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This book covers the food question worldwide in terms of its sustainability and the environmental changes, which are arising. The papers are arranged in four parts, Greening Food Supply, Greening Food Demand, Greening Food Waste, and Conserving Land and Sea to Support Food Security. The present system of I subsidies i will have to be progressively reformed into one of I incentives i which may be possible in countries where industrial agriculture and large-scale farming occur with a small workforce. [Extracted from the article]

BACKGROUND: Return to learn (RTL) after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) presents unique challenges for school professionals. A multidisciplinary team approach is necessary yet training school professionals is logistically difficult. This paper describes an innovative pilot RTL program and its evaluation. METHODS: Utilizing the telehealth/telementoring program Project ECHO® (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes), this study utilized a multidisciplinary team of subject matter experts to deliver five 1‐hour sessions across 5 cohorts of school‐based professionals (total of 133 participants). The evaluation used a mixed‐methods approach of post‐session and post‐program participant surveys and post‐program participant focus groups. RESULTS: Participants who completed a post‐program survey reported statistically significant improvements in essential aspects of RTL knowledge and self‐efficacy. This included improvements in how to manage a student with an mTBI (44.8% to 86.9%), benefits of early return to school for students following mTBI (31.8% to 86.9%), and the importance of written RTL policies/procedures (55.1% to 97.1%). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that RTL training via a telementoring approach may be a positive and effective way to train school‐based professionals and improve knowledge and self‐efficacy, especially when attending face‐to‐face trainings are difficult. This model has the potential to produce programmatic and systematic improvements for RTL education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anaphylaxis is a life‐threatening allergic reaction with significant risk for children with allergies. Access to potentially life‐saving medication is critical for these children. This review aims to describe state laws and policies guiding stock epinephrine in schools for allergic or anaphylactic events and detail recommendations for best practices. Methods: This paper is a comprehensive review of the 50 states and the District of Columbia's (DC) laws and policies for stock epinephrine at schools for children in pre‐kindergarten through 12th grade. Results: All 50 states and DC allow undesignated epinephrine in schools to use for allergic or anaphylactic reactions. A key difference arises in whether states allow (N = 37) or mandate (N = 14) that schools stock epinephrine. States exhibit differences in the body responsible for developing stock epinephrine policy (N = 48), along with stakeholders responsible for developing procedures (N = 30) and implementing them (N = 19). Differences also exist in state epinephrine procurement, administration, training, and liability. Conclusions: This review of stock epinephrine laws and policies highlights the significant variation in state legislation despite widespread adoption. Only one‐quarter of states mandate that schools have stock epinephrine available for emergency use, underscoring need for a more unified approach with consistent guidelines, comprehensive training, and possible funding for implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The U.S. federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is often considered the most effective antipoverty program for families in the U.S., leading to a variety of improved outcomes such as educational attainment, work incentives, economic activity, income, and health benefits for mothers, infants and children. State EITC supplements to the federal credit can significantly enhance the magnitude of this intervention. In this paper we advance EITC and health research by: 1) describing the diffusion of state EITC policies over 40 years, 2) presenting patterns in important EITC policy dimensions across space and time, and 3) disseminating a robust data set to advance future research by policy analysts and scientists. Methods: We used current public health law research methods to systematically collect, conduct textual legal analysis, and numerically code all EITC legislative changes from 1980 through 2020 in the 50 states and Washington, D.C. Results: First, the pattern of diffusion across states and time shows initial introductions during the 1990s in the Midwest, then spreading to the Northeast, with more recent expansions in the West and South. Second, differences by state and time of important policy dimensions are evident, including size of credit and refundability. Third, state EITC benefits vary considerably by household structure. Conclusion: Continued research on health outcomes is warranted to capture the full range of potential beneficial effects of EITCs on family and child wellbeing. Lawyers and policy analysts can collaborate with epidemiologists and economists on other high-quality empirical studies to assess the many dimensions of policy and law that potentially affect the social determinants of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Asthma has no known cure, and though manageable, it disrupts the everyday lives of over 6 million US children. Because children spend more than half of their waking hours in school, students must be able to carry and administer their inhaler at school to manage their asthma. METHODS: This policy paper is a comprehensive review of all 50 states and the District of Columbia's laws and policies for the self‐carry and administration of quick‐relief asthma inhalers among children in prekindergarten through 12th grade. RESULTS: All states permit students to carry and administer their inhalers at school, although each state differs in their development and implementation of policies for asthma self‐management at school. This review examines how states regulate self‐carry policies by looking at policy development, regulated school systems, relevant stakeholders, required medical records, and school liability. CONCLUSIONS: Each state's laws have nuances that create gray areas, increasing the potential of misinterpreted or incorrectly implemented policies for asthma self‐management at school. As a result, children may not have immediate access to their inhaler for symptom management or in an emergency. State policymakers should reform current laws to remove barriers for students to carry and use inhalers at school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partnership is a key idea in current debates about global health and development assistance, yet little is known about what partnership means to those who are responsible for operationalising it or how it is experienced in practice. This is particularly the case in the context of African health systems. This paper explores how health professionals working in global health hubs and the health systems of South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia understand and experience partnership. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 101 professionals based in each country, Washington DC and Geneva between October 2012 and June 2013, the paper makes four key arguments. First, partnership has a legitimating function in global health policy processes for international development institutions, government agencies and civil society organisations alike. Second, the practice of partnership generates idiosyncratic and complicated relationships that health professionals have to manage and navigate, often informally. Third, partnership is shaped by historical legacies, critical events, and independent consultants. Fourth, despite being an accepted part of global health policy, there is little shared understanding of what good partnership is meant to include or resemble in practice. Knowing more about the specific socio-cultural and political dynamics of partnership in different health system contexts is critical to equip health professionals with the skills to build the informal relations that are essential to effective partnership engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research centers at universities, such as the O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law at Georgetown University (the O'Neill Institute), are uniquely positioned to facilitate interprofessional collaboration, and to educate current and future global health practitioners. This paper will discuss the O'Neill Institute's experience in developing interprofessional global health skills through its practicum courses. The O'Neill Institute has found that practicum style courses help foster three fundamental elements of interprofessional collaboration in global health: (1) the ability to define professional roles and responsibilities in a project; (2) interprofessional communication skills; and (3) the ability to work in an interprofessional team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the findings of a focus group organized in collaboration with the African American urban community of GeorgeTown in Jackson Mississippi. The goal of the study is to identify and understand knowledge of prostate cancer risk factors and symptoms, utilization of existing prevention resources; and health education strategies. In addition, the study seeks to identify health education strategies and policy preferences that could be used in health promotion program development and policy advocacy framing. Findings of gaps in knowledge; low levels of service utilization; and the role of technology in limiting access to health information in the African American community are consistent with findings in other prostate cancer studies. However, some refreshing information regarding utilization, as well as health education and policy emerges from this study. he study painted a three dimensional profile of people who utilize prostate cancer screening services in the community. These are survivors who are enrolled in a prevention group, and have access to a supportive provider environment. here were also surprising reservations about the church as an outlet for prostate cancer health promotion because of discomfort with the topic in churches. Concrete prostate cancer related public policy options are proposed by participants including progressive policy options such as mandatory screening and referral regardless of financial qualification; free screening in emergency rooms; and conservative policy remedies such as tax breaks for facilities which provide free screening. Besides the clarity in policy advocacy themes, the findings provide specific information that could shape prevention programs and intervention research in the GeorgeTown community of Jackson Mississippi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]