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In intelligent traffic control systems, the features extracted by loop detectors are insufficient to accurately impute missing data. Most of the existing imputation methods use only these extracted features, which leads to the construction of data models that cannot fulfill the required accuracy. This deficiency is the main motivation to propose an enrichment imputation method for loop detectors namely EIM-LD, in which the imputation accuracy is increased for different missing patterns and ratios by introducing a data enrichment technique using statistical multi-class labeling. It first enriches the clean data by adding a statistical multi-class label, including C1...Cn classes. Then, the class of samples in the missed-volume data is labeled using the best data model constructed from the labeled clean data by five different classifiers. Experts of the traffic control department in Isfahan city determined classes of the statistical multi-class label for n = 5 (class labels), and we also developed subclass labels (n = 20) since the number of samples in the subclass labels was sufficient. Next, the enriched data are divided into n datasets, each of them is imputed independently using various imputation methods, and their results are finally merged. To evaluate the impact of using the proposed method, the original data, including missing volumes, are first imputed without our enrichment method. Then, the proposed method's accuracy is evaluated by considering two class labels and subclass labels. The experimental and statistical results prove that the proposed EIM-LD method can enrich the real data collected by loop detectors, by which the comparative imputation methods construct a more accurate data model. In addition, using subclass labels further enhances the imputation method's accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and reliable traffic state identification is the prerequisite for developing intelligent traffic programs. With the improvement of intelligent traffic control measures, the traffic state of some highways has gradually stabilized. The current research on traffic state identification needs to fully meet the highly informative intelligent traffic system and traffic state subcategory analysis. To fill the gap above, we propose an improved support tensor machine (STM) method based on self-training and multiclassification for traffic state subcategory identification (ISTM) with ETC gantry data. This paper takes the excellent application of the support vector machine (SVM) in traffic state identification as the starting point of method design and extends to the STM. The ETC gantry data are represented as a third-order tensor model. This paper utilizes the similarity among tensor samples to construct the kernel function and recognize the traffic states. We simplify STM calculation with a one-against-one model and a self-training idea. An optimal fit of the characteristics is supplied by maximizing inter-subcategory tensor block distances and minimizing intra-subcategory tensor block distances throughout a joint utilization of the STM and multiscale training theories. The experiment in this paper uses ETC gantry data from the Jingtai highway in Shandong Province, and the findings reveal that the ISTM has optimum values of 0.2578 and 0.3254 for the SumD and 0.1718 and 0.1901 for the DBI as compared to K-mean clustering and the SVM. The ISTM trains the traffic state subcategory classifiers with high accuracy and strong generalization ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of Internet of Things infrastructures and intelligent traffic systems, the traffic congestion that results from the continuous complexity of urban road networks and traffic saturation has a new solution. In this research, we propose a traffic signal control scenario based on edge computing. We also propose a chemical reaction–cooperative particle swarm optimization (CRO-CPSO) algorithm so that flexible traffic control is sunk to the edge. To implement short-term real-time vehicle waiting time prediction as a collaborative judgment of CRO-CPSO, we suggest a traffic flow prediction system based on fuzzy logic. In addition, we introduce a co-factor (collaborative factor) set based on offline learning to take into account the experiential characteristics of intersections in urban road networks for the generation of strategies by the algorithm. Furthermore, the real case of Changsha County is simulated on the SUMO simulation platform. The issue of traffic flow saturation is improved by our method. Compared with other methods, our algorithm enhances the proportions of vehicles that reach their destinations on time by 13.03%, which maximizes the driving experience for drivers. Meanwhile, our algorithm reduces the driving times of vehicles by 25.34%, thus alleviating traffic jams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the acceleration of urbanization and the development of the automobile industry, the contradiction between the traffic capacity of existing urban roads and the growing traffic demand has become increasingly acute. Traffic congestion is becoming increasingly prominent. The purpose of this article is to consider the characteristics of traffic risk factors and to study the method of establishing a flexible traffic system. It can relieve traffic congestion and provide a smooth and orderly traffic environment using intelligent transportation systems to control and direct traffic flow. Based on the large urban road network, this research uses the theory of coordinated control and learning mechanism, fuzzy control, dynamic reprogramming, and other theories to study phase sequence, balance peripheral load, and overall traffic flow. It also uses on-board sensors to optimize the collection and processing of network information, decompose traffic guidance work, select the optimal route, and autonomously guide the intelligent transportation system. Under the flexible demand scheme, the average load of the trunk road is reduced by a larger degree, which is 4% lower than that of the fixed demand scheme. At the same time, the average load of the branch has increased more, which is 4% higher than that of the fixed demand scheme. It can be seen that under the elastic demand scheme, the distribution of traffic flow in the road network is more balanced and the optimization effect of relieving traffic pressure on trunk roads and improving the utilization rate of branch roads is more significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the intelligent traffic control system and its uncertainty analysis are considered one of the hot spots for utilizing the available techniques. It became more essential when the automatic car, electric vehicle, and other smart cars have introduced the transportation. To control the traffic accident and smooth road services an intelligent traffic control system required. It will be also useful in decreasing the time, reaction time, and efficiency of traffic. However, the problem arises while characterization of true, false or uncertain regions of traffic flow and its future approximation. To deal with this issue some available mathematical technique for traffic flow using rough set, fuzzy rough set, and its extension with the neutrosophic set is discussed in this paper. Some of the papers related to graphical visualization of traffic flow is also discussed for further improvement. The rough set theory can be useful for dealing the uncertain, incomplete, and indeterminate data set. Hence, the hybridization of the neutrosophic set and rough can be considered one of the efficient tools for intelligent traffic control and its approximation via automatic red, green and yellow lights. This paper tried to provide an overview of each available technique to solve the traffic problem. It is hoped that the proposed study will be helpful for several researchers working on traffic flow, traffic accident diagnosis, and its hybridization as future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapidly increasing traffic congestion is affecting the population of the world in a variety of ways including personal (physical and mental health), family, social, environmental, accidents and passage of emergency and law and order vehicles. Out of the many varieties of approaches tested for solutions, the current research used roadside sensors to collect data and use them for simulations using PTV Vissim simulator with MS Excel algorithmic optimisation. The location of the test was which St Marks Road in the Merton region of the UK. This is indeed an inlet into a major road (A217). A subset of data from the Department of Transport (2019) [1] was chosen which had an AADT of less than 2,000. In 2018, it was an AADT of 1,086 for this location. Simulation results showed the superiority of adaptive green signal timing over fixed timing signals. The simulation results were applied to optimisation to specify the green light timing requirements. Accordingly, congestion can be prevented using adaptive green signal timings. The results were discussed within the scope of many approaches used by different researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the global economy develops rapidly, traffic congestion has become a major problem for first-tier cities in various countries. In order to address the problem of failed real-time control of the traffic flow data by the traditional traffic light control as well as malicious attack and other security problems faced by the intelligent traffic light (ITL) control system, a multi-agent distributed ITL control method was proposed based on the fog computing platform and the Q learning algorithm used for the reinforcement learning in this study, and the simulation comparison was conducted by using the simulation platform jointly constructed based on the VISSIM-Excel VBA-MATLAB software. Subsequently, on the basis of puzzle difficulty of the computational Diffie–Helleman (CDH) and Hash Collision, the applicable security control scheme of ITL under the fog computing was proposed. The results reveal that the proposed intelligent control system prolongs the time of green light properly when the number of vehicles increases, thereby reducing the delay time and retention rate of vehicles; the security control scheme of ITL based on the puzzle of CDH is less efficient when the vehicle density increases, while that based on the puzzle of Hash collision is very friendly to the fog equipment. In conclusion, the proposed control method of ITL based on the fog computing and Q learning algorithm can alleviate the traffic congestion effectively, so the proposed method has high security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high growth of vehicular travel in urban areas, in particular, requires a traffic control system that optimizes traffic flow efficiency. Traffic congestion can also occur by large de-lays in Red Light etc. The delay in lighting is difficult to code and does not rely on real traffic density. It follows that traffic controls are simulated and configured to better meet this rising demand. So, in order to avoid the traffic control problem, the Adaptive Intelligent Traffic Light control system (AITLCS) has been proposed based on OpenCV and Image processing technique. The system proposed is designed to ensure smooth and efficient traffic flow for daily life as well as emergency and public transportation safety. Based on the road density instead of the levels set the proposed system provides the timing for the traffic light signal so that a highly loaded side switched on over long periods compared with the other lanes. It can also be used at an intersection with traffic signs, which controls the traffic light signal at the intersection. If timers are smart to predict the exact time, the system is more efficient because it reduces the time spent on unintended green signal significantly. With the help of OpenCV software, this paper aims to have a signal management SMART solution that will be cost-effective at the end. The system consists of a camera facing a lane taking pictures of the route we want to travel and then the density of the pedestrian and vehicle is taken and compared with each image employing image processing. Such images are processed effectively to learn the density of traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we state a combining programming approach to optimize traffic signal control problem. The objective of the model is to minimize the total queue length with weight factors at the end of each phase. Then, modified Twin Gaussian Process (MTGP) is employed to predict the arrival rates for the traffic signal control problem. For achieving automatic control of the traffic signal, an intelligent control method of the traffic signal is proposed in view of the combining method, that is to say, the combining method of MTGP and LP, called MTGPLP, is embraced in the intelligent control system. Furthermore, some numerical experiments are proposed to test the validity of the model and the MTGPLP approach. In particular, the results of numerical experiments show that the model is effective with different arrival rates, departure rates, and weight factors and the combining method is successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Representation of moving objects in the form of temporal clusters. • A faster inference scheme for temporal clustering. • Occlusion handling incorporated in the inference scheme. • Traffic phase duration prediction considering spatial occupancy of vehicles on road. • Intelligent traffic signaling that optimize throughput and average waiting time. Computer vision-guided traffic management is an emerging area of research. Intelligent traffic signal control using computer vision is a less explored area of research. In this paper, we propose a new approach of traffic flow-based intelligent signal timing by temporally clustering optical flow features of moving vehicles using Temporal Unknown Incremental Clustering (TUIC) model. First, we propose a new inference scheme that works approximately 5-times faster as compared to the one originally proposed in TUIC in a dense traffic intersection. The new inference scheme can trace clusters representing moving objects that may be occluded while being tracked. Cluster counts of approach roads have been used for signal timing for traffic intersections. It is done by detecting cluster motion inside the regions-of-interest (ROI) marked at the entry and exit locations of intersection approaches. Departure rates are learned using Gaussian regression to parameterize traffic variations. Using the learned parameters as a function of cluster count, an adaptive signal timing algorithm, namely Throughput and Average Waiting Time Optimization (TAWTO) has been proposed. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method can achieve better average waiting time and throughput as compared to the state-of-the-art signal timing algorithms. We intend to publish two datasets as part of this work for enabling the research community to explore computer vision aided solutions for typical problems such as intelligent traffic controlling, violation detection in chaotic road intersections, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced information technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics, along with global navigation systems and the Internet of Things (IoT), are increasingly finding application in the transportation industry. With this sector, pavement construction holds a prominent position, and its technologies are swiftly transitioning toward digitalization, automation, intelligence, and informationization. This paper elaborates on the key principles of intelligent technologies utilized in paving and paving compaction, discussing high-precision intelligent control technology, intelligent driving system control technology, compaction detection technology, intelligent compaction positioning technology, field coordination technology, traffic control technology, intelligent monitoring technology, and intelligent management systems. The paper highlights the research progress and development trends of each technology, while also addressing their respective shortcomings and current research limitations. Ultimately, future development directions for each intelligent technology are provided, including insights to advance the field of intelligent paving and paving compaction. [Display omitted] • Literatures are reviewed on intelligent paving and compaction technologies for asphalt pavement. • Current status of the existing technologies is elaborated and summarized. • Gaps and prospects for the existing technologies with the practical requirements are identified. • It provides a reference for promoting and applying intelligent paving and compaction technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), data acquisition points (DAPs) are responsible for collecting traffic from several smart meters and automated devices and transmitting them to the utility control center. Although the problem of optimized data collector placement has already been addressed for wireless broadband and sensor networks, the DAP placement is quite a new research area for AMIs. In this paper, we investigate the minimum required number of DAPs and their optimized locations on top of the existing utility poles in a distribution grid, such that the smart grid quality of service requirements can best be provided. In order to solve the problem for large-scale AMIs, we devise a novel heuristic algorithm using a greedy approach for identifying potential pole locations for the DAP placement and the Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm for constructing reliable routes. We employ the characteristics of medium access schemes from the IEEE 802.15.4g smart utility network (SUN) standard and consider mission-critical and non-critical smart grid traffic. The performance and the time complexity of our algorithm are compared with those obtained by the IBM CPLEX software for small scenarios. Finally, we apply our devised DAP placement algorithm to examples of realistic smart grid AMI topologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group-based control is an advanced traffic signal strategy capable of dynamically generating phase sequences at intersections. Combined with the phasing scheme, vehicle actuated timing is often adopted to respond to the detected traffic. However, the parameters of a signal controller are often predetermined in practice, and the control performance may suffer from deterioration when dealing with highly fluctuating traffic demand. This study proposes a group-based signal control approach capable of making decisions based on its understanding of traffic conditions at the intersection level. In particular, the control problem is formulated using a framework of stochastic optimal control for multi-agent system in which each signal group is modeled as an intelligent agent. The agents learn how to react to traffic environment and make optimal timing decisions according to the perceived system states. Reinforcement learning, enhanced by multiple-step backups, is employed as the kernel of the intelligent control algorithm, where each agent updates its knowledge on-line based on a sequence of states during the process. In addition, the proposed system is designated to be compatible with the prevailing signal system. A case study was carried out in a simulation environment to compare the proposed control approach with a benchmark controller used in practice, group-based vehicle actuated (GBVA) controller, whose parameters were off-line optimized using a genetic algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed adaptive group-based control system outperforms the optimized GBVA control system mainly because of its real-time adaptive learning capacity in response to the changes in traffic demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freeway traffic state estimation is useful for intelligent traffic guidance, control, and management. The freeway traffic state is featured with rapid and dramatic fluctuations, which presents a strong nonlinear feature. In theory, a particle filter has good performance in solving nonlinear problems. This paper proposes a particle filter based approach to estimate freeway traffic state. The freeway link between the west of Peace Bridge and the west of San Yuan Bridge of the third ring in Beijing is used as the experimental object. According to the traffic characteristics and measurement mode of the link, the second-order validated macroscopic traffic flow model is adopted to set up the link model. The implementation steps of the particle filter for freeway traffic state estimation are described in detail. The estimation error analysis for the experiments proves that the proposed approach has an encouraging estimation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Generation of upper and lower bound series of traffic speed. • An improved grey autoregressive model is constructed. • Interval prediction of short-term traffic speed. Short-term traffic speed prediction, including level and interval prediction, is a key component of proactive traffic control in the intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In particular, predicting intervals may provide traffic managers with more useful information for making reasonable decisions than predicting traffic levels. In this study, a combined model (FIG-GARM) of fuzzy information granulation (FIG) and grey autoregressive model (GARM) is proposed for the prediction interval (PI) of traffic speed. In order to investigate the performance of the FIG-GARM model, using real-world traffic speed data collected from an urban freeway in Edmonton, Canada, and the proposed FIG-GARM model is compared with the interval-grey model first order single variable (GM (1,1)), FIG-GM (1,1), and interval-GARM for PI of traffic speed. The results show that the FIG-GARM model can generate workable PI of the traffic speed, proving the validity of the proposed model. In addition, the PI of traffic speed obtained by FIG-GARM model has higher prediction interval coverage probability (PICP), narrower width interval (WI), and higher index P, which can provide decision support for the robust and accurate prediction of intelligent transportation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intelligent control of the traffic signal is critical to the optimization of transportation systems. To achieve global optimal traffic efficiency in large-scale road networks, recent works have focused on coordination among intersections, which have shown promising results. However, existing studies paid more attention to observations sharing among intersections (both explicit and implicit) and did not care about the consequences after decisions. In this paper, we design a multi-agent coordination framework based on Deep Reinforcement Learning method for traffic signal control, defined as γ - Reward that includes both original γ - Reward and γ - Attention-Reward. Specifically, we propose the Spatial Differentiation method for coordination which uses the temporal–spatial information in the replay buffer to amend the reward of each action. A concise theoretical analysis that proves the proposed model can converge to Nash equilibrium is given. By extending the idea of Markov Chain to the dimension of space–time, this truly decentralized coordination mechanism replaces the graph attention method and realizes the decoupling of the road network, which is more scalable and more in line with practice. The simulation results show that the proposed model remains a state-of-the-art performance even not use a centralized setting. Code is available in https://github.com/Skylark0924/Gamma_Reward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In smart cities, it is expected that transport, communication as well as the movement of people and goods will take place in the shortest possible time while maintaining a high level of safety. In recent years, due to the significant increase in the number of passengers and vehicles on the road and the capacity limitations of transport networks, it has become necessary to use new technologies for intelligent control and traffic management. Intelligent transport systems use advanced technologies in the field of data gathering, information processing, and traffic control to meet current transport needs. To be able to effectively control and manage road traffic, it is necessary to have reliable mathematical models that allow for a faithful representation of the real traffic conditions. Models of this type are usually the basis of complex algorithms used in practice in road traffic control. The application of appropriate models reflecting the behavior of road users contributes to the reduction of congestion, the vehicles travel time on the transport network, fuel consumption and the emissions, which in turn support broadly understood energy savings. The article proposes a model that allows for the estimation of the maximum queue size at the signal-controlled intersection approach (so-called: maximum back-of-queue). This model takes into account the most important traffic characteristics of the vehicles forming this queue. The verification allowed for the conclusion that the proposed model is characterized by high compliance with the actual traffic and road conditions at the intersections with signal controllers located in built-up areas in Poland. The obtained compliance confirms the possibility of using the model for practical applications in calculating the maximum back-of-queue at signal-controlled intersections located in built-up areas in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart cities are complex, socio-technological systems built as a strongly connected System of Systems, whose functioning is driven by human–machine interactions and whose ultimate goals are the well-being of their inhabitants. Consequently, controlling a smart city is an objective that may be achieved by using a specific framework that integrates algorithmic control, intelligent control, cognitive control and especially human reasoning and communication. Among the many functions of a smart city, intelligent transportation is one of the most important, with specific restrictions and a high level of dynamics. This paper focuses on the application of a neuro-inspired control framework for urban traffic as a component of a complex system. It is a proof of concept for a systemic integrative approach to the global problem of smart city management and integrates a previously designed urban traffic control architecture (for the city of Bucharest) with the actual purpose of ensuring its proactivity by means of traffic flow prediction. Analyses of requirements and methods for prediction are performed in order to determine the best way for fulfilling the perception function of the architecture with respect to the traffic control problem definition. A parametric method and an AI-based method are discussed in order to predict the traffic flow, both in the short and long term, based on real data. A brief comparative analysis of the prediction performances is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We propose a predictive traffic control system for the autonomous vehicle routing problem. • We develop an applicable control system to complement the existing routing algorithm. • Proposed method can predict and prevent traffic congestion. • A real times simulation presents the utility and superiority of the proposed method. This study aimed to resolve a real-world traffic problem in a large-scale plant. Autonomous vehicle systems (AVSs), which are designed to use multiple vehicles to transfer materials, are widely used to transfer wafers in semiconductor manufacturing. Traffic control is a significant challenge with AVSs because all vehicles must be monitored and controlled in real time, to cope with uncertainties such as congestion. However, existing traffic control systems, which are primarily designed and controlled by human experts, are insufficient to prevent heavy congestion that impedes production. In this study, we developed a traffic control system based on machine learning predictions, and a routing method that dynamically determines AVS routes with reduced congestion rates. We predicted congestion for critical bottleneck areas, and utilized the predictions for adaptive routing control of all vehicles to avoid congestion. We conducted an experimental evaluation to compare the predictive performance of four popular algorithms. We performed a simulation study based on data from semiconductor fabrication to demonstrate the utility and superiority of the proposed method. The experimental results showed that AVSs with the proposed approach outperformed the existing approach in terms of delivery time, transfer time, and queuing time. We found that adopting machine learning-based traffic control can enhance the performance of existing AVSs and reduce the burden on the human experts who monitor and control AVSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]