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Conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) is a mixture of octadecenoic acid with multiple positional and geometric isomers (including four 9, 11, 13-C18:3 isomers and three 8, 10, 12-C18:3 isomers) that is mainly present in plant seeds. In recent years, CLnA has shown many promising health benefits with the deepening of research, but the metabolic characteristics, physiological function differences and mechanisms of different isomers are relatively complex. In this article, the metabolic characteristics of CLnA were firstly reviewed, with focus on its conversion, catabolism and anabolism. Then the possible mechanisms of CLnA exerting biological effects were summarized and analyzed from its own chemical and physical characteristics, as well as biological receptor targeting characteristics. In addition, the differences and mechanisms of different isomers of CLnA in anticancer, lipid-lowering, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory physiological functions were compared and summarized. The current results show that the position and cis-trans conformation of conjugated structure endow CLnA with unique physical and chemical properties, which also makes different isomers have commonalities and particularities in the regulation of metabolism and physiological functions. Corresponding the metabolic characteristics of different isomers with precise nutrition strategy will help them to play a better role in disease prevention and treatment. CLnA has the potential to be developed into food functional components and dietary nutritional supplements. The advantages and mechanisms of different CLnA isomers in the clinical management of specific diseases need further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: At a genomic level metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer state is highly heterogeneous and no clear genome-based prognostic or predictive biomarkers exist in practice. We evaluated multiple copy number somatic alterations in two castrate resistant patient cohorts to determine if a genome-based risk score at the copy number level can predict clinical outcomes. The first cohort included patients in a prospective clinical-trial in which abiraterone acetate was given and the other comprised of a real-world hospital-registry. We extracted plasma cell free DNA in both cohorts and performed low pass whole genome sequencing. Copy number alterations were identified for 24 candidate genes and a final composite score developed from 11 genes. This risk score was able to predict survival in castrate resistant patients after adjusting for known clinical biomarkers. Additionally, the multi-gene copy number alteration based risk score algorithm also predicted if abiraterone acetate would be effective in castrate resistant patients. A plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) multi-gene copy number alteration (CNA)-based risk score was evaluated to predict clinical outcomes in metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients. Methods: Plasma specimens from two independent mCRPC patient cohorts (N = 88 and N = 92 patients) were used. A treatment-naïve mCRPC cohort (prospective clinical-trial cohort) included plasma samples before treatment with abiraterone acetate/prednisone and serially at 3-months. A separate real-world hospital-registry (RWHR) mCRPC cohort included a single blood sample collected prior to mCRPC treatments in 92 mCRPC patients following ADT failure. Low pass whole genome sequencing was performed on plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and copy number alterations (CNAs) were identified for 24 candidate genes of interest. Associations of individual gene CNAs with 3 month primary resistance to therapy, progression-free survival (PFS) in the prospective trial cohort and overall survival (OS) in both cohorts was evaluated by Cox regression. A multi-gene risk score was determined for significantly associated candidate CNAs for predicting clinical outcomes. Clinical factors were included in the risk model for survival. Statistical significance for all tests was set at 0.05. Results: In the prospective trial cohort, patients responding to treatment were observed to have a significant copy number decrease in AR (p = 0.001) and COL22A1 (p = 0.037) at 3 months, while the non-responder group showed a significant CNA decrease in NKX3.1 (p = 0.027), ZBTB16 (p = 0.025) and CNA increases in PIK3CB (p = 0.006). Based on the significance level of each gene, CNAs in 11 of the 24 genes (AR, COL22A1, MYC, NCOR1, NKX3.1, NOTCH1, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, TMPRSS2, TP53, ZBTB16) were selected to develop a Cox-regression coefficient-based weighted multi-gene risk score for predicting mCRPC outcomes in both cohorts. A higher multi-gene risk score was observed to have poor OS in mCRPC patients in the prospective trial cohort (p = 0.00019) and for the RWHR cohort, (p < 0.0001). A higher risk score was also associated with poor PFS in the prospective cohort (p = 0.0043). Conclusions: A multi-gene CNAs-based risk score derived from plasma cfDNA may predict treatment response and prognosticate survival in mCRPC and warrants prospective validation of risk-based algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Torreya grandis seed oil, with a feature of Δ5‐sciadonic acid (SA, 20:3 Δ5, 11, 14 ω‐6), is an attractive woody oil as its potential health benefits in lowering blood and hepatic lipids and anti‐inflammatory properties. In the present study, its oxidative stabilities at both room temperature and heating conditions were investigated by analysing oxidation stability index (OSI), shelf‐life, changes of fatty acids, acid value and peroxide value during stir‐frying tests. Also, its effects on the sensory qualities of stir‐fried shredded potatoes were evaluated. The OSI of T. grandis seed oil was 2.97 h at 120 °C, which was 11.24% higher than that of the control soybean oil, contributing to a longer predicted shelf‐life of 135–195 d for T. grandis seed oil than 127–180 d for soybean oil. T. grandis seed oil also exhibited superior thermal stability compared to soybean oil. The feature fatty acid, SA, only lost 2.48–5.73% (decreasing from 14.14 to 13.33–13.79%) under the optimised stir‐frying conditions at 140–180 °C for 3–5 min. For the stir‐frying shredded potatoes, T. grandis seed oil made it more pleasing in colour, odour and palatability. Due to its desirable oxidative stability at room temperature and stir‐frying performance at high temperature, T. grandis seed oil is suitable for use as a domestic cooking oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanozymes, nanomaterials exhibiting enzyme‐mimicking activities, have gained considerable interest in biomedicine due to their stability, adjustability, and cost‐efficiency. Among these, metal–organic framework (MOF)‐based nanozymes distinguish themselves by their distinct structure and customizable characteristics. Researchers have explored MOF‐based nanozymes as a platform for developing stimuli‐responsive behaviors. This work first presents the categorization of MOF‐based nanozymes, which are designed to mimic the catalytic functions of oxidases, peroxidases, catalase, superoxide dismutase, hydrolases, and multifunctional enzymes. Crafting MOF‐based nanozymes includes customizing their reactions to particular stimuli, including pH, temperature, light, or biomolecular triggers, ensuring enhanced specificity and potency in catalytic performance amid environmental changes. Moreover, these nanozymes exhibit immense potential in biomedical applications, playing crucial roles in therapeutic interventions like cancer therapy and tissue regeneration. Finally, the article delves into future opportunities and challenges within emerging research frontiers. These stimuli‐responsive MOF‐based nanozymes offer novel avenues for advanced therapeutic strategies, providing prospects for innovative biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R5762 --> 484.10 --> Kras is one of the most frequently mutated genes in pancreatic cancer, with the G12D variant acting as a cancer driver mutation. Our previous work has integrated and defined gene networks induced by KrasG12D expression, particularly the expression of inflammatory gene clusters. Moreover, we observed that KrasG12D expression increases the overall protein levels of several histone marks, including H3K4me3, H3K27ac, H3K27me3, H3K9me3 and integrated data analysis correlated gene activation and silencing with the alteration of histone marks. Here we further consider KrasG12D‐driven changes in gene expression and hypothesize that G9a‐H3K9me2 may play an important role in the epigenomic regulation of this process. To investigate epigenomic mechanisms underlying KrasG12D‐induced gene expression networks, CUT&RUN technology was used to profile H3K4me3 (promoter), H3K9ac (promoter, enhancer), H3K27ac (enhancer, super‐enhancer), and H3K9me2 (silencer) histone marks at regulatory elements. We used a genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM)‐derived inducible KrasG12D cell line and compared the epigenetic changes after 24hr of oncogene induction. Data was analyzed by using Sparse Enrichment Analysis for CUT&RUN (SEACR). At the genomic level, we found most H3K4me3 peaks (~90%) were close to a transcription start site (TSS), and the number of H3K4me3 peaks were reduced ~9x after KrasG12D activation. However, for the gene silencing mark, H3K9me2, >80% peaks were located at intronic or inter‐genetic regions, and the number of peaks were increased >5x with KrasG12D. For H3K9ac and H3K27ac histone marks, we observed more peaks at intronic or inter‐genetic regions than at the TSS, indicating the exchange of histone marks at enhancer, super‐enhancer and silenced regions may play an important role in KrasG12D‐induced gene expression changes. We next focused on histone modifications at regulatory elements of inflammatory gene clusters, such as IL11, CXCL9‐CXCL10‐CXCL11, and IL4‐IL13 gene clusters. We further correlated epigenetic modifications with our gene expression data and found that the H3K4me3, H3K9ac, and H3K27ac, and H3K9me2 histone mark pathways are involved in the regulation of these inflammatory genes. Notably, these pathways are both, critical for pancreatic cancer development and potentially druggable, and therefore, these results bear both mechanistic and biomedical relevance to pancreatic carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The postharvest decay of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) increases rapidly when the storage time is extended, which seriously limits the commercial value. In this research, the effects of appropriate periodical SO2 fumigation and different CO2‐enriched atmospheres (3% O2 + 10%–13%, 14%–17%, or 18%–21% CO2) on the storage quality of durian stored at 14°C were investigated. Results showed that SO2 fumigation in combination with enriched CO2 atmosphere (14%–17%) could maintain firmness (16.37 N), retard weight loss (10.24%), reduce decay rate (11%), and inhibit the production of ethylene (9.2 μl kg−1 h−1) and malondialdehyde (12.10 μmol/g). Moreover, the treatment consolidated the disease resistance of durian by, first, enhancing peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and, second, by restraining polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, which helped to maintain the cell integrity structures. More importantly, this treatment retained a high sensory score (41.35) and extended the storage life up to 60 days. Therefore, a combination of 1,500 mg/L SO2 fumigation and controlled atmosphere storage (3% O2 + 14%–17% CO2) was the more effective method to delay maturation and senescence and improve the storage quality of durian. Novelty impact statement: Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) is susceptible to rapid water loss, softening, browning, and chemical deterioration after harvest, which greatly limits the storage quality and commercial value of fruits. Automatic periodical SO2 fumigation of 1,500 mg/L in conjunction with CO2‐enriched controlled atmosphere storage (3% O2 + 14%–17% CO2) will be a promising postharvest strategy to reduce decay and extend the storage life of fresh durian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uneven maturity and severe internal rot of kiwifruit were rapidly accelerated when transferred to room temperature after long‐term controlled atmosphere storage. In this study, the effects of ethrel combined with different flow microcirculation of antiseptic mediums on the shelf‐life quality of "Qinmei" kiwifruit stored at 20°C were evaluated. Results indicated that the combined aerosolization application of 500 mg/L natamycin, 7.5% w/w H2O2 and 0.5 mg/L atomized ozone could control the decay incidence and respiratory rate of ethrel‐treated kiwifruit. Further studies indicated that ethrel and O3 treatment greatly increased the activities of chitinase, β‐1,3‐glucanase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase and produced higher ascorbic acid levels (151.16 mg·100 g−1/FW) to enhance disease‐resistant of kiwifruit. This treatment could inhibit the activity of polyphenol oxidase and delay the process of membrane lipid peroxidation, contributing to preserving the integrity of cell structures well. Moreover, ethrel + O3 treatment could effectively reduce ethylene production (3.12 μl/kg/h) to delay the ripening and senescence of fruit stored at 20°C. More importantly, this treatment exhibited the lowest contents of decay incidence (9.75%), total bacterial count (4.07 log cfu/g), and yeasts and molds (4.18 log cfu/g), and thus extended the shelf life for up to 16 days. Therefore, a combination of ethrel and ozone is a potentially effective method for the maintenance of the shelf‐life properties of kiwifruit after long‐term cold storage. Novelty impact statement: In this study, the treatment of ethrel‐treated with aerosolized ozone of flow microcirculation of 0.5 mg/L O3 could effectively suppress ripening and senescence, enhance antioxidant capacity and disease resistance, reduce the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation, and considerably preserve the integrity of cell structures, which contributed to preventing the penetration of pathogens, retarding the decay incidence, and delaying the shelf‐life quality deterioration of kiwifruit transferred to room temperature after long‐term controlled atmosphere storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R5476 --> 484.8 --> Our laboratories study the role of the G9a‐H3K9me2 pathway in PDAC initiation and development in response to oncogenic KRASG12D mutation. Understanding how the epigenomic landscape responds to this mutation remains fundamental for the identification of potential mechanisms and targets for pancreatic oncogenesis. Unfortunately, because of its low levels in human cells and its discrete "block‐like" genome‐wide deposition, the H3K9me2 mark is more difficult to study than more abundant, sharp peak‐forming marks (e.g. H3K27ac). The aim of this study was to perform a comparison among multiple Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies to identify the methodology with the best technical performance for detection of H3K9me2 at a genome‐wide scale. To do so, we performed Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP), CUT&RUN and CUT&TAG assays for the Histone H3 Lysine 9 di‐methyl histone mark (H3K9me2) followed by NGS on two pancreatic ductal epithelial‐like cells: hTERT‐HPNE E6/E7 and the KRASG12D mutant‐expressing hTERT‐HPNE E6/E7 KRASG12D cells. As expected, ChIP‐Seq required the largest number of total reads for peak detection. Both ChIP‐Seq and CUT&TAG had the highest percentage of high‐quality reads (>75%), while CUT&RUN performed below the 50% mark. No significant differences in library size were observed among all three techniques. Overall, CUT&TAG allowed identification of the largest number of H3K9me2‐marked genes in parental HPNE and KRASG12D‐expressing HPNE cells. Spearman correlation values above 0.8 for inter‐sample comparison indicated a high degree of repeatability for CUT&TAG replicates. In addition, CUT&TAG showed the largest occupation of the H3K9me2 mark near the transcription start site (TSS) of identified genes. Therefore, we have compared three methodologies for the evaluation of H3K9me2 occupation at the genome‐wide scale and identified CUT&TAG as the method with the highest quality, lowest noise‐to‐signal ratio, and highest repeatability. In conclusion, CUT&TAG represents the best option for NGS of the H3K9me2 histone mark in pancreatic cells. Notably, because this methodology is the best among the three tested for miniaturization of epigenomic studies, this information bears relevance to translational research in human, where sample availability is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Biodegradable NTP@PLA film was fabricated by melt processing. • NTP@PLA film exhibited the long-lasting inhibition on Penicillium expansum. • NTP@PLA film displayed biodegradability in soil. • NTP@PLA film displayed a strong control effect on the decay of postharvest grape. Poly (butylene adipate- co -terephthalate) (PBAT)/polylactic acid (PLA) blended with compatibilizers (polycaprolactone, PCL; poly (ethylene glycol), PEG; titanium dioxide, nano-TiO 2) (TP@PLA composites) were developed by melt processing. Natamycin incorporated into TP@PLA blend composites formed NTP@PLA films, which exhibited high tensile strength (24.1–43.5 MPa) and elongation at break (85.8–258.2 %), and exhibited good oxygen permeability, water vapor permeability, surface hydrophobicity and biodegradability. The in vitro results revealed that inhibition of Penicillium expansum cell growth of the NTP@PLA films with addition of 1.0 wt% natamycin reached 95.72 %. The NTP@PLA film with natamycin effectively reduced incidence of decay (1.52 %) on grapes, maintained their quality, and inhibited the growth of pathogenic fungi to up to 0.42 log cfu·g−1. This study generates new insights into the preservation properties of antimicrobial NTP@PLA film, which endow it with great application potential as a novel and eco-friendly packaging material for the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In-package aerosolization technology associated with antimicrobials system was designed. • Aerosolized ɛ-PL and ClO 2 could inhibit postharvest black mold caused by aspergillus niger (A. niger) on apple fruit. • Aerosolized antimicrobials increased corresponding defense-related enzyme activity of apples. • Aerosolized antimicrobials produced higher phenolic levels of apples. • Aerosolized antimicrobials improved apple's shelf life and quality. The present study aimed to investigate the inhibition of in-package aerosolized aqueous antimicrobials against postharvest black mold caused by Aspergillus niger (A. niger) on apple fruit and in maintaining fruit quality. Apple fruit is susceptible to A. niger infection during storage, resulting in a significant decline in its quality. In this paper, the ability of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2), Epsilon-polylysine (ɛ-PL), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) and ozone (O 3) to prevent and control Aspergillus infection in postharvest apples was evaluated. Results indicated that the treatments of 400 mg L−1ClO 2 , 500 mg L−1 and 1000 mg L−1 ɛ-PL could effectively alleviate the severity of postharvest black mold (A. niger) of apples and inhibit mycelial growth of A. niger. In addition, 0.5 mg L−1 O 3 and 5% H 2 O 2 also inhibited the mycelial growth of A. niger in treated apples. Further studies indicated that aerosolized ClO 2 and ε-PL increased corresponding defense-related enzyme activity and produced higher phenolic levels to improve disease-resistant of apples. Moreover, aerosolized ClO 2 , ε-PL, H 2 O 2 and O 3 could be effective for maintaining quality of apple fruit during 24 days of storage at 20 °C. The present study gives a first insight into the A. niger control effect of in-package aerosolization technology associated with antimicrobials, which may be a potential method for the inhibition of A. niger on apple fruit. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]