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The objective was to evaluate the effects of In vitro biocontrol of Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus spp. against Fusarium oxysporum and its in vivo effect on Solanum lycopersicum plants. The antagonistic effect in vitro of microcapsules of Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus spp. against F. oxysporum, was evaluated by inhibition and antagonism classification, in the in vivo part growth variables in plant and fruit were measured. Trichoderma asperellum showed inhibition of 84.7% and class 1 and Bacillus spp., obtained an inhibition of 83.7% with a positive classification. The canonical correspondence analysis of the fruit, the T1 treatment indicates that the variables that highlight the effect of the treatment are the firmness of the fruit and the Brix. The canonical correspondence analysis of the plant, the height presents a significant difference (P < 0.05), highlighting B. subtilis, Bacillus liquefasciens, T. harzianum and T. asperellum + Bacillus amiloliquefasciens, with 1.05 and 1.1 m compared to the control of 74 cm, also highlighted the number of total fruits in the T. harzianum treatment with an average of 22.6 fruits and root weight in B. subtilis with 37.12 g. Strains of Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus spp. successfully inhibited F. oxysporum also induced growth in the tomato plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oligonychus perseae Hirst (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a major pest of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) crops, but it also causes damage to other crops and ornamental plants. Classifying and evaluating the type of spatial distribution pattern of mites on their host plants under natural conditions is ecologically and biologically important. Furthermore, to develop strategies to control the populations of pest mites in agroecosystems, it is essential to know the type of spatial pattern of distribution (uniform, random, or aggregate) of that mite on its host plant and its habitat. This study aimed to classify and assess the spatial distribution of O. perseae on A. saligna. The indices of Lloyd's mean crowding indices, Morisita, and mean-variance relationship classified the spatial pattern of dispersion of the persea mites as aggregate. Iwao's mean crowding regression and Taylor's power law confirmed these results, which indicated that O. perseae formed aggregate colonies to reproduce, avoid predators, and socialize. This is also the first report of O. perseae on A. saligna in Baja California and may help us developing sampling programs for O. perseae. Resumen Oligonychus perseae Hirst (Acari: Tetranychidae) es una plaga importante del aguacate (Persea americana Mill.), pero también causa daños a otros cultivos y plantas ornamentales. Clasificar y evaluar el tipo de patrón de distribución espacial de los ácaros en sus plantas hospederas bajo condiciones naturales es importante para desarrollar estrategias de control de sus poblaciones. La distribución espacial de O. perseae sobre A. saligna se midió con los índices de hacinamiento medio de Lloyd, Morisita y la relación mediavarianza clasificaron el patrón de dispersión espacial de los ácaros persea como agregado. La regresión de hacinamiento medio de Iwao y la ley de potencia de Taylor confirmaron estos resultados, indicando que O. perseae formó colonias agregadas para reproducirse, evitar depredadores y socializar. Este es también el primer reporte de O. perseae sobre A. saligna en Baja California, y nos puede sirvir para desarrollar programas de muestro para O. perseae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five samples of agricultural soil and five samples of Aloe barbadensis (P. Mill., 1768) plants with symptoms of wilt and root necrosis were collected in five localities of the state of Tamaulipas, México. The aims of this study were the morphological identification, molecular identification and in vitro evaluation of the antagonistic activity of Trichoderma spp. on Fusarium spp. Four strains of Trichoderma asperellum, one strain of Trichoderma harzianum and five strains of Fusarium oxysporum were identified by morphological and molecular methods. The evaluation of the antagonistic activity of T. harzianum isolate (TP) showed the highest inhibition in Fusarium spp. (78.80%). The evaluation of the antagonistic activity of Trichoderma spp. extracts in Fusarium spp. did not show significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05), with Trichoderma growth percentages that oscillated between 81.08 and 94.38%. The native isolate of T. harzianum (TP) showed significant competitive capability against the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum. Trichoderma species are promising agents of biological control in the central area of the State Tamaulipas, Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the importance of native bacteria in the bioremediation of sites affected by oil spills. Hydrocarbons released in oil spills are a source of contamination for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems due to their persistence in the environment and are considered highly toxic, causing serious damage to human health as well as to the flora and fauna of the affected sites. In order to mitigate the negative effects caused by oil This article highlights the importance of native bacteria in the bioremediation of sites affected by oil spills. Hydrocarbons released in oil spills are a source of contamination for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems due to their persistence in the environment and are considered highly toxic, causing serious damage to human health as well as to the flora and fauna of the affected sites. In order to mitigate the negative effects caused by oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological control is the use of natural enemies such as parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens. It is one of the strategies used in integrated pest management to reduce or minimize damage to crops in an ecological way, and, therefore, it turns out to be a sustainable alternative. It helps to promote the correct use of the resources that are available, in addition to promoting the practice of environmental care in society aiming for a sustainable future. This study is a review of some research that shows biological control as part of organic agriculture and as a pest control tool, so as to raise awareness in society to establish action plans focused on environmental education based on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and their results over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal activity of the polyphenolic compounds found in neem on S. frugiperda larvae. Three neem extracts (1:12 (m/v) with 70% ethanol, 1:12 (m/v) with 0% ethanol (only water), and 1:4 (m/v) with 0% ethanol) were employed. Subsequently, the extraction of phytochemical compounds of each extract was performed using ultrasound and microwave technologies simultaneously. The compound characterization was performed by HPLC-mass. In addition, the insecticidal evaluation of the neem extract was performed against S. frugiperda of the second-stage larvae. The extracts were applied by spraying the larvae according to each bioassay. Results showed that the extract obtained with a 1:12 (m/v) relationship and 70% ethanol was effective for the control of S. frugiperda larvae. In this extract, the predominant organic compound families were: methoxyflavones, flavonols, hydroxycoumarins, anthocyanins, methoxycinnamic acid, and alkylflavones. Phytochemical compounds obtained from neem seeds with environmentally friendly solvents and alternative technologies (ultrasound and microwave) have potent insecticidal activity against S. frugiperda larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lophophora williamsii (peyote) is a spineless cactus that stands out for its psychoactive alkaloid content and considered vulnerable due to the destruction of its habitat and illegal extraction. The objective of this study is to describe the spatial distribution and interactions between facilitator species and L. williamsii that are important for this species conservation and reintroduction programs. The spatial distribution pattern was determined by Ripley's K-function. To know whether L. williamsii requires facilitator species, 10 plots of 100 m2 each were considered to perform dasometric measurements of the perennial species. Frequency of peyotes under the canopy of perennial species and open spaces was determined. The cardinal directions in which peyote individuals were found under the facilitator species were recorded, as well as soil surface temperature and solar radiation at soil level under the foliage and open spaces. L. williamsii showed an aggregated spatial distribution; 97.7% of peyotes were found under the foliage of facilitator species, where temperature and solar radiation were significantly lower than in the open spaces. Among the facilitator species, those that stand out are Flourensia cernua , Agave lechuguilla , Larrea tridentata , and Prosopis glandulosa. Significantly greater frequencies of peyotes were observed positioned on the northern quadrant of the facilitator crown. The results obtained show that L. williamsii needs the protection of perennial species for its establishment. Thus, the disappearance of these species could put at risk the persistence of peyote in these communities. These findings point out that the conservation and restoration of wild peyote populations require maintenance from the facilitator species. • Florencia cernua was the main facilitator species for Lophophora williamsii. • The highest L. williamsii density population is reported (7570 ind./ha). • Important data for future L. williamsii conservation and restoration planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]