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Evaluating and reusing wastes in the geotechnical field not only provides economical and effective solutions, but also contributes to sustainability by reducing the use of depleted resources. In this study, the effects of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 25% waste porcelain tile (APK) on clay soils on the physical and mechanical properties of clay soils were investigated. APK reduced the liquid limit value of the clay soil by 25%, the plastic limit value by 22% and the plasticity index value by approximately 30%. With the addition of APK, the dry unit volume weight value increased from 1.71 g/cm3 to 1.74 g/cm3, and the optimum water content decreased by 15%. The CBR ratio increased from 4% to 10%, resulting in an increase in the transport value. It was concluded that by increasing the unconfined compressive strength by around 44%, it improved the bearing capacity. It was observed that the APK additive improved the consolidation properties of the clay and contributed positively to controlling the swellingcompression behavior. The consolidation coefficient value increased by 3 times with the increase in the APK ratio. The volumetric compression coefficient decreased by 90%. The permeability coefficient increased approximately 50 times with the increase in APK. In this study, it was concluded that it is possible to use APK to stabilize clayey soils. In addition to providing technical and economic benefits, the use of APK in the improvement of soils is a solution to the problem of accumulation of wastes in the environment and causing pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liquefaction phenomenon may originate in fine sandy - silty type of soils subjected to dynamic effects, low plasticity clays and even in soils with gravels based on the magnitude of applied acceleration. The mechanical or chemical soil improvement techniques have been used to prevent this problem. The mixing or grouting operations of sodium polyacrylate, which has a high-water absorption capacity, is one of the chemical soil improvement techniques. The frost behavior of this material, which turns into a gel form when react with the water in the environment, is not known in the permafrost areas. Within this purpose, sandy specimens including 5.00%, 10.00%, 15.00%, and 20.00% sodium polyacrylate gel as well as reference ones, were frozen at -20C° and unconfined compression tests were applied. Moreover, the tests were repeated for additional specimens containing 5.00% bentonite clay by weight. Although the unconfined compressive strength of all samples improved according to the increase in the amount of water with the gel content, about 14.00% lower values were obtained in specimens containing bentonite. On the other hand, the unit strain values of frozen samples without bentonite increased, while reduction observed in samples with bentonite. The viscous structure, that is in gel form inside the soil, dissipates volume increase during the freezing process and prevents the frost heave problem. However, the loss of bearing capacity should be considered in case of insufficient saturation in liquefaction sensitive sandy soils improved with sodium polyacrylate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the globalization of the world, it has become necessary to create new routes for transportation due to the decrease in usage areas for construction and accelerated living conditions. For these reasons, some of the road and railway routes selected for transportation are passed through tunnels. In addition, with the increase in population in metropolitan cities, necessitated transportation by rail systems so tunnel constructions became a necessity here. However, these tunnels made on clay soils can cause major problems. Due to these problems, routes change, construction projects cannot be completed, and even during tunnel construction, tunneling devices become stuck in the tunnel and become unusable. In this study, the deformations of tunnels made in clay soils with different over consolidation ratios were investigated by using Plaxis2D program, which analyzes with the finite element method. The tunnel model was created using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) and the deformations in the clay soil were determined under static and dynamic loading conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]