G″ overshoot of the deswollen vulcanizates without influence on the mechanism of G′ decay accompanying Payne effect. The overshoot is found to be closely related to the overall viscous characteristic of the vulcanizates in the linear viscoelastic regime. Provided herein are new insights for recognizing the important roles of the viscoelastic rubber phase on the Payne effect of the nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reinforcement of rubbers by nanoparticles is always accompanied with enhanced dissipation of mechanical energy upon large deformations. Methods for solving the contradiction between improving reinforcement and reducing energy dissipation for rubber nanocomposites have not been well developed. Herein carbon black (CB) filled isoprene rubber (IR)/liquid isoprene rubber (LR) blend nanocomposites with similar crosslink density (ve) are prepared and influence of LR on the strain softening behaviors including Payne effect under large amplitude shear deformation and Mullins effect under cyclic uniaxial deformation is investigated. The introduction of LR could improve the frequency sensitivity of loss modulus and reduce critical strain amplitude for Payne effect and loss modulus at the low amplitudes. Meanwhile, tuning ve and LR content allows reducing mechanical hysteresis in Mullins effect without significant impact on the mechanical performances. The investigation is illuminating for manufacturing nanocomposite vulcanizates with balanced mechanical hysteresis and reinforcement effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new filler for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was synthesized by doping carbon black (CB) with nanosilver. Images taken from energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and X-ray diffraction validated the synthesis of the filler (nanosilver-doped CB (CB-Ag)). We evaluated the effect of CB-Ag on the mechanical, thermal, and antibacterial properties of the nanocomposites (CB-Ag/PET). Thermogravimetric analyses, morphology, and tensile tests indicated that thermodegradation, crystallization rate, and tensile strength were all improved as a result of filling PET with CB-Ag. Excellent antibacterial properties were imparted to PET nanocomposites, which would be useful for a wide array of industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by nature, Metal-N4-complexes have been utilized as potential models to catalyze the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at cathode in fuel cells. Herein, we designed and synthesized dibenzo-N4-[14]annulene metal complexes of FeII and CoII metal ions and their nanocomposites with carbon black and characterized by various techniques. Computational and spectroscopic results suggested that the prepared complexes have saddle octahedral geometry. Further, the electrocatalytic activity of prepared nanocomposites towards ORR was investigated by using cyclic and linear sweep voltammetric techniques. The results exhibited that these nanocomposites are significantly ORR active; however, Fe-nanocomposite showed high ORR activity as compared to Co-composite. Theoretical studies indicated that the HOMO of Fe-complex was very near to the antibonding LUMO orbitals of dioxygen as compared to Co-complex, endowing high ORR activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrically conductive polypropylene nanocomposites filled with carbon-based nanofillers such as carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon black are widely being used in different applications such as electromagnetic interference shielding, wearable electronics, sensors, soft actuators, structural health monitoring and energy storage capacitors. The electrical conductivity of polypropylene nanocomposites depends on multiple factors, and can be tailored by using different processing and pre/post-processing techniques. There has been a lot of research in the past decade or so to maintain the electrical conductivity of polypropylene nanocomposites at the lowest possible filler concentration. Low percolation threshold is critically important for several technical applications as a key factor to well tailor mechanical properties, maintain optical transparency, and bring cost-effectiveness in manufacturing. This review article presents a comprehensive insight of the methodologies that have been used by different researchers to achieve low/ultralow electrical percolation thresholds in carbon-based polypropylene nanocomposites. Most importantly, different parameters that directly influence the percolation threshold and electrical conductivity such as the type, size, aspect ratio, functionalization and nucleating ability of carbon nanofillers, inter-particle interactions, density, crystallinity, viscosity of matrices, nanocomposite morphology, interaction of nanofillers with the polymer matrix, as well as post-processing techniques like annealing have also been discussed in detail. Percolation threshold and its theory, as well as the conduction phenomena such as the tunneling effects are also mentioned. The research has been characterized based on carbon filler types and critical comparisons have been made between the studies using similar methodologies. [Display omitted] • The review focuses on low/ultralow percolation thresholds in carbon-based polypropylene nanocomposites. • Polypropylene blends are preferred to achieve low percolation thresholds. • Melt-mixing methodology is widely utilized to reduce the percolation thresholds. • Several applications of polypropylene nanocomposites are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructured carbon–coated composite cathode materials LiFe0.5Mn0.5PO4/C (LFMP/C) are prepared by the mechanochemically assisted solid-state synthesis using different reagent mixtures and carbon as reducing and covering agent. The effect of the precursors, gas release during the solid-state reaction, and of the intensity of high-energy ball milling on the porous structure and electrochemistry of LFMP/C is studied using DSC/TG/MS, XRD, SEM, TEM, standard contact porosimetry (MSCP), EIS, CV, and GVC. It is shown that the particle size and porosity of LFMP/C strongly depend on the chosen precursors and intensity of mechanical impact. The higher the intensity, the more effective incorporation of carbon black in the pores formed in LFMP, which leads to improved electronic conductivity and better access of the electrolyte to the surface of the electrode, while smaller particles provide improved Li diffusion in the bulk of LFMP. As a result, the cyclability and high-rate performance of the LFMP/C composites are improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the electrical conductivity of nanocomposites filled with carbon black is simulated by the three-dimensional Monte Carlo method. First, three-dimensional model of the nanocomposites and carbon black is constructed and the conductive mechanism is studied. Then the calculation method of electrical conductivity of nanocomposites filled with carbon black is proposed according to the equivalent resistance of large-scale pure resistor network. Then the proposed electrical conductivity calculation method is verified by comparing with the simulation and experimental results. This result shows that it is feasible to directly obtain the conductivity of nanocomposites using the proposed conductivity calculation method. This study helps to estimate the electrical properties of nanocomposites filled with carbon black. And it also can help for studying nanocomposites filled with carbon nanotubes or graphene and the synergistic effect of hybrid fillers-filled nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problems associated with most of the materials used in photocatalysis are poor light response, quick recombination of charge carriers, and tough separation of catalytic materials from the reaction mixture after catalysis and reusability. Without any of these bugs, herein we have developed a novel tin (IV) oxide doped carbon black (SnO 2 @CB) nanocomposite by simple sonication method (Sonicator operation was made at 40 ± 3 kHz frequency and a maximum power of 200 W). The successful formation and high crystallinity of the nanocomposite, SnO 2 @CB was confirmed by thoroughly characterizing it using UV-DRS, PL spectra, FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, Elemental mapping analysis, HR-TEM and EDAX techniques. The photo catalytic efficacy of the synthesized nanocomposite was tested in the degradation of a highly toxic organophosphorus pesticide pollutant, triazophos (TZP). The results of the study reveal that the binary nanocomposite, SnO 2 @CB performs photocatalytically better than its single counterpart, SnO 2. This admirable photo destruction performance is ascribed to the high surface area of the composite, enhanced charge separation, outstanding ionic conductivity, and the dissemination of SnO 2 nanoparticles evenly on CB. It is important to note that the nanocomposite is reusable. There are no noticeable changes observed in the photocatalytic performance even after six cycles. This photocatalyst has significant potential to address various environmental issues through degradation of organic pollutants and energy issues through generation of clean H 2 by water splitting. [Display omitted] • Strategic integration of SnO 2 @CB by simple ultra-sonication method. • SnO 2 @CB effectively degrades the pesticide, Triazophos (TZP). • The photodegradation of TZP reaches up to 98.6 % in 80 min under visible light. • The photocatalyst is recyclable and reusable. • The mechanism of TZP degradation by SnO 2 @CB photocatalysts is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid conducting carbon nanofillers and binary elastomeric-thermoplastic-blend based nanocomposites were synthesized to develop highly flexible matrices for strain sensing applications. The effect of graphene on the strain sensing characteristics of a thermoplastic-elastomeric blend which contains conducting carbon nano black (CCNB) above percolation threshold was investigated. The nanocomposites were crosslinked to different extent by high energy gamma radiation and the effect of elastomeric phase, graphene content and crosslink density on the strain sensing response of the nanocomposites was investigated. With incorporation of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), elongation at break increased around 2500% and the gauge factor by 200%. The graphene content had a profound effect on the electromechanical response and with the addition of 0.02 wt fraction of graphene around 300% increase in gauge factor was observed. With the increase in graphene content and radiation dose the elastic modulus also increased significantly. The relative change in the resistance with applied strain was reversible for all the nanocomposites and the mechanical hysteresis reduced with the addition of EPDM. • EPDM content-based changes observed in electro-mechanical properties of conducting LLDPE-EPDM-CCNB composites. • Gauge factor increased by 200%, though electrical conductivity decreased on incorporation of EPDM. • Gauge factor and mechanical properties further improved on incorporation of hybrid filler graphene. • Suitable EPDM content reduced mechanical hysteresis and allowed complete reversibility in resistance change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a new, high‐performance, Pb‐based nanocomposite anode material for lithium‐ion batteries. A unique nanocomposite structure of Pb@PbO core‐shell nanoparticles in a carbon matrix is obtained by using a simple high‐energy ball milling method using the low‐cost starting materials PbO and carbon black. Electrochemical performance tests show its excellent reversible capacity (≈600 mAh g−1) and cycle stability (92% retention at 100th cycle), which are one of the best values reported for Pb‐based anodes in the literature. Synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and absorption techniques revealed the detailed lithium storage mechanism that can be highlighted with the unexpectedly wide reversible Pb redox range (between Pb2+ and Pb4−) and the evolution of Zintl‐type LiyPb structures during the electrochemical lithium reaction. The results provide new insights into the lithium storage mechanism of these Pb‐based materials and their potential as low‐cost, high‐performance anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing plays an important role in Industry 4.0 and has versatility to use different materials, including thermoplastic polymers. Polylactic acid (PLA), a bio‐based biodegradable polymer, is used as a potential replacement for petroleum‐based polymers in several applications, and is one of the most popular polymers used in 3D printing. Inorganic/organic nanoparticles can be incorporated in polymers to improve various properties such as thermal, mechanical, and tribological. This work investigates the effect of adding carbon black (CB) and alumina (ALM) nanofillers on the thermal, mechanical, and tribological properties of 3D printed PLA nanocomposites for tribological applications. Both nanofillers promoted progressive enhancement of thermal stability according to TGA. The improvement in the interaction between nanofillers and PLA matrix is revealed by an increase in viscosity of the nanocomposites. The nanocomposites containing 25%wt ALM and 75wt% CB presented better mechanical and wear properties, suggesting synergism between nanofillers and that CB may act as a compatibilizer between PLA and ALM. These results enable selecting the most suitable composition of nanofillers to be added to PLA to create filaments with better tribological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of 19th century, the modification of silica has brought revolution in the field of nanocomposites and gained the attention of researchers again by the development of the mesoporous silica class. Silica when used with elastomers provides distinctive characteristics merging the superior properties of inorganic fillers, such as hardness, increased thermal strength, and mechanical stability along with the processability, elasticity, and plasticity of the organic polymers. When carbon black is treated with elastomers instead of silica, it provides greater level of reinforcement because the surface of silica is polar and hydrophilic, but it has greater tendency to adsorb moisture, which affects the ionization of silanol groups. The reason behind switching to silica is adverse effects of carbon black on environment. When silica is added in greater amount, it increases the viscosity of rubbers significantly. The high viscosity causes the processing extra difficult by generating excessive wear and tear over the processing equipment. The increase in viscosity is associated with the strong interaction among the silica particles. It has also been reviewed that the use of silica as filler in elastomers was hindered as far as bifunctional organosilanes were discovered. These are referred to as surface-modifying materials and are initiators for treating silica surfaces to make the filler compatible and friendly to elastomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an energy storage device, Zn–air battery has great market prospects due to its relatively high theoretical energy density, low cost, safe and reliable performances. Since the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a sluggish kinetic process, efficient electrocatalysts are essential to facilitate the ORR. Herein, we report the one-step synthesis of non-precious metals loaded C–N tubular nanocomposites via the pyrolysis of the mixture composed of dicyandiamide (DCD), Co/Ni acetates, ethylenediamine, and different organic carbon sources like soluble starch(st), β-cyclodextrin(cyc) and carbon black(cb). The prepared nanocomposites present a hollow tubular structure, and the Co/Ni nanoparticles are uniformly distributed on the CN nanotubes. In the prepared catalysts, Co3Ni2/CN(st) exhibits excellent ORR electroactivity close to the Pt/C catalyst in the alkaline medium. An alkaline Zn–air battery is assembled by using the Co3Ni2/CN(st) as the cathodic electrocatalyst. The open-circuit voltage reaches 1.51 V in 6 mol L−1 KOH electrolyte and the maximum power density reaches 331 mW cm−2. At different discharging current densities, the Co3Ni2/CN(st) battery exhibits stable and higher voltage plateaus than the Pt/C battery. The battery can discharge continuously for up to 80 and 51 h, corresponding to the constant discharge current density of 50 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively. The results show that the Co3Ni2/C–N(st) catalyst has potential application prospects as an excellent cathodic material for alkaline Zn–air batteries. CoNi loaded C–N tubular nanocomposites with well-defined hollow tubular structure, synthesized by one-step pyrolyzing the mixture of cobalt//nickel salts, dicyandiamide (DCD) and different carbon sources including soluble starch(st), β-cyclodextrin(cyc) and carbon black(cb), present superior performance as the cathodic catalysts of alkaline Zn–air batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-density polyethylene (HDPE)/carbon filler composites for potential applications in food tray packaging were prepared by melt compounding HDPE with one-dimensional (1D)-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), two-dimensional (2D)-graphene oxide (GO) and three-dimensional (3D)-carbon black (CB) on a twin-screw extruder. The morphology of fillers inside the HDPE matrix was characterized and correlated to the mechanical, thermal and barrier properties of the nanocomposites. The results showed the distinct effect of CB on the mechanical, thermal and barrier properties of HDPE from MWCNT and GO. The morphological analysis revealed uniform dispersion for all the fillers, but the agglomerate formation was a lot more evident in MWCNT-based nanocomposites. Ball milling solved the large agglomerate formation for MWCNT and produced nanocomposites with improved mechanical properties. In comparison to 1D and 2D nanofillers, the 3D-CB filler showed remarkable contribution to tensile toughness but caused a reduction in barrier properties of HDPE, the increase in tensile toughness was attributed to uniform dispersion of the filler, enhanced mechanical interlocking between filler and polymer, appearance of high degree of crazing on tested samples and increase in nanocomposite internal temperature during tensile testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For polymer composites containing two types of conductive fillers, the electrical conductivity can be predicted with a ternary mixing equation. However, a slight deviation from the foreseen trend is recently observed for ternary polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes (CNT) and carbon black (CB). In this study, the reason for the deviation is examined. Representative composite geometries are generated with Monte‐Carlo technique and the composite conductivity is calculated with Finite Element Modeling (FEM) Traditional FEM strategies would give results resembling the ternary mixing equation, but when the CB particles are modeled as solid spheres whereas the CNT are modeled as solid cylinders surrounded by soft, conductive shells, the composite conductivity gained the same shape as observed experimentally. One possible interpretation is that a small geometrical rearrangement of the CNT fibers has a larger impact on the composite conductivity than a corresponding movement of the spherical CB particles. As a consequence, the CNT/CB/PMMA nanocomposite exhibits a special kind of synergy ("synergism"), caused by the grape‐shaped morphology. These findings can be utilized in the future development and optimization of conductive polymer nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid rubber nanocomposite blends based on (80/20) XNBR/EPDM containing 5 phr Cloisite 10A, 15A 20A, 25A, 93A, 30B, carbon black and silica nanofiller and two types of EPDM-g-MA and ENR 50 containing 5 phr was prepared by a two roll mill. A rheometer test was used to study the curing of the blends, the tensile test was used to study the mechanical strength of the nanocomposite and XRD, FESEM and TEM tests were used to evaluate and observe the morphology of the nanocomposite blends prepared. The results of the rheometer test show that the Cloisite 30B nanofiller, in addition to increasing the torque and optimum cure time, decreased compared to other nanofillers. The results of the XRD test showed that the ENR50 compatibilizer with the Cloisite 30B nanofiller compared to other nanofillers, compared to the EPDM-g-MA compatibilizer, significantly increased the openness of the layers by 2.21 nm. The results of FESEM and TEM confirmed the better distribution of Cloisite 30B nanoparticles in the XNBR/EPDM sample containing ENR 50 compatibilizer. Also, XRD evidence showed that the opening of the nanofiller layers of Cloisite 30B was higher the other nanofillers. This result is consistent with microscopic observations. In addition, all nanoparticles are located in the XNBR phase. The results of the tensile test showed that the modulus and tensile strength of nanocomposite containing Cloisite 30B nanofiller and ENR 50 compatibilizer with other nanocomposites increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wearable nanocomposite hydrogel temperature sensor based on switchable and deformation-independent structural colors was fabricated by a facile in-situ gelation approach, benefiting from the non-assembled random loose photonic structures and the superb volume-changing, self-healing capacity of the physically cross-linked hydrogel matrix. [Display omitted] • Wearable nanocomposite hydrogel temperature sensor with loose photonic structures. • Near-linear relationships between the wavelength and temperature. • Good mechanical, optical and self-healing properties. • Facile one-pot gelation and easy scalability. Smart and flexible nanocomposite materials with structural colors have great potentials in the field of wearable sensors. However, the mechanochromic property of conventional photonic materials severely interferes with the optical signal outputs that are tunable by non-strain stimuli, which greatly impedes their applications in wearable photonic sensors. Herein, a wearable nanocomposite hydrogel temperature sensor based on thermally-switchable structural colors that are independent of mechanical deformations, is fabricated by the facile in-situ gelation of N -isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM), nanoclay discs, carbon black, and monodisperse silica or polymeric NPs in their aqueous dispersions. The resulting non-assembled arrangements of the monodisperse NPs account for uniform structural color independent of mechanical deformations and observation angles. Simultaneously, the temperature-induced reconfiguration of the physically cross-linked poly-NIPAM hydrogel matrix, leads to super-large volume changes and in turn wide-range structural color shifts in almost the entire visible spectrum. The smart hydrogel matrix with homogenous polymer chain length by dynamic physical cross-linkings among exfoliated nanoclay discs, makes the photonic hydrogel robust, stretchable, and self-healable. The combination of mechanical-deformation-insensitive and thermally-switchable structural colors in the nanocomposite hydrogel enables skin-based wearable temperature sensing with naked-eye detection. This work opens a new platform for diverse non-invasive wearable photonic sensors beyond the current strain sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]