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Most of the main oilfields in China have entered the middle and late stage of exploitation, and its exploitation difficulty has further increased. Microbial oil recovery technology has the advantages of low cost, high efficiency, green and environmental protection, and has a wide application prospect in further enhancing oil recovery of remaining oil. Due to the lack of understanding of reservoir microbial community structure and the long selection cycle of activator formula, the field popularization and application of microbial oil displacement technology is limited. By analyzing the difference of community structure in the reservoir and the interaction between environmental factors and dominant bacteria, basic data and theoretical guidance were provided for directional activation of reservoir microorganisms. The reservoir high-throughput sequencing data were analyzed by species composition analysis, species diversity analysis, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) analysis and redundancy analysis. The results show that the species composition difference between water injection wells and production wells in Oilfield A is large, and the species composition difference between water injection wells and production wells in Oilfield L is not obvious; In terms of species abundance, species average and species diversity, there is no obvious difference between a oilfield and l oilfield; However, in terms of species similarity between water injection wells and production wells based on genus level, oilfield a shows low similarity, while oilfield L shows high similarity. In the analysis of environmental factors, the microbial community in L oilfield is significantly correlated with salt content, while the microbial community composition in a oilfield is significantly correlated with temperature, pH and SO2- 4 concentration [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]