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ABSTRACT Main Location Taxon Methods Results Conclusions Animals not only forage for abundant and nearby resources, but their diets can also be influenced by abiotic and geographic factors. This often results in non‐random interactions among species. We investigate how seed density, distance from nest, abiotic (e.g., climate stability, temperature, precipitation) and geographic factors (e.g., latitude, elevation and continental hemisphere) influence the removal of food items (i.e., seeds and dead arthropods) by Pogonomyrmex species.South and North America, from Patagonia to the Rocky Mountains.Genus Pogonomyrmex (Formicidae: Hymenoptera).Conducting standardised experiments, we performed a seed removal experiment and an assessment of the items retrieved by ant workers of 160 nests from eight Pogonomyrmex spp. at 16 sites extending the American continent.Pogonomyrmex ants native to North America removed more seeds than their South American counterpart. In general, results align with optimal foraging theory, indicating a higher probability of seed removal near ant nests. High climate stability correlated with lower seed predation rates, emphasising seed consumption's significance in historically arid environments. Increased precipitation and temperature led to reduced removal of food resources, suggesting reduced water availability and lower mean temperatures increases the consumption of seeds by harvester ants.Overall, Pogonomyrmex ants' food resource use is influenced by a combination of factors such as region, distance from the nest and climate. This study underscores harvester ants' potential impact on plant distribution over large spatial scales consuming seeds from the immediate proximity of their nest and preventing establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: 'Hongyang' kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis cv 'Hongyang') is a high-quality variety of A. chinensis with the advantages of high yield, early ripening, and high stress tolerance. Studies have confirmed that the Shaker K+ genes family is involved in plant uptake and distribution of potassium (K+). Results: Twenty-eight Shaker genes were identified and analyzed from the 'Hongyang' kiwifruit (A. chinensis cv 'Hongyang') genome. Subcellular localization results showed that more than one-third of the AcShaker genes were on the cell membrane. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the AcShaker genes were divided into six subfamilies (I-VI). Conservative model, gene structure, and structural domain analyses showed that AcShaker genes of the same subfamily have similar sequence features and structure. The promoter cis-elements of the AcShaker genes were classified into hormone-associated cis-elements and environmentally stress-associated cis-elements. The results of chromosomal localization and duplicated gene analysis demonstrated that AcShaker genes were distributed on 18 chromosomes, and segmental duplication was the prime mode of gene duplication in the AcShaker family. GO enrichment analysis manifested that the ion-conducting pathway of the AcShaker family plays a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development and adversity stress. Compared with the transcriptome data of the control group, all AcShaker genes were expressed under low-K+stress, and the expression differences of three genes (AcShaker15, AcShaker17, and AcShaker22) were highly significant. The qRT-PCR results showed a high correlation with the transcriptome data, which indicated that these three differentially expressed genes could regulate low-K+ stress and reduce K+ damage in kiwifruit plants, thus improving the resistance to low-K+ stress. Comparison between the salt stress and control transcriptomic data revealed that the expression of AcShaker11 and AcShaker18 genes was significantly different and lower under salt stress, indicating that both genes could be involved in salt stress resistance in kiwifruit. Conclusion: The results showed that 28 AcShaker genes were identified and all expressed under low K+ stress, among which AcShaker22 was differentially and significantly upregulated. The AcShaker22 gene can be used as a candidate gene to cultivate new varieties of kiwifruit resistant to low K+ and provide a reference for exploring more properties and functions of the AcShaker genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding canopy nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) differences is crucial for optimizing plant nutrient distribution and management. This study evaluated leaf N and P content in citrus trees across three cultivation modes: traditional mode (TM), wide-row and narrow-plant mode (WRNPM), and fenced mode (FM). We used hyperspectral data for non-destructive quantification and compared 1080 leaf samples from upper, middle, and lower canopy layers. Four models—Random Forest (RF), Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN), Partial Least Squares (PLS), and Support Vector Machine (SVM)—were employed for leaf N and P estimation. Results showed that the TM had significantly lower N content compared to the WRNPM and FM, while the WRNPM exhibited higher P content. The canopy layer had minimal impact on N and P in the FM, and leaves in the upper layer had higher nutrient content in the WRNPM and TM. RF provided the best estimation accuracy, with R2 values of 0.66 for N and 0.72 for P. The cultivation mode and canopy layer significantly influenced the estimation accuracy, with the TM yielding the highest R2, followed by the WRNPM and FM obtaining the lowest accuracy. The labor-saving cultivation mode had different nutrient utilization efficiency compared to the TM. The cultivation mode and canopy layer should be considered when hyperspectral data were used for estimating the leaf N and P content. The study can offer new insights for precise fertilization strategies in fruit trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the cleaning of water plants in crab pond is primarily relied on manual operations, which is characterized by high labor intensity and low efficiency. The automatic water plant cleaning boat can greatly reduce the labor intensity and improve the operation efficiency, and determining the water plant distribution in crab pond is the key basis for planning the efficient operation path of the cleaning boat. Addressing the challenges posed by the high similarity between water plants and shoreline vegetation, as observed in drone-captured images of the crab pond, which complicates the accurate distinction between them, a region segmentation and localization method for water plants in crab pond based on improved YOLOv8n-seg was proposed in this paper. The focus of the improved model lies in the reduction of the model size and the enhancement of the recall rate. Firstly, in order to diminish the model size, the lightweight HGNetv2 (hierarchical graph network) based on RTDETR (real-time detection transformer) was used as the backbone feature extraction network. Secondly, the neck network was reconstructed based on the lightweight structure of Efficient Rep to reduce the number of parameters and enhance the multiscale feature fusion ability of the mode. Finally, the SegNext attention mechanism was introduced in the feature extraction layer to enhance the sensitivity of the model to the water plant area. In order to eliminate the redundant regions generated by the model in the recognition process and further improve the segmentation accuracy, the binarization processing was used to optimize the segmentation results, and the image processing algorithm was combined to screen the area of the water plant area. After coordinate conversion, the precise longitude and latitude coordinates of water plant contour were obtained. The experimental results showed that the improved model exhibited a strong discriminatory and segmentation effect on water plants in crab ponds. The parameter number, calculation quantity and model size of the improved model were only 1.49 M, 8.4 GFLOPs, and 3.27 MB, respectively. Compared with the original YOLOv8n-seg model, the parameter number, calculation quantity and model size of the improved model were reduced by 54.3%, 30.6% and 49.7%, respectively. The model before and after improvement was deployed to the Jetson Orin Nano embedded AI computer for testing. It was found that the preprocessing speed of the improved model was almost the same as that of the YOLOv8n-seg model. The inference speed, post processing speed and segment speed were increased by 30.6%, 46.4% and 32.3%, respectively. In addition, the recall, precision, and mean average precision of the improved model achieved values of 91.5%, 89.3% and 95.6%, respectively. The improved model achieved the best balance of calculation, parameters, recall and detection accuracy comparing with YOLOv5sseg, YOLOv8s-SwinTransformer, YOLOv8s-seg and YOLOv8n-GoldYOLO models. The coordinate conversion test showed that the minimum distance error of water plant location accuracy was 0.13m, the maximum distance error was 0.33 m, and the average distance error was 0.22 m, which verified that the improved model can meet the requirements of water plant region segmentation and localization in crab pond. The finding can provide an important reference for the automatic operation path planning of water plant cleaning boat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of integral indicators of the soil-plant system components contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban area has been considered. An anthropogenically modified natural complex of the RUDN University campus and the adjacent South-Western Forest Park (Moscow) was the object of study. Soils (Albic Retisols (Ochric)) and common plant species were studied. Traffic load was the main pollution source. Emissions from five sections of roads, around and across the territory, formed a specific pattern of pollutants, which was demonstrated by the example of marker compounds, namely, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Background concentrations of individual polyarenes in the environment, determined by the method of dynamic phase portraits, have been calculated as an approximate safe level of contamination of soils and vegetation. A local redistribution of contamination zones was revealed owing to the migration of polyarenes from snow into soils, and then into root systems, and the above-ground parts of plants distribution. The proposed methodological approach, based on the use of integral indicators, allows us to assess the degree of damage to ecosystems caused by a complex of priority pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used to infer species–environment relationships, predict spatial distributions and characterise species' environmental niches. While the importance of space and spatial scales is widely acknowledged in SDM applications, temporal components of the niche are rarely addressed.We discuss how phenology and demographic stages affect model inference in plant SDMs. Ignoring conspicuousness and timing of phenological stages may bias niche estimates through increased observer bias, while ignoring stand age may bias niche estimates through temporal mismatches with environmental variables, especially during times of rapid global warming.We present different methods to consider phenology and demographic stages in plant SDMs, including the selection of causal, spatiotemporally explicit predictors and the calibration of stage‐specific SDMs. Based on a case study with citizen science data, we illustrate how spatiotemporal SDMs provide deeper insights on the coincidence of range and phenological shifts under climate change.The proliferation of digitally available biodiversity and citizen science data increasingly allows considering time explicitly in SDMs. This offers a more mechanistic understanding of plant distributions, and more robust predictions under global change, especially if the reporting of phenological stages and age is facilitated and promoted by relevant data portals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The diversity of plant–pollinator interactions is grounded in floral resources, with nectar considered one of the main floral rewards plants produce for pollinators. However, a global evaluation of the number of animal‐pollinated nectar‐producing angiosperms and their distribution world‐wide remains elusive.We compiled a thorough database encompassing 7621 plant species from 322 families to estimate the number and proportion of nectar‐producing angiosperms reliant on animal pollination. Through extensive sampling of plant communities, we also explored the interplay between nectar production, floral resource diversity, latitudinal and elevational gradients, contemporary climate, and environmental characteristics.Roughly 223 308 animal‐pollinated angiosperms are nectar‐producing, accounting for 74.4% of biotic‐pollinated species. Global distribution patterns of nectar‐producing plants reveal a distinct trend along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, with increased proportions of plants producing nectar in high latitudes and altitudes. Conversely, tropical communities in warm and moist climates exhibit greater floral resource diversity and a lower proportion of nectar‐producing plants.These findings suggest that ecological trends driven by climate have fostered the diversification of floral resources in warmer and less seasonal climates, reducing the proportion of solely nectar‐producing plants. Our study provides a baseline for understanding plant–pollinator relationships, plant diversification, and the distribution of plant traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This perspective addresses the nature of the past and current relationships between the ecological and biogeographical regionalization of plants and plant communities. It uses four examples (two related to continental scale and two related to regional/local scale) to document the cases of cross‐pollination between both approaches in the past and the need for concerted use of both ecological and distributional data in formulating robust regional spatial classification systems of biotic assemblages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The distribution of birds among islands is thought to be regulated by island physical geography (i.e. island area, isolation and latitude). In contrast, work on continents indicates that bird diversity is often regulated by plant diversity. Consequently, the (statistical) direct and indirect effects of physical geography on island bird distribution are poorly understood. We investigated the relative roles of physical geography and vegetation in determining island bird diversity in the South West Pacific at two taxonomic scales of resolution: total bird diversity and bird diversity within functional guilds. Location: Eleven archipelagos in the South West Pacific. Taxon: Land birds. Methods: We created a dataset characterising total and functional guild diversity for land birds and seed plants (i.e. Spermatophytes) among archipelagos. We then used mediation analysis to disentangle the direct and indirect (i.e. mediated) effects of physical geography and vegetation on bird diversity. Results: On a broad taxonomic scale, total bird diversity was directly determined by total plant diversity, not the area, isolation or latitude of islands. On a fine taxonomic scale results differed between functional guilds. The diversity of herbivorous and frugivorous birds was directly determined by physical geography rather than plant total and trait diversity. Woody and herbaceous plant species diversity mediated the effect of physical geography on forest‐dwelling, above ground nesting and ground nesting bird diversity. Granivorous, nectarivorous and grassland‐dwelling bird diversities were unrelated to both physical geography and herbaceous plant diversity. Main Conclusions: Physical geography and vegetation can have both direct and indirect effects on island bird diversity. Furthermore, relationships between physical geography, vegetation and bird diversity can vary markedly among functional guilds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the complex taxonomy and distribution of the genus Portulaca L. (Portulacaceae) within the Balkans, focusing on the often-debated species composition and distribution patterns in the P. oleracea aggregate. Our research aims to resolve this ambiguity by addressing two key questions: 1) Which Portulaca taxa are present in the Balkans, and 2) What is the current distribution of these taxa here? To achieve this, we conducted literature reviews, seed collection, species identification using micromorphological characteristics, and distribution analysis. Our findings reveal the presence of four distinct species in the Balkans: P. oleracea agg., P. grandiflora, P. pilosa and P. umbraticola. Additionally, within the P. oleracea complex, twelve microspecies have been identified, primarily differentiated based on seed micromorphology. Besides, five species (P. daninii, P. granulato-stellulata, P. rausii, P. sardoa, and P. trituberculata) have been documented in Montenegro, and one species (P. nitida) – in Slovenia for the first time. This study provides a valuable contribution to the botanical knowledge of the Balkan Peninsula, offering the recommendations for future studies of the P. oleracea complex for the solution of the taxonomic puzzle in this aggregate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Understanding the drivers of assemblages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is essential to leverage the benefits of AMF for plant growth and health. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are heterogeneously distributed in space even at small scale. We review the role of plant distribution in driving AMF assemblages (the passenger hypothesis), using a transposition of the conceptual framework of landscape ecology. Because rooting systems correspond to habitat patches with limited carrying capacity that differ in quality due to host‐preference effects, we suggest considering plant communities as mosaics of AMF microhabitats. We review how predictions from landscape ecology apply to plant community effects on AMF, and the existing evidence that tests these predictions. Although many studies have been conducted on the effect of plant compositional heterogeneity on AMF assemblages, they mostly focused on the effect of plant richness, while only a few investigated the effect of configurational heterogeneity, plant connectivity or plant community temporal dynamics. We propose key predictions and future prospects to fill these gaps. Considering plant communities as landscapes extends the passenger hypothesis by including a spatially explicit dimension and its associated ecological processes and may help understand and manipulate AMF assemblages at small spatial scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular plants are diverse and a major component of terrestrial ecosystems, yet their geographic distributions remain incomplete. Here, I present a global database of vascular plant distributions by integrating species distribution models calibrated to species' dispersal ability and natural habitats to predict native range maps for 201,681 vascular plant species into unsurveyed areas. Using these maps, I uncover unique patterns of native vascular plant diversity, endemism, and phylogenetic diversity revealing hotspots in underdocumented biodiversity-rich regions. These hotspots, based on detailed species-level maps, show a pronounced latitudinal gradient, strongly supporting the theory of increasing diversity toward the equator. I trained random forest models to extrapolate diversity patterns under unbiased global sampling and identify overlaps with modeled estimations but unveiled cryptic hotspots that were not captured by modeled estimations. Only 29% to 36% of extrapolated plant hotspots are inside protected areas, leaving more than 60% outside and vulnerable. However, the unprotected hotspots harbor species with unique attributes that make them good candidates for conservation prioritization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of local plant community characteristics is imperative for practical nature planning and management, and for understanding plant diversity and distribution drivers. Today, retrieving such data is only possible by fieldwork and is hence costly both in time and money. Here, we used nine bands from multispectral high-to-medium resolution (10–60 m) satellite data (Sentinel-2) and machine learning to predict local vegetation plot characteristics over a broad area (approx. 30,000 km2) in terms of plants' preferences for soil moisture, soil fertility, and pH, mirroring the levels of the corresponding actual soil factors. These factors are believed to be among the most important for local plant community composition. Our results showed that there are clear links between the Sentinel-2 data and plants' abiotic soil preferences, and using solely satellite data we achieved predictive powers between 26 and 59%, improving to around 70% when habitat information was included as a predictor. This shows that plants' abiotic soil preferences can be detected quite well from space, but also that retrieving soil characteristics using satellites is complicated and that perfect detection of soil conditions using remote sensing—if at all possible—needs further methodological and data development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement Summary Unraveling the genetic intricacies and evolutionary history of Asian Hickories through advanced genome sequencing gives valuable insights into their ecological adaptations. Understanding the impact of historical dynamics, climate fluctuations, and geographical barriers on Asian hickories not only contributes to scientific knowledge but also empowers policymakers with evidence‐based decisions and guides conservationists in their efforts to protect vulnerable species. The identification of potential habitats, especially for the endangered Carya kweichowensis, offers a promising avenue for targeted conservation efforts, aligning with global initiatives to preserve Earth's precious biodiversity, but also ensures the conservation of a vital genetic reservoir for nut‐bearing economic tree species.Biogeographic characteristics of disjunct distribution play a vital role in plant geography and the endangered mechanism. The whole genome resequencing provides an opportunity to study the genetic relationship, population diffusion, and floristic evolution of disjunctive‐distribution flora. Based on the SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) data generated by the whole genome deep resequencing of five EA (Eastern Asian) Carya species, we constructed the phylogenetic tree, genetic structure, and species distribution modeling to clarify the phylogenetic relationships and to predict the potential distribution area of EA Carya. Phylogenetic analysis of Carya revealed two distinct clades, separating EA Carya from NA (North America) Carya. C. kweichowensis, an endangered species, showed the lowest nucleotide diversity and the earliest divergence among studied EA Carya species. Species distribution modeling predicted suitable habitats for five EA Carya species, revealing the potential distribution of endangered C. kweichowensis. Importantly, minimal spatial overlap was observed among distribution regions of EA Carya species during different time periods. The uneven regional distribution of EA Carya is believed to be a consequence of Quaternary climate fluctuations, mountain barriers hindering species dispersal, and the limited cold tolerance of these trees. EA Carya highlights the significant role of climate and geological changes in their regional distribution and migration routes in Asia. Furthermore, the discovery of potential habitats offers a promising avenue for the conservation of C. kweichowensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding plant community characteristics, distributions, and environmental relationships is crucial for sustainable forest management. Thus, this study examined the relationships between plant community composition and topographic and soil variables within the Arjo-Diga forest. Vegetation data were collected from 72 nested plots (30 × 30 m2 and 2 × 2 m2) systematically laid along nine transects spaced 300 to 700 m apart. Environmental variables, including soil properties and anthropogenic disturbance, were recorded within each main plot. Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) using R software were employed to identify distinct plant community types and examine their relationships with environmental factors. The Shannon‒Wiener diversity index was calculated to quantify and compare species diversity among the identified community types. The analysis revealed five distinct plant community types: 1: Maesa lanceolata-Ehretia cymosa, 2: Trichilia dregeana-Flacourtia indica, 3: Acacia abyssinica-Millettia ferruginea, 4: Combretum collinum-Croton macrostachyus, and 5: Terminalia macroptera-Piliostigma thonningii. The CCA results highlighted the significant influence (p < 0.05) of altitude, CEC, TN, and disturbance on species distribution and plant community formation. The findings indicate that variation in plant communities is closely associated with altitude, TN, and CEC, as well as with disturbance factors such as human interventions, with elevation being the most influential factor. Based on these findings, it is recommended that conservation plans consider the effects of human interventions to address the challenges in conserving forests in the future. Additionally, further research efforts should focus on mitigating disturbance factors and understanding the environmental variables that affect forests to improve their protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant resistance and predators can influence density‐dependent survivorship and growth of herbivores, and their damage to plants. Although the independent effects of plant resistance and predators on herbivores and herbivory are well known, little is known about their interactive and density‐dependent effects on herbivores and the amount and distribution of damage on plants. These relationships are important for understanding how herbivore and plant populations influence each other. We used a laboratory density‐manipulation experiment to determine how plant resistance (three treatments: jasmonate‐insensitive, unmanipulated wild type, and jasmonate‐sprayed wild‐type plants) and predation (two treatments: predator or no predator) affect the survivorship and growth of an herbivore, as well as per capita damage and the distribution of damage on plants. We found evidence that the density dependence of herbivore survivorship was influenced by predators and an interactive effect of plant resistance and predation. Herbivore growth was reduced by higher plant resistance but was not density‐dependent nor affected by predation. Per capita plant damage was reduced by plant resistance, predation, and herbivore density. The within‐plant distribution of damage became more even with increasing herbivore density but was not affected by predation or the independent effect of plant resistance. The distribution of damage was also affected by an interaction between plant resistance and herbivore density; damage became less aggregated with density across all plant resistance treatments, but the decrease was strongest for the jasmonate‐insensitive plants. These results show that predators influence herbivore density dependence, and that plant resistance can affect the impact of predators on herbivores. Though plant resistance, predation, and herbivore density all reduced per capita herbivore damage to plants, only herbivore density and plant resistance affected the distribution of damage. Distributions of herbivory can influence plant success; documenting patterns of herbivory is an under‐appreciated avenue for integrating effects of plant resistance, predators, and herbivore density on plant–herbivore interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Reticulata irises" are dwarf irises highly appreciated in horticulture, which are characterised by their tuberiform bulbs, with a single fleshy inner tunic clothed mostly with reticulate or reticulate-hairy outer tunics, and basal leaves bifacial, angulose or finely sulcate in section. The aggregate is often accepted as a taxonomically compact group to which the name Iris subg. Hermodactyloides (Iris sect. Reticulatae) is often applied. It includes between 10–22 taxa (species and subspecies) occurring disjunctly from central Türkiye and the Transcaucasus throughout the Middle East to western China. Molecular work shows that Iris subg. Hermodactyloides, is polyphyletic as frequently delineated. Alternatively, analytic treatments accept two genera, Alatavia and Iridodictyum, exhibiting clear differences in morphology, biogeography, and phylogenetic connections. Recently, new field prospection across scarcely prospected vast territories led to the description of many new taxa in the "Reticulata irises." In this context, an updated synopsis of the bulbous genera Alatavia (four species) and Iridodictyum (18 + 2 species) is reported. For each accepted taxon, main synonyms, type indication, chromosome numbers, distribution areas, and taxonomic or nomenclatural remarks are reported. Further, five new specific combinations are introduced, and also four neotypes, two lectotypes, two second-step lectotypes, and one epitype are designated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A diverse assemblage of anatomically preserved plants is described from Oum El Jerane. • The euphyllophytes include one iridopterid, two cladoxylopsids and two aneurophytales. • Arachnoxylon and Triloboxylon are recorded for the first time in Gondwana. • The new plant assemblage may belong to a drier phytochorion than the Laurussia one. The Middle Devonian is a transitional period for the first vascular plants, which acquire modern vegetative and reproductive structures, diversify considerably and, within the euphyllophytes, evolve the first representatives of modern plant groups, the monilophytes and lignophytes. However, the dynamics of this diversification across the different paleocontinents remains obscure, particularly within Gondwana. The upper Givetian locality of Oum el Jerane, in southeastern Morocco, has yielded a new assemblage of anatomically preserved plant remains whose description contributes to a better understanding of the floras of the northern margin of Gondwana during the Middle Devonian. The euphyllophytes include one iridopterid, Arachnoxylon minor , two cladoxylopsids, one of which represents the new genus Jerana , and two aneurophytales affiliated with the genus Triloboxylon. The cladoxylopsid remains from Oum el Jerane correspond to relatively small plants compared to the well-known coeval cladoxylopsids of Laurussia. Compared to the taxonomic composition of the four phytochoria recently defined for the Middle Devonian, the Oum el Jerane plant assemblage corresponds to the 'subtropical' phytochorion, which is close to the 'Laurussia' phytochorion, but which would correspond to drier environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature affects plant growth and geographical distribution. Cold stress occurs when temperatures fall below the physiologically optimal range for plants, causing permanent and irreversible damage to plant growth, development, and production. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid hormones that play an important role in plant growth and various stress responses. Recent studies have shown that low temperatures affect BR biosynthesis in many plant species and that BR signaling is involved in the regulation of plant tolerance to low temperatures, both in the CBF-dependent and CBF-independent pathways. These two regulatory pathways correspond to transient and acclimation responses of low temperature, respectively. The crosstalk between BRs and other hormones is a significant factor in low-temperature tolerance. We provide an overview of recent developments in our knowledge of BRs' function in plant responses to cold stress and how they interact with other plant hormones in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The art of drying plants has a long tradition. It was already known in the Middle Ages as a form of documenting flora. It began to develop more intensively in Europe in the 16th century. This method of documenting plant collections quickly gained recognition among scientists. Its role and importance has changed throughout historical periods. The current study presents a short history and resources of Polish and European herbaria against the background of world data. It primarily focuses on indicating their contemporary importance in research in plant taxonomy and geography, as well as on the current situation of herbaria and problems identified using the example of Polish herbaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial use of habitat is key to understanding the ecology of animals and their area requirements. In the current study, the locations of 11 wild pale-throated three-toed sloths (Bradypus tridactylus) were tracked using GPS loggers across 92 days in a 776 ha forest fragment in the central Amazon. Although male home ranges were slightly smaller than those of females, there were no significant differences in size or its expansion patterns. For nine of 11 individuals, home range size reached a plateau within 45 days of study start, indicating that 45 days can be the basal minimum days to establish the home range size of B. tridactylus. There was a negative relationship between body mass and home range size in our study. This counterintuitive result may be caused by disparities in the food-exploring abilities between individuals. Smaller and presumably younger individuals, who have less experience, may require more time and a larger area in which to search for food, while older and more experienced individuals may be able to find food efficiently in a smaller area. Further work on the distribution of food plants and the food-exploring pattern of each animal in relation to age and/or size is thus encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise Methods and Results Conclusions Data on plant distribution and diversity from natural history collections and taxonomic databases are increasingly becoming available online as exemplified by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew's Plants of the World Online (POWO) database. This growing accumulation of biodiversity information requires an advance in bioinformatic tools for accessing and processing the massive data for use in downstream science. We present herein expowo, an open‐source package that facilitates extracting and using botanical data from POWO.The expowo package is implemented in R and designed to handle the entire vascular plant tree of life. It includes functions to readily distill taxonomic and distributional information about all families, genera, or species of vascular plants. It outputs a complete list of species in each genus of any plant family, with the associated original publication, synonyms, and distribution, and plots global maps of species richness at the country and botanical country levels, as well as graphs displaying species‐discovery accumulation curves and nomenclatural changes over time. To demonstrate expowo's strengths in producing easy‐to‐handle outputs, we also show empirical examples from a set of biodiverse countries and representative species‐rich and ecologically important angiosperm families.By harnessing bioinformatic tools that accommodate varying levels of R programming proficiency, expowo functions assist users who have limited R programming expertise in efficiently distilling specific botanical information from online sources and producing maps and graphics for the further interpretation of biogeographic and taxonomic patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An overlooked phenomenon is a potential increase in the distribution and abundance of plants with the highly water-usage-efficient crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). In the present article, we critically analyze recent research to investigate to what extent and why CAM plants may have recently expanded their range and abundance under global change. We discuss the ecophysiological and evolutionary mechanisms linked with CAM succulence and the drivers underlying potential CAM expansion, including drought, warming, and atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment. We further map the biogeographic pattern of CAM expansion and show that some CAM plants (e.g. Cylindropuntia, Opuntia, and Agave) are expanding and encroaching within dryland landscapes worldwide. Our results collectively highlight the recent expansion of CAM plants, a trend that could be sustained under increasing aridity with climate change. We recommend that CAM expansion be evaluated in a data-model integrated framework to better understand and predict the ecological and socioeconomic consequences of CAM expansion during the Anthropocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate warming has triggered shifts in plant distributions, resulting in changes within communities, characterized by an increase in warm‐demanding species and a decrease in cold‐adapted species – referred to as thermophilization. Researchers conventionally rely on co‐occurrence data from vegetation assemblages to examine these community dynamics. Despite the increasing availability of presence‐only data in recent decades, their potential has largely remained unexplored due to concerns about their reliability. Our study aimed to determine whether climate‐induced changes in community dynamics, as inferred from presence‐only data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), corresponded with those derived from co‐occurrence plot data. To assess the differences between these datasets, we computed a community temperature index (CTI) using a transfer function, weighted‐averaging partial least squares regression (WA‐PLS). We calibrated the transfect function model based on the species–temperature relationship using data before recent climate warming. Then we assessed the differences in CTI and examined the temporal trend in thermophilization. In a preliminary analysis, we assessed the performance of this calibration using three datasets: 1) Norwegian co‐occurrence data, 2) presence‐only data from a broader European region organized into pseudo‐plots (potentially capturing a larger part of the species niches), and 3) a combined dataset merging 1) and 2). The transfer function including the combined dataset performed best. Subsequently, we compared the CTI for the co‐occurrence plots paired up spatially and temporally with presence‐only pseudo‐plots. The results demonstrated that presence‐only data can effectively evaluate species assemblage responses to climate warming, with consistent CTI and thermophilization values to what was found for the co‐occurrence data. Employing presence‐only data for evaluating community responses opens up better spatial and temporal resolution and much more detailed analyses of such responses. Our results therefore outline how a large amount of presence‐only data can be used to enhance our understanding of community dynamics in a warmer world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature shapes the geographical distribution and behavior of plants. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying the plant heat stress response is important for developing climate-resilient crops, including maize (Zea mays). To identify transcription factors (TFs) that may contribute to the maize heat stress response, we generated a dataset of short- and long-term transcriptome changes following a heat treatment time course in the inbred line B73. Co-expression network analysis highlighted several TFs, including the class B2a heat shock factor (HSF) ZmHSF20. Zmhsf20 mutant seedlings exhibited enhanced tolerance to heat stress. Furthermore, DNA affinity purification sequencing and Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation assays demonstrated that ZmHSF20 binds to the promoters of Cellulose synthase A2 (ZmCesA2) and three class A Hsf genes, including ZmHsf4, repressing their transcription. We showed that ZmCesA2 and ZmHSF4 promote the heat stress response, with ZmHSF4 directly activating ZmCesA2 transcription. In agreement with the transcriptome analysis, ZmHSF20 inhibited cellulose accumulation and repressed the expression of cell wall-related genes. Importantly, the Zmhsf20 Zmhsf4 double mutant exhibited decreased thermotolerance, placing ZmHsf4 downstream of ZmHsf20. We proposed an expanded model of the heat stress response in maize, whereby ZmHSF20 lowers seedling heat tolerance by repressing ZmHsf4 and ZmCesA2, thus balancing seedling growth and defense. The transcription factor ZmHSF20 acts upstream of ZmHsf4 and Cellulose synthase A2, which positively regulate cell wall development under heat stress, thereby improving maize heat tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. (Lecythidaceae), a crucial species in mangrove ecosystems, is facing endangerment primarily due to habitat loss. To address this issue, research is imperative to identify suitable conservation habitats for the endangered B. racemosa within mangrove ecosystems. The utilization of the optimized Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model has been instrumental in predicting potential suitable regions based on global distribution points and environmental variables under current and future climates conditions. The study revealed that the potential distribution area of B. racemosa closely aligns with its existing range with an Area Under the Curve (AUC) greater than 0.95. The Jackknife, AUC, percent contribution (PC), and permutation importance (PI) tests were employed alongside the optimized MaxEnt model to examine the influence of environmental variables on the distribution of B. racemosa. The primary factors identified as significant predictors of B. racemosa distribution included the average temperature of the ocean surface (Temperature), average salinity of the ocean surface (Salinity), precipitation of the warmest quarter (Bio18), precipitation of the driest month (Bio14), seasonal variation coefficient of temperature (Bio4), and isothermality (Bio3). Currently, the habitat range of B. racemosa is predominantly found in tropical and subtropical coastal regions near the equator. The total suitable habitat area measures 246.03 km2, with high, medium, low, and unsuitable areas covering 3.90 km2, 8.57 km2, 16.94 km2, and 216.63 km2, respectively. These areas represent 1.58%, 3.48%, 6.88%, and 88.05% of the total habitat area, respectively. The potential distribution area of B. racemosa demonstrated significant variations under three climate scenarios (SSP126, SSP245, and SSP585), particularly in Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Both low and high suitable areas experienced a slight increase in distribution. In summary, the research suggests that B. racemosa primarily flourishes in coastal regions of tropical and subtropical areas near the equator, with temperature and precipitation playing a significant role in determining its natural range. This study offers important implications for the preservation and control of B. racemosa amidst habitat degradation and climate change threats. Through a comprehensive understanding of the specific habitat needs of B. racemosa and the implementation of focused conservation measures, efforts can be made to stabilize and rejuvenate its populations in their natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Since its coinage ca. 1850 AD by Philip Barker Webb, the biogeographical region of Macaronesia, consisting of the North Atlantic volcanic archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira with the tiny Selvagens, the Canaries and Cabo Verde, and for some authors different continental coastal strips, has been under dispute. Herein, after a brief introduction on the terminology and purpose of regionalism, we recover the origins of the Macaronesia name, concept and geographical adscription, as well as its biogeographical implications and how different authors have positioned themselves, using distinct terrestrial or marine floristic and/or faunistic taxa distributions and relationships for accepting or rejecting the existence of this biogeographical region. Four main issues related to Macaronesia are thoroughly discussed: (i) its independence from the Mediterranean phytogeographical region; (ii) discrepancies according to different taxa analysed; (iii) its geographical limits and the role of the continental enclave(s), and, (iv) the validity of the phytogeographical region level. We conclude that Macaronesia has its own identity and a sound phytogeographical foundation, and that this is mainly based on three different floristic components that are shared by the Macaronesian core (Madeira and the Canaries) and the outermost archipelagos (Azores and Cabo Verde). These floristic components are: (i) the Palaeotropical‐Tethyan Geoflora, formerly much more widely distributed in Europe and North Africa and currently restricted to the three northern archipelagos (the Azores, Madeira and the Canaries); (ii) the African Rand Flora, still extant in the coastal margins of Africa and Arabia, and present in the southern archipelagos (Madeira, the Canaries and Cabo Verde), and (iii) the Macaronesian neoendemic floristic component, represented in all the archipelagos, a result of allopatric diversification promoted by isolation of Mediterranean ancestors that manage to colonize Central Macaronesia and, from there, the outer archipelagos. Finally, a differentiating floristic component recently colonized the different archipelagos from the nearest continental coast, providing them with different biogeographic flavours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As plant distribution and performance are determined by both environmental and genetic factors, clarifying the contribution of these two factors is a key for understanding plant adaptation and predicting their distribution under ongoing global warming. Betula ermanii is an ideal species for such research because of its wide distribution across diverse environments. Stomatal density and size are crucial traits that plants undergo changes in to adapt to different environments as these traits directly influence plant photosynthesis and transpiration. In this study, we conducted a multi‐location common garden experiment using B. ermanii to (1) clarify the contribution of both environmental and genetic factors to the variation in stomatal density and size of B. ermanii, (2) demonstrate the differences in the plasticity of stomatal density and size among B. ermanii populations, and (3) understand how stomatal density and size of B. ermanii would respond to increased temperature and changing precipitation patterns. Genetic factors played a more significant role in stomatal size than environmental factors, suggesting that B. ermanii struggles to adjust its stomatal size in response to a changing environment. Our results also revealed a positive correlation between stomatal size plasticity and original habitat suitability, indicating that in B. ermanii populations in harsh environments exhibit lower adaptability to environmental shifts. Although stomatal density and size of B. ermanii showed the significant responses to increased temperature and shifting precipitation patterns, the response ranges of stomatal density and size to the environmental factors varied among populations. Our findings highlighted the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in determining the intraspecific variation in stomatal density and size in B. ermanii. This indicated that certain populations of B. ermanii exhibit limited stomatal plasticity and adaptability, which could directly affect photosynthesis and transpiration, suggesting potential population‐specific fitness implications for B. ermanii under future climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild desert grasslands are characterized by diverse habitats, uneven plant distribution, similarities among plant class, and the presence of plant shadows. However, the existing models for detecting plant species in desert grasslands exhibit low precision, require a large number of parameters, and incur high computational cost, rendering them unsuitable for deployment in plant recognition scenarios within these environments. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a lightweight and fast plant species detection system, termed YOLOv8s-KDT, tailored for complex desert grassland environments. Firstly, the model introduces a dynamic convolutional KernelWarehouse method to reduce the dimensionality of convolutional kernels and increase their number, thus achieving a better balance between parameter efficiency and representation ability. Secondly, the model incorporates triplet attention into its feature extraction network, effectively capturing the relationship between channel and spatial position and enhancing the model's feature extraction capabilities. Finally, the introduction of a dynamic detection head tackles the issue related to target detection head and attention non-uniformity, thus improving the representation of the target detection head while reducing computational cost. The experimental results demonstrate that the upgraded YOLOv8s-KDT model can rapidly and effectively identify desert grassland plants. Compared to the original model, FLOPs decreased by 50.8%, accuracy improved by 4.5%, and mAP increased by 5.6%. Currently, the YOLOv8s-KDT model is deployed in the mobile plant identification APP of Ningxia desert grassland and the fixed-point ecological information observation platform. It facilitates the investigation of desert grassland vegetation distribution across the entire Ningxia region as well as long-term observation and tracking of plant ecological information in specific areas, such as Dashuikeng, Huangji Field, and Hongsibu in Ningxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogeographical variation in community assembly processes forms the basis of the latitudinal gradient of biodiversity by driving β‐diversity. Classical studies on community assembly predict environmental filtering affecting β‐diversity more strongly at higher latitudes, where productivity is lower and abiotic stress is stronger. Contrary to this prediction, recent evidence indicates that plant community composition at higher latitudes exhibits more spatially clustered distributions independently of background environments, suggesting the importance of spatial processes, such as priority effects. In this study, we propose a hypothesis that resolves this paradox by considering plant–soil feedback and biogeographic variations in the dominant mycorrhizal type: we predict that the increasing prevalence of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) trees with latitude contributes to the spatially clustered distribution of plants, as EcM trees tend to exhibit positive plant–soil feedback. We analyzed a large‐scale standardized dataset of Japanese forests covering a latitudinal gradient of >10° and found that 1) the proportion of EcM trees was higher at higher latitudes, and 2) EcM tree‐rich communities exhibited more spatially clustered distributions likely due to positive plant–soil feedback. Consequently, 3) tree species composition at higher latitudes was better explained by spatial variables suggesting the importance of priority effects. Consistent with the predictions of the plant–soil feedback theory, these patterns were more pronounced in understory than in canopy communities. Taken together, our results lend support to our hypothesis that biogeographic variation in tree community assembly patterns is defined by mycorrhizal types and plant–soil feedback, thereby resolving a paradox in the latitudinal gradient of plant community assembly. Our work highlights that plant mycorrhizal type underlies the determinants of β‐diversity which is a critical component of the latitudinal gradient of diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As plant distribution and performance are determined by both environmental and genetic factors, clarifying the contribution of these two factors is a key for understanding plant adaptation and predicting their distribution under ongoing global warming. Betula ermanii is an ideal species for such research because of its wide distribution across diverse environments. Stomatal density and size are crucial traits that plants undergo changes in to adapt to different environments as these traits directly influence plant photosynthesis and transpiration. In this study, we conducted a multi‐location common garden experiment using B. ermanii to (1) clarify the contribution of both environmental and genetic factors to the variation in stomatal density and size of B. ermanii, (2) demonstrate the differences in the plasticity of stomatal density and size among B. ermanii populations, and (3) understand how stomatal density and size of B. ermanii would respond to increased temperature and changing precipitation patterns. Genetic factors played a more significant role in stomatal size than environmental factors, suggesting that B. ermanii struggles to adjust its stomatal size in response to a changing environment. Our results also revealed a positive correlation between stomatal size plasticity and original habitat suitability, indicating that in B. ermanii populations in harsh environments exhibit lower adaptability to environmental shifts. Although stomatal density and size of B. ermanii showed the significant responses to increased temperature and shifting precipitation patterns, the response ranges of stomatal density and size to the environmental factors varied among populations. Our findings highlighted the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in determining the intraspecific variation in stomatal density and size in B. ermanii. This indicated that certain populations of B. ermanii exhibit limited stomatal plasticity and adaptability, which could directly affect photosynthesis and transpiration, suggesting potential population‐specific fitness implications for B. ermanii under future climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benthic diatoms have been studied in different areas of the Mediterranean Sea, but no data have been available for Israeli coastal waters until the present time. In this work, the composition, ecology, and phytogeography of diatoms of the macrophytes epiphyton are presented for the first time. Altogether, 85 diatom taxa were found among the epiphyton of 25 species of green, brown, and red macroalgae from the Israeli coast between March and May of 2021. These diatoms represent three classes, 17 orders, 26 families, and 41 genera. The taxonomic composition, ecology, and phytogeography of species are discussed. The distribution of diatoms are compared to that of other macrophytes and anthropogenic loads across the shoreline. The dominant species are given. Ecological characteristics and abundance in communities of revealed species are represented and statistically analyzed. The index of saprobity S varies between 1.69–2.71. Sites that stressed aquatic communities are indicated. The influence of the anthropogenic loads on the coastal territories is defined as a major factor that stimulated diatom species richness. Sites with anthropogenic stress for aquatic communities are indicated. Based on the composition of bioindicators, it is concluded that the section of the Israeli coast studied is oligo-mesotrophic compared to the eutrophic Gulf of Tartus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long‐distance seed dispersal is a crucial process determining the distribution of plant biodiversity and, therefore, of major interest in biogeography and macroecology. A recent data article on Global Ecology and Biogeography presented a database of estimated seed‐dispersal distance classes for the European flora, where the classes are defined by the morphological dispersal syndrome of species associated with a single dispersal mode. We explain how this article overlooks literature on the unreliable capacity of dispersal syndromes for predicting key dispersal modes involved in long‐distance seed dispersal. Consequently, the published database does not consider the possibility that individual species can naturally be dispersed through multiple modes (polychory). Most importantly, the database consistently omits seed‐dispersal modes that can mediate dispersal distances several orders of magnitude longer than the mode predicted by the syndromes. This is the case of many terrestrial and aquatic plants dispersed by animals, notably ungulates and waterbirds, and that of coastal plants dispersed by the sea. We thus urge caution when using this database to model potential plant dispersal because long‐distance seed dispersal is underestimated in many species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: There have been few long-term studies of the flora, phenology, and ecology of specific reserves in the species-rich flora of the Southwest Australian Floristic Region. Aims: This project, extending over five decades, aimed to develop an authoritative flora list and acquire data on phenology, threatened species, endemism, old and young landscapes, phytogeography, old lineages, and fire responses at Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve. Methods: The study used botanical collection on repeat surveys, herbarium studies, granite outcrop surveys and comparative phytogeographic analyses from maps on the Western Australian Herbarium's Florabase. Key results: Floristic survey recovered 853 taxa, 26% of those known in the Albany local government area. Possibly as many as 950–1000 taxa will be found in the future. The herbarium collections are the second largest of any conservation reserve in the Albany area. Flowering was most evident in spring and least in autumn. Three declared rare species and 20 conservation priority species were identified, as were short-range endemics, old clades, and natural hybrids. Conclusions: The flora is dominated by species predominantly from wetter forest regions. Consequently, Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve is correctly placed within the Bibbulmun Botanical Province. Several hypotheses of OCBIL theory (which addresses old, climatically-buffered, infertile landscapes) were supported, with increased local endemism, ancient clades, and reduced rates of natural hybridisation identified for the granite inselberg OCBIL Maardjitup Gurlin/Mt Gardner. Implications: Long term studies are invaluable for plant inventory. Continuing the minimal use of prescribed burning is advocated from plant data, in support of approaches to help conserve threatened animals. This project, extending over five decades, aimed to develop an authoritative flora list and acquire data on phenology, threatened species, endemism, old and young landscapes, phytogeography, old lineages, and fire responses at Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve. Intensive field work by many collectors was involved. Floristic survey recovered 853 taxa, 3 declared rare species, 20 conservation priority species and various short-range endemics, old clades, and natural hybrids. Continued avoidance of prescribed burning is advocated. This article belongs to the Collection The Natural History of Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve, Western Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Although the vascular flora of Western Australia is renowned for high species diversity and endemism, very little is known about the state's moss and liverwort flora. Aims: In 1984 we conducted surveys of bryophytes in Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve. Methods: We searched comprehensively for bryophytes at seven major habitats on the Reserve, collecting voucher specimens subsequently identified with modern literature and with the help of Australian bryophyte experts. We updated the text to reflect modern taxonomy and considering modern literature on phytogeography and hypotheses associated with OCBIL (Old, Climatically Buffered, Infertile Landscapes) theory. Key results: A total of 38 species of mosses representing 25 genera from 13 families were identified along with 10 species of liverworts representing nine genera and six families. Two moss species (Distichium inclinatum and Tortella dakinii) were previously unknown from Western Australia. Another represented a new species (Pleurophascum occidentale) in a heretofore monotypic genus, family, and order. The Pottiaceae, with 11 species, was the most diverse family of mosses. The Lepidoziaceae, with three species, was the most diverse family of liverworts. Conclusions: Lower levels of endemism in bryophytes versus vascular plants may reflect the bryophytes' capacity for wide and long-distance dispersal of spores and fragments. Bryophyte diversity and endemism may be less than on extensive OCBILs because much of the Reserve emerged from the ocean as recently as the mid-Pleistocene. Implications: This, the first listing published of bryophytes on a Reserve in WA, indicates the potential rewards for further survey of mosses and liverworts. In 1984 we searched comprehensively for bryophytes at seven major habitats on Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve. A total of 38 species of mosses and ten species of liverworts included two moss species (Distichium inclinatum and Tortella dakinii) previously unknown from Western Australia. Another represented a new species (Pleurophascum occidentale) in a heretofore monotypic order. This, the first listing published of bryophytes on a Reserve in Western Australia, indicates the potential rewards for further survey of bryophytes. This article belongs to the Collection The Natural History of Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve, Western Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stictidaceae is characterised by a wide geographic distribution and diverse ecological roles. It has recently been the focus of taxonomic research in China. In this study, we describe two new asexual Stictidaceae species that we presume to be saprobes: Glomerobolus poacearum and Ostropomyces yunnanensis. The specimens were collected from decaying stems of unidentified herbaceous and Poaceae hosts in the Yunnan Dashanbao Black-necked Crane National Nature Reserve, China. Our approach combines morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, utilising LSU, ITS, mtSSU and rpb2 markers. Glomerobolus poacearum sp. nov., was collected on decayed aquatic grass stems. In our phylogeny, it forms a well-supported clade with G. gelineus, the type of the genus. The species differs from G. gelineus in having comparatively smaller hyphoma, lobes and ballistic propagules that are spherical or fan-shaped when swollen. The discovery of Glomerobolus poacearum on Poaceae species within China are new observations of plant associates and geographical distribution in the genus. Ostropomyces yunnanensis sp. nov., was collected on a stem of a herbaceous plant. In our phylogenetic analysis, it forms a well-supported clade with G. gelineus, the type species of the genus and is characterised by the production of conidiomata with forcible discharge. Ostropomyces yunnanensis is distinguishable from the asexual morph of O. pruinosellus by possessing larger pycnidial conidiomata, which feature multiple locules of conical or irregular shapes and by having larger conidia that are 0–4-septate. These taxonomic contributions enrich our understanding of the diversity, evolutionary relationships and ecological interactions within Stictidaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Projections of spatial biodiversity dynamics under climate warming are often based on models including only climate variables, and when non-climatic factors (e.g. soil) are included, data are often at much coarser spatial resolutions than those experienced by plants. Field studies along elevation gradients permit the gathering of detailed soil data, while still covering a wide climatic gradient. Here, an intensive field survey of four spring forest herbs along an elevation gradient showed that soil properties had substantial impacts on the occurrence/abundance of all species, and that soil effects were more pronounced at higher elevations. For Trillium erectum and Claytonia caroliniana, very infrequent occurrences at high elevation were strongly associated with rare microsites with high pH or nutrients. In a seven-year transplant experiment with T. erectum, we found that individuals grew to much smaller sizes at high than low elevation, suggesting that environmental factors rather than dispersal limitation constrain the species' upper range limit, despite substantial warming in recent decades. Our study demonstrates that soil factors interact strongly with climate to determine plant range limits along climatic gradients. Unsuitable soils for plants at high elevations or latitudes may represent an important constraint on future plant migration and biodiversity change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ecological novelty and planetary stewardship: biodiversity dynamics in a transforming biosphere'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyploidy is a pervasive phenomenon in nature and has significantly contributed to the adaptive evolution of plants. The conditions necessary for the spread of neopolyploids in populations of the diploid progenitor are limited; however, the superior competitive ability of neopolyploids may promote its establishment. Here, we assess the contribution of polyploidisation to the divergence of plant traits affecting competitive response, which could explain the successful establishment and current geographic distribution of polyploids. We conducted an intraspecific competition experiment using diploids, neotetraploids and established tetraploids of Jasione maritima var. maritima to determine whether cytotypes differ in phenological, growth and physiological traits and competitive response. Cytotypes respond differently under different competition scenarios with implications for cytotype establishment and distribution. Competition impacted all cytotypes, but neotetraploids were least affected by competition, and the tetraploids were the most impacted. Thus, competitive advantage may have contributed to the displacement of diploid populations and colonisation of new areas by neotetraploids but might have been lost afterwards. Evolutionary changes after polyploidisation have also been detected, and tetraploids invested more in belowground biomass, suggesting that root development might also play a role in colonising southernmost locations. Interestingly, diploids and both tetraploids seem to have different life strategies, the first investing in growth while the latter investing in reserves for the next season. Overall, polyploidisation seems to provide immediate changes that confer an advantage under competition that, together with other factors, may have allowed the establishment of neotetraploids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diospyros barteri was recorded for the first time from Dodja, a sacred forest in the Commune of Abomey-Calavi, Benin. We provide a detailed description, illustration, habitat, ecology, flowering period, and population size of this species. These occurrences fill a gap in the distribution of the species in the Dahomey-Gap territory. Our new records show the importance of botanical surveys in sacred forests which are hotspots of biodiversity in the country. However, sacred forests are unfortunately poorly maintained and managed and are difficult to access because they serve as central sites for ceremonies of local divinities in vodun celebrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first record of Distimake ternifoliolus (Pittier) A.R.Simões & Staples (Convolvulaceae) from the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado). This is a rare species, previously known only from the savannas of the Venezuelan Llanos and the Guianas. We provide a key characters, data on geographic distribution, habitat, conservation status, flowering and fruiting period, updated distribution maps and a key for Distimake Raf. species from Ceará. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable production of pome fruit crops is dependent upon having virus-free planting materials. The production and distribution of plants derived from virus- and viroid-negative sources is necessary not only to control pome fruit viral diseases but also for sustainable breeding activities, as well as the safe movement of plant materials across borders. With variable success rates, different in vitro-based techniques, including shoot tip culture, micrografting, thermotherapy, chemotherapy, and shoot tip cryotherapy, have been employed to eliminate viruses from pome fruits. Higher pathogen eradication efficiencies have been achieved by combining two or more of these techniques. An accurate diagnosis that confirms complete viral elimination is crucial for developing effective management strategies. In recent years, considerable efforts have resulted in new reliable and efficient virus detection methods. This comprehensive review documents the development and recent advances in biotechnological methods that produce healthy pome fruit plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discontinuous geographic distribution pattern of plants in the north temperate zone has been a focus of biogeographic research, especially concerning the mechanisms behind the formation of such a pattern and the spatial and temporal evolution of this intermittent distribution pattern. Hypotheses of boreotropical origin, land bridge migration, and out‐of‐Tibet have been proposed to explain the formation of the discontinuous distribution pattern. The distribution of Lonicera shows a typical Europe–Asia–North America discontinuous distribution, which makes for a good case study to investigate the above three hypotheses. In this study, we inferred the phylogeny based on plastid genomes and a nuclear data set with broad taxon sampling, covering 83 species representing two subgenera and four sections. Both nuclear and plastid phylogenetic analyses found section Isika polyphyletic, while sections Nintooa, Isoxylosteum, and Coelxylosteum were monophyletic in subgenus Chamaecerasus. Based on the nuclear and chloroplast phylogeny, we suggest transferring Lonicera maximowiczii and Lonicera tangutica into section Nintooa. Reconstruction of ancestral areas suggests that Lonicera originated in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and/or Asia, and subsequently dispersed to other regions. The aridification of the Asian interior may have facilitated the rapid radiation of Lonicera in the region. At the same time, the uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau appear to have triggered the spread and recent rapid diversification of the genus on the QTP and adjacent areas. Overall, our results deepen the understanding of the evolutionary diversification history of Lonicera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In heterotrophs, heme degradation produces bilirubin, a tetrapyrrole compound that has antioxidant activity. In plants, heme is degraded in plastids and is believed to be converted to phytochromobilin rather than bilirubin. Recently, we used the bilirubin-inducible fluorescent protein UnaG to reveal that plants produce bilirubin via a non-enzymatic reaction with NADPH. In the present study, we used an UnaG-based live imaging system to visualize bilirubin accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana at the organelle and tissue levels. In chloroplasts, bilirubin preferentially accumulated in the stroma, and the stromal bilirubin level increased upon dark treatment. Investigation of intracellular bilirubin distribution in leaves and roots showed that it accumulated mostly in plastids, with low levels detected in the cytosol and other organelles, such as peroxisomes, mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. A treatment that increased bilirubin production in chloroplasts decreased the bilirubin level in peroxisomes, implying that a bilirubin precursor is transported between the two organelles. At the cell and tissue levels, bilirubin showed substantial accumulation in the root elongation region but little or none in the root cap and guard cells. Intermediate bilirubin accumulation was observed in other shoot and root tissues, with lower levels in shoot tissues. Our data revealed the distribution of bilirubin in plants, which has implications for the transport and physiological function of tetrapyrroles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Quantifying spatial species richness is useful to describe biodiversity patterns across broad geographical areas, especially in large, poorly known plant groups. We explore patterns and predictors of species richness across Africa in one such group, the palaeotropical genus Grewia L. (Malvaceae). Methods Grewia species richness was quantified by extracting herbarium records from GBIF and Tropicos and creating geographical grids at varying spatial scales. We assessed predictors of species richness using spatial regression models with 30 environmental variables. We explored species co-occurrence in Madagascar at finer resolutions using Schoener's index and compared species range sizes and International Union for Conservation of Nature status among ecoregions. Lastly, we derived a trait matrix for a subset of species found in Madagascar to characterize morphological diversity across space. Key Results Grewia species occur in 50 countries in Africa, with the highest number of species in Madagascar (93, with 80 species endemic). Species richness is highest in Madagascar, with ≤23 Grewia species in a grid cell, followed by coastal Tanzania/Kenya (≤13 species) and northern South Africa and central Angola (11 species each). Across Africa, higher species richness was predicted by variables related to aridity. In Madagascar, a greater range in environmental variables best predicted species richness, consistent with geographical grid cells of highest species richness occurring near biome/ecoregion transitions. In Madagascar, we also observe increasing dissimilarity in species composition with increasing geographical distance. Conclusions The spatial patterns and underlying environmental predictors that we uncover in Grewia represent an important step in our understanding of plant distribution and diversity patterns across Africa. Madagascar boasts nearly twice the Grewia species richness of the second most species-rich country in Africa, which might be explained by complex topography and environmental conditions across small spatial scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Trachycarpus nanus is a national, second-class, rare and endangered plant in China, and a plant species endemic to Yunnan. This species has a high medicinal, ecological, and scientific value, but it is currently on the verge of extinction. Therefore, it is urgent to learn its extinction risk under global warming. We predict its multi-temporal distribution pattern based on the optimized MaxEnt model. The results show that precipitation is the most important factor. In the future, drastic climatic changes and human disturbances may lead to the extinction of this species, so it is necessary to strengthen the protection of this species using specific strategies. Climate change affects the geographical distribution of plant species. Rare Trachycarpus nanus with a narrow distribution range, high medicinal value and extremely small population is facing increasing extinction risks under global climate change. In this study, 96 recorded occurrences and 23 environmental factors are used to predict the potential suitable area of T. nanus based on the optimized MaxEnt (3.4.4) model and ArcGIS (10.7) software. The results show that when the parameters are FC = LQ and RM = 1, the MaxEnt model is optimal and AUC = 0.946. The distribution patterns were predicted in the past, present, and four future phases, i.e., 2021–2040 (2030), 2041–2060 (2050), 2061–2080 (2070), and 2081–2100 (2090). The main factors are the annual precipitation (bio12), mean temperature of the coldest quarter (bio11), temperature seasonality (bio4), precipitation of the wettest quarter (bio16), and isothermality (bio3). The potential distribution of T. nanus is primarily concentrated in central Chuxiong, encompassing a total potential suitable area of 5.65 × 104 km2. In historical periods, the total habitat area is smaller than that in the present. In the future, the potential suitable area is generally increased. The centroid analysis shows that T. nanus will move to a high-altitude area and to the southeast. But its dispersal capacity may not keep up with the climate change rate. Therefore, additional protection sites for this species should be appropriately established and the habitat connectivity should be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores plant communities dominated by the invasive species Fallopia x bohemica (Bohemian Knotweed) in Bulgaria. Using field data from 91 locations, an analysis identified the association Reynoutrietum japonicae within the alliance Aegopodion podagrariae. That association is recorded for the first time in Bulgaria. The vegetation is characteristically dominated by the Bohemian Knotweed species, which forms dense stands with low species richness. It mainly occurs in disturbed areas, such as riverbanks, roadsides and abandoned spots. This study contributes to understanding the distribution and composition of plant communities dominated by that invasive species. The negative impact of Bohemian Knotweed on the native flora and vegetation is also highlighted, with an emphasis on the need in control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plants possess a large variety of nonacquisitive belowground organs, such as rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, and coarse roots. These organs determine a whole set of functions that are decisive in coping with climate, productivity, disturbance, and biotic interactions, and have been hypothesized to affect plant distribution along environmental gradients.We assembled data on belowground organ morphology for 1712 species from Central Europe and tested these hypotheses by quantifying relationships between belowground morphologies and species optima along ecological gradients related to productivity and disturbance. Furthermore, we linked these data with species co‐occurrence in 30 115 vegetation plots from the Czech Republic to determine relationships between belowground organ diversity and these gradients.The strongest gradients determining belowground organ distribution were disturbance severity and frequency, light, and moisture. Nonclonal perennials and annuals occupy much smaller parts of the total environmental space than major types of clonal plants. Forest habitats had the highest diversity of co‐occurring belowground morphologies; in other habitats, the diversity of belowground morphologies was generally lower than the random expectation.Our work shows that nonacquisitive belowground organs may be partly responsible for plant environmental niches. This adds a new dimension to the plant trait spectrum, currently based on acquisitive traits (leaves and fine roots) only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis can facilitate surveillance of invasive aquatic plant's distribution. However, it is still questionable how accurately eDNA concentration reflects and predicts aquatic plant abundance. Although previous studies investigated relationships between aquatic plant eDNA concentration and their abundance in freshwater environments, the conclusions were not consistent between the studies. Here, a systematic literature search was conducted to summarize previous findings and meta-analyze the relationships between eDNA concentration and aquatic plant abundance. Hierarchical random-effect meta-analyses showed significant positive, but weak, relationships between them (r = 0.45 in average), meaning that eDNA concentration accounted for approximately 20% of the observed variation in plant abundance. Additionally, the relationships tended to be rather stronger in the field than in the laboratory environments, which may be attributed to limited quantifiability and species specificity of plant coverage as abundance metrics, heterogeneous dispersion of plant eDNA particles, and phenology-dependent eDNA production from plant bodies. The finding indicates that aquatic plant eDNA particles could reflect more regional (but not local) abundance, and thus, eDNA-based abundance estimation might be more appropriate at a broader scale (i.e., lower spatial resolution). Further studies focusing on various environmental parameters and plant ecotypes are needed to clarify the relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants growing outside their native range may be confronted by new regimes of herbivory, but how this affects plant chemical defence profiles has rarely been studied.Using Plantago lanceolata as a model species, we investigated whether introduced populations show significant differences from native populations in several growth and chemical defence traits. Plantago lanceolata (ribwort plantain) is an herbaceous plant species native to Europe and Western Asia that has been introduced to numerous countries worldwide.We sampled seeds from nine native and 10 introduced populations that covered a broad geographic and environmental range and performed a greenhouse experiment, in which we infested half of the plants in each population with caterpillars of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. We then measured size‐related and resource‐allocation traits as well as the levels of constitutive and induced chemical defence compounds in roots and shoots of P. lanceolata.When we considered the environmental characteristics of the site of origin, our results revealed that populations from introduced ranges were characterized by an increase in chemical defence compounds without compromising plant biomass. The concentrations of iridoid glycosides and verbascoside, the major anti‐herbivore defence compounds of P. lanceolata, were higher in introduced populations than in native populations. In addition, introduced populations exhibited greater rates of herbivore‐induced volatile organic compound emission and diversity, and similar chemical diversity based on untargeted analyses of leaf methanol extracts.In conclusion, the geographic origin of the populations had a significant influence on morphological and chemical plant traits, suggesting that P. lanceolata populations are not only adapted to different environments in their native range, but also in their introduced range. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seasonal distributions of predatory bugs, specifically species of Orius (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), and the population dynamics of some sucking pests including aphids, leafhoppers, and thrips in crops plants (i.e. winter and summer vegetables, fruit trees and field crops) in Balcalı, Adana Province, Turkey, were investigated during 2019–2020. A total of four Orius species were identified, which are: Orius laevigatus (Fieber), Orius niger (Wolff), Orius albidipennis (Reuter) and Orius vicinus (Ribaut). The most common species was O. laevigatus, constituting 78.36% of the total adult individual insects. Both O. laevigatus and O. niger were relatively more abundant on broad beans, beans and potatoes compared to fruit trees and open field crops, such as cotton, sesame and soybean. Very few Orius individuals were recorded on fruit trees. Those that were recorded were found mostly on apple trees. Orius and thrips individuals were collected mainly from the flowers of the plants, and their population patterns depended on the flowering phenology patterns of the plants. Significant correlations were detected between the population patterns of Orius individuals and thrips populations in winter and summer vegetables, fruit trees and field crops. This may indicate that thrips are the primary prey of Orius individuals throughout the year in agricultural ecosystems with rich plant diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]