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In this letter, the authors propose a microwave sensor capable to detect soil moisture content parameter for use in precision agriculture and agricultural smart monitoring applications. The novel sensor is based on complementary split‐ring resonator metamaterial topology, microstrip line and was built under biodegradable dielectric substrate of polylactic acid for sustainable purposes. The sensing mechanism relates the sensor's resonant frequency to the soil moisture content changes over time. For experimental validation purposes, a compact sensor prototype (75 mm × 35 mm × 1.55 mm and 12 g) with fundamental resonant frequency at 958 MHz was built and submitted to calibration process on typically sandy and clay soils to get fitting models capable to estimate soil moisture content. Simulated and experimental results are presented together and show good agreement with each other. The calibration data for both soil types were processed using the least‐squares method and the proposed curve‐fitting models are capable to estimate soil moisture content levels from 5% to 20% for sandy soil and from 12% to 23% for clay soil with satisfactory accuracy, proving the device viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In savannas, partitioning of below‐ground resources by depth could facilitate tree–grass coexistence and shape vegetation responses to changing rainfall patterns. However, most studies assessing tree versus grass root‐niche partitioning have focused on one or two sites, limiting generalization about how rainfall and soil conditions influence the degree of rooting overlap across environmental gradients.We used two complementary stable isotope techniques to quantify variation (a) in water uptake depths and (b) in fine‐root biomass distributions among dominant trees and grasses at eight semi‐arid savanna sites in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Sites were located on contrasting soil textures (clayey basaltic soils vs. sandy granitic soils) and paired along a gradient of mean annual rainfall.Soil texture predicted variation in mean water uptake depths and fine‐root allocation. While grasses maintained roots close to the surface and consistently used shallow water, trees on sandy soils distributed roots more evenly across soil depths and used deeper soil water, resulting in greater divergence between tree and grass rooting on sandy soils. Mean annual rainfall predicted some variation among sites in tree water uptake depth, but had a weaker influence on fine‐root allocation.Synthesis. Savanna trees overlapped more with shallow‐rooted grasses on clayey soils and were more distinct in their use of deeper soil layers on sandy soils, consistent with expected differences in infiltration and percolation. These differences, which could allow trees to escape grass competition more effectively on sandy soils, may explain observed differences in tree densities and rates of woody encroachment with soil texture. Differences in the degree of root‐niche separation could also drive heterogeneous responses of savanna vegetation to predicted shifts in the frequency and intensity of rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the condition of commercial miscanthus fields, growers' concerns and reasons for growing the crop and also the modelling of a realistic commercial yield. Juvenile and mature Miscanthus × giganteus crops of varying age are surveyed in growers' fields across mid‐England. We record in‐field plant density counts and the morphology of crops of different ages. Mature crops thrive on both clay and sandy soils. Plants surveyed appear robust to drought, weeds and disease, the only vulnerability is rhizome condition when planting. Mature miscanthus planted pre‐2014 continues to develop, spreading into planting gaps and growing more tillers. In stands planted post‐2014, improved planting techniques reduce planting gaps and create a reasonably consistent planting density of 12,500 plants/ha. The main reason for growers' investment in miscanthus is not financial return, but relates to its low requirement for field operations, low maintenance cost and regeneration. This offers practical solutions for difficult field access and social acceptability near public places (related to spray operations and crop vandalism). Wildlife is abundant in these fields, largely undisturbed except for harvest. This contributes to the greening of agriculture; fields are also used for gamebird cover and educational tours. This crop is solving practical problems for growers while improving the environment. Observed yield data indicate gradual yield increase with crop age, a yield plateau but no yield decrease since 2006. In stands with low planting densities, yields plateau after 9 years. Surveyed yield data are used to parameterize the MiscanFor bioenergy model. This produces options to simulate either juvenile yields or a yield for a landscape containing different aged crops. For mature English crop yields of 12 t ha−1 year−1, second‐ and third‐year juvenile harvests average 7 t ha−1 year−1 and a surrounding 10 km by 10 km area of distributed crop age would average 9 t ha−1 year−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nitrogen (N) release from composted and un‐composted biosolids and plant available N (PAN) of the biosolids were quantified to evaluate if composting can contribute to stabilize biosolids N and reduce the nitrate (NO3-) leaching potential in biosolids‐amended soil. Biosolids were composted at >55°C for 21 days after mixing the biosolids with yard waste at 1:1 (w/w) ratio. In the N release study, we installed field lysimeters filled with soil (sand and clay) amended with composted and un‐composted biosolids at two rates (30 and 150 dry Mg/ha) and measured the inorganic N in leachate after each rainfall and soil inorganic N monthly. The N released from composted biosolids during the two‐year study period were lower (6% of organic N added for clay and 11% for sandy loam soil) as compared to un‐composted biosolids (14% of organic N added for clay and 21% for sandy soils). Composted biosolids showed a lower N release rate constant k value of 0.0014 and 0.0027 month−1 for clay and sandy soil, respectively, compared to corresponding values of 0.0035 and 0.0068 month−1 for un‐composted biosolids. We used greenhouse bioassay with corn (Zea mays), ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and Miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus) as test plants grown for six months with reference to N chemical fertilizer ranging from 0, 75, 150 to 300 kg N/ha to evaluate the PAN of the biosolids. Based on our study, plant growth was not affected by using either composted or un‐composted biosolids but the PAN was lower in composted biosolids (4.0%–5.9%) than un‐composted biosolids (11.4%–13.6%). Composting results in higher N‐retention efficiency in biosolids and composted biosolids are a valuable source of N to support the plant growth with lower N released to the environment. Thus, the potential of N leaching would still be low in the situations where a high rate of biosolids needs to be applied for land reclamation or landscaping soil reconstruction. Practitioner points: Composting enhances N‐retention efficiency in biosolids and composted biosolids are a valuable source of N to support the plant growth with lower N released to the environment.Potential of N leaching would still be low in the situations where a high rate of biosolids needs to be applied for land reclamation or landscaping soil reconstruction.N released from composted and un‐composted biosolids can be adequately described by first‐order kinetic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Development of rock physical properties in well-sorted and poorly-sorted unconsolidated mono-quartz sands and sand-clay mixtures as a function of effective stress in both dry and brine-saturated conditions is assessed in this study. The tested samples were prepared with full control on their mineralogy, grain size, grain shape, sorting, and fabric. The experiments were performed in a high-stress uniaxial oedometer up to a maximum of 30 MPa vertical effective stress. Sand-clay samples were a mixture of sand grains and clay particles (kaolinite or smectite) in different proportions. The maximum clay volume fraction used in the experiments was at most 30%. The initial bulk density of the tested sand-dominated samples was adjusted to be close to the maximum index density expected for natural sediments (sand-clay mixtures) during deposition. In pure sand samples, finer grained sand show higher initial porosity than relatively coarser grained sands. Moreover, sand-clay mixtures have lower initial porosity than pure sands. Porosity decreases as a function of increasing clay content. The poorly-sorted sand samples are less compaction prone than the well-sorted sand samples. Among well-sorted sand samples, coarser grained sands are more compressible than finer grained sands. At a given effective stress level, sand-clay mixtures are more compaction prone compared with their sand component alone. Pure sands and clay-poor sand-clay mixtures (either sand-kaolinite or sand-smectite) show almost the same degree of compaction when tested in both dry and brine-saturated conditions. In contrast, clay-rich sand-kaolinite and sand-smectite mixtures (clay volume >20%) are significantly more compact in brine-saturated condition. The Vp values of brine-saturated sand-kaolinite mixtures shows a positive correlation with the kaolinite content, whereas Vp starts to decrease substantially when the volume fraction of smectite exceeds 10% of the whole sand-smectite samples. Saturated bulk moduli estimated by Gassmann's fluid substitution agree with measurements for brine-saturated clay-poor sand samples. However, the model does not yield proper predictions for sand-clay samples containing 20% clay volume and above, particularly when the clay is mainly smectite. The acoustic and physical properties derived from experimental compaction of pure sands and sand-clay mixtures show a good agreement with rock properties derived from well logs of mechanically compacted pure sands and shaly sands in progressively subsided basins such as Viking Graben in the North Sea. Thus, the outcome of this study can provide reliable constraints for rock physical properties of sands and shaly sands within the mechanical compaction domain and contribute to improved basin modelling and identification of hydrocarbon presence, overconsolidation, and/or undercompaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediments transported from agricultural fields in surface and subsurface waters contain particulate P (PP) that could be partitioned into two pools--one available for aquatic organisms including cyanobacteria, namely bioavailable particulate P (BAPP, determined by 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH extraction), and the remainder not bioavailable (non-BAPP). This study aimed to quantify the PP and BAPP concentrations in surface runoff and tile drain- age water from eight agricultural fields with clay and sandy soils in the Missisquoi Bay region of Quebec, Canada. Particulate P in surface and drainage water varied spatially (among fields) and temporally, with concentrations as high as 3181 µg P L-1 in surface runoff and 1346 µg P L-1 in tile drainage. About 30% of PP was BAPP regardless of the drainage pathway. The PP and BAPP concentrations were related linearly (R² = 0.86) to total suspended solids (TSS) in fine (0.05-1-µm) and coarse (1-100-µm) fractions. About 68% of the PP in clay soils and 50% of the PP in sandy soils were associated with the 0.05- to 1-µm size particles, which had more BAPP, on average 0.46 g P kg-1 than the coarser 1- to 100-µm fraction (0.22 g P kg-1). Soil parameters such as Mehlich-3 extractable (M3) P, M3Fe, and the degree of soil P saturation were related to the PP and BAPP concentrations in TSS and particle size fractions. We concluded that sediments with particle size <1 µm contained more BAPP and their loss from agricultural fields could contribute to the eutrophication downstream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land application of biosolids can constitute an important source of triclosan (TCS) input to soils, with uncertain effects. Several studies have investigated the degradation potential of TCS in biosolids-amended soils, but the results vary widely. We conducted a laboratory degradation study by mixing biosolids spiked with [14C]-TCS (final concentration = 40 mg/kg) with Immokalee fine sand and Ashkum silty clay loam soils at an agronomic application rate (22 Mg/ha). Biosolids-amended soils were aerobically incubated in biotic and inhibited conditions for 18 weeks. Subsamples removed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 weeks were sequentially extracted with an operationally defined extraction scheme to determine labile and nonlabile TCS fractions. Over the 18-week incubation, the proportion of [14C] in the nonlabile fraction increased and the labile fraction decreased, suggesting decreasing availability to biota. Partitioning of TCS into labile and nonlabile fractions depended on soil characteristics. Less than 0.5% of [14C]-TCS was mineralized to carbon dioxide (14CO2) in both soils and all treatments. A degradation metabolite, methyl triclosan (Me-TCS), was identified in both soils only in the biotic treatment, and increased in concentration over time. Even under biotic conditions, biosolids-borne TCS is persistent, with a primary degradation (TCS to Me-TCS) half-life of 78 d in the silty clay loam and 421 d in the fine sand. A half-life of approximately 100 d would be a conservative first approximation of TCS half-life in biosolids-amended soils for risk estimation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2488-2496. © 2011 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diuron ( N′-[3,4-dichlorophenyl]- N,N-dimethylurea) is one of the most frequently used herbicides in olive groves in Spain and other Mediterranean countries. The main objective of this work was to investigate the effect of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from a commercial humic amendment, derived by composting the liquid waste of the olive-mill process (LF), and a solid residue from the olive oil production industry (AL) on the sorption and leaching behaviour of diuron in soil. For this purpose, a clay and a sandy soil were selected. Soil sorption coefficients of diuron increased with LF (32%) and AL (76%) amendment in the sandy soil, whereas sorption decreased in the clay soil upon amendment, especially in the case of the liquid LF (52%). The DOC from LF and AL is composed of very poorly humified molecules, which are strongly sorbed onto the clay soil and thus compete with diuron for the same sorption sites. Dialysis experiments revealed that diuron forms stable complexes with DOC from LF and AL. Leaching of diuron in columns of the sandy soil treated with the organic amendments caused earlier breakthrough and maximum concentration peaks at fewer pore volumes when compared with leaching with 0.01m CaCl2. Competition between diuron and DOC molecules for sorption sites and diuron–DOC interactions can both account for the enhanced leaching of diuron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study extended the association between hookworm transmission in KwaZulu-Natal and the sandy coastal plain by investigating the parasite's occurrence in isolated areas of sandy soils further inland. A school-based prevalence survey was carried out in selected inland sandy areas and in surrounding areas dominated by clay soils within a narrow altitudinal range of between 500 and 700 m to reduce the effect of altitude on climate-related factors (rainfall and temperature). Sandy areas situated on the coastal plain were included in the analysis for comparative purposes. Soil samples (0–50 mm depth) were collected from each locality to assess their nematode loadings and to analyse selected physical and chemical properties. Significant differences were found between the moderate prevalence of hookworm infection among children living in inland areas with sandy soils (17.3%) and the low prevalence in surrounding non-sandy areas (5.3%, P < 0.001), and between infection among children living in all inland areas (9.3%) and the high prevalence on the coastal plain (62.5%, P < 0.001). Amounts of fine and medium sand were highest in both the coastal plain soils and in inland sandy areas and these fractions showed a significant positive correlation with hookworm prevalence and nematode loadings. Clay, coarse sand and organic matter contents were highest in surrounding non-sandy soils and showed a significant negative correlation with the nematode variables. No statistically significant correlations were found with soil pH at study localities. We conclude that properties of inland sandy soils, particularly particle size distribution, correlate well with hookworm prevalence and nematode loadings and therefore provide a more suitable habitat for nematodes than surrounding non-sandy areas. These results suggest that particle size distribution of sand fractions, organic matter and clay content in the soil influence the survival of hookworm larvae and hence the parasite's transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]