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This paper explores a situation regulated by plural normative orders, which every-day public transport users and ticket inspectors experience and practice in the urban realm of the Hungarian capital city, Budapest. The paper analyses everyday interactions between members of the public and public transport staff (typically ticket inspectors) in ways which are not only regulated by formal rules, but which manifest in a non-state regulated normative order. By doing this, the paper theoretically engages with the interplay between multiple normative orders and the urban dynamics in which they operate. The norms which regulate these practices can exist because of how the public transport system operates in Budapest. The paper is based on twenty-five in-depth interviews conducted between February 2017 and March 2019 with long-term Hungarian residents and British migrants living in Budapest. A synthesis of Ehrlich's "living law" theory and Moore's concepts of "semi-autonomous social fields" provide the underlying theoretical framework to examine these informal interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decades, the analysis of mode choice preferences has become a vital aspect of enhancing the quality of public transport services. Most papers aim to derive conclusions from large-scale surveys. However, for specific homogenous patterns, such as university students, a smaller group of evaluators might also be sufficient. Such a survey can rather be considered as an expert survey, in which few representatives might express the preference of a larger community, thus, a different methodology can be more effective than the traditional statistical techniques. This paper aims to introduce a new approach that combines two multi-criteria decision-making methods, the analytic hierarchy process and the preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation, for a hybrid consensual model by aggregating the individual priorities defined by each decision-maker. The introduced model presents advantages in terms of reducing time, cost, and effort compared to statistical methods and requires solely necessary information from the users via objective and subjective evaluations. The model's effectiveness is tested with real-world data from the city of Budapest; highlighting the significant impact of the underground mode on users' behavior toward public transport. In addition, the outcomes are compared to other existing results of student preference surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The late 19th and early 20th centuries were a period when artistic endeavours, aimed at expressing a national identity, were thriving in Hungary. The Jewish minority of Budapest also found it important to be present in public spaces. A couple of years after the emancipation of Hungarian Jews, the first statues of Jewish personalities appeared on the streets of Budapest. Who were these statues dedicated to? Who were the artists commissioned, and who paid for them? What were the invisible texts beyond reading the statues as texts? What happened to the public monuments during the Second World War? This paper aims to respond to these questions as a part of a research project mapping Jewish interventions in public art in Budapest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this paper was to assess the condition of riparian zones within urban environments, aiming to evaluate the ecological health and functionality of riparian areas through the examination of various indicators, including (but not limited to) vegetation cover, water quality, stream channel morphology and habitat complexity. Such an evaluation is essential to identify areas that require restoration or conservation efforts and develop appropriate management strategies to ensure their effective protection. The present paper is the outcome of investigations that employed a comprehensive research framework, consisting of desk research, field surveys and data analysis. The desk research was utilized to combine the existing knowledge regarding riparian zones and water bodies research methods. The field surveys were conducted to gather empirical data concerning riparian vegetation cover, stream bank erosion and water quality. Data analysis was conducted to identify patterns and trends and determine areas of concern. This work contributes to the overall field of riparian area management by providing an assessment of riparian area conditions in the study area. The findings of the study can be used to inform conservation and restoration efforts and to guide the development of effective management strategies. The paper also highlights the need for ongoing monitoring and evaluation of riparian areas to ensure their continued health and functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 lockdown has had serious consequences, including rethinking higher education. The study aims to enhance the knowledge base of online education and academic integrity through a case study of the Ludovika University of Public Service (LUPS), Budapest, Hungary. The research aimed to assess the teachers' experience with distance learning and examinations, including the change in workload, digital competencies, Moodle, Turnitin, and other software used during and after the lockdown. This paper summarizes the university-level policy changes induced during the lockdown, covering the introduction of emergency distance teaching and online examinations in academic integrity at the university. Two years after the first lockdown, the researchers made a survey (n = 145) about the continuation of the introduced solutions. The results show that a remarkable reordering started while the technical and technological backgrounds were available for the changes. The teachers could feel a significant increase in workload with distance education and have low trust in maintaining the standards of academic integrity. However, the research shows moderate and low levels of digital competencies in the majority of teachers, which clearly defines the most crucial task leading to success. Maintaining the monitoring system with objective indicators of the development and the opinions of the interested parties is essential for successful strategies in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

László Székelyhidi, a mathematician, was born in Budapest, Hungary in 1952. He initially wanted to pursue a career in music but ultimately decided to study mathematics at Loránd Eötvös University in Budapest. After facing challenges during his entrance exam due to political factors, he redirected his application to Lajos Kossuth University in Debrecen. He continued to play music throughout his university years and became involved in research, publishing papers and attending international conferences. He held various teaching positions and received numerous awards for his research. Székelyhidi's sons also became mathematicians, and he continues to pursue his passion for music. [Extracted from the article]

Benchmarking serves as the foundation for selecting a database in any project. The available benchmarking tools evaluate system performance by subjecting it to random data and a set of arbitrary operations, without considering the specific characteristics of the application. The problem with these tools is that they reflect unrealistic benchmarks as they do not consider the nature, sequence, and type of queries the application will send to the database. In this paper, we introduced the approach of benchmarking the database based on the nature of interaction and queries between the application and database, and we built a benchmarking tool using Java to benchmark Redis and MongoDB as databases for a trip planning application with GTFS data of Budapest local transport data. Our study involved comparing the performance of both databases under ten different stress levels by simulating the number of querying clients. The results show that both database's performance is slightly decreased while increasing the number of clients (stress). However, Redis shows better performance compared to MongoDB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep is both a neurophysiological state and a biologically necessary behavior that performs a variety of indispensable roles for human health, development, and cognitive functioning. Despite this, comparatively little is known about the relationships between daily experiences and sleep features. Importantly, these relationships are bidirectional in nature, may be differently associated with subjectively and objectively assessed sleep, and may also be modulated by individual differences To address this challenge, we created the Budapest Sleep, Experiences, and Traits Study (BSETS), a multidisciplinary observational sleep study utilizing novel remote EEG devices. BSETS was designed to establish a dataset for future use in investigating the relationships between sleep features and daily experiences. In this paper we describe the protocol of the currently ongoing BSETS, which examines a community-dwelling sample of over 250 healthy participants who are studied in a naturalistic setting using a large questionnaire assessing psychological, demographic, and anthropometric information, as well as evening/morning diaries of sleep and daily experiences, and mobile EEG recordings over a period of 7 days. This dataset will become an accessible resource to the wider scientific community and can be utilized to investigate the complex multidirectional relationships between objectively and subjectively measured sleep, daily experiences, and individual differences, bestowing it with significant value for sleep researchers as well as practitioners working in clinical settings with patients suffering from disordered sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the other, less visible facet of marriage and politics, namely the way in which the latter shaped and contributed to the former. Through a close reading of an extensive correspondence kept by Romanian deputy in the Budapest Parliament and his spouse during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the paper offers a glimpse into the domesticity and affection present in the relationship that might have been regarded as a mere pragmatic choice, owing to the fact that it considerably advanced the Romanian politician's career. On the other hand, it looks at how the kinship network established through marriage strengthened and grew even after the politician lost the main link to his in-laws, their daughter. It offers several conclusions that serve to emphasize the need for more in-depth qualitative studies of how kinship and politics intertwined, to the benefit of both fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Odontogenic sinusitis (OS) is a well-known and important border of specialties in otorhinolaryngology and dentoalveolar surgery. Odontogenic sinusitis can develop due to iatrogenic harm or odontogenic infection. The gold standard diagnostic method is clinical and radiological—CBCT (cone beam computed tomography)—examination. The treatment of this condition requires collaboration between ENT and dentoalveolar surgery specialists and can be non-surgical or surgical based on staging. This paper aims to share the results of our clinical study whereby complex therapy was administered by a dentoalveolar surgeon and an otorhinolaryngologist in cooperation. Patients and methods: We conducted a retrospective study comprising 111 OS patients who underwent complex therapy between 2016 and 2023 at Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. All patients were treated with concurrent FESS (functional endoscopic sinus surgery) and dentoalveolar surgery. Follow-up was based on symptoms, clinical examination and CBCT imaging. Results: Of the 111 patients, 107 were successfully treated with concurrent FESS and dentoalveolar surgery, and only 4 had further symptoms following the complex therapy and needed retreatment. Conclusions: The complex, single-session therapy involving FESS and oral surgery is an effective treatment method, which is less invasive and associated with fewer complications compared to previous interventions, such as the Luc–Caldwell procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, after a systematic presentation of the theoretical background of the European Union regulation, we examine the Hungarian regulation and legal practice (using the websites of five listed Hungarian companies and the Budapest Stock Exchange Corporate Governance Recommendations) in connection with the identification of shareholders by the company, the verifiability of the exercise of shareholder’s rights, the remuneration policy and reporting of the public company limited by shares and the approval of legal transactions concluded with related party. We also focus on financial governance and certain viewpoints of product governance, with special attention to product approval process and the issue of greenwashing. We chose to emphasize these issues since one cannot find verbatim, translations of legal acts of European Union on these fields with respect to Hungarian legislation. The other reason is that there are available practical experiences in connection with them, therefore we reflect on different anomalies. Our aim is to highlight the need to transpose and implement a legal instrument with such wide-ranging implications as sustainable finance into a thoughtful and coherent set of rules that permeate the legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2008 financial crisis allowed for the rising power of China to expand deeper into more (semi-)peripheral regions: in the past decade, the role of China and Chinese SOEs has increased markedly in Eastern Europe. This has been in step with China's geopolitical and geoeconomic expansion, hallmarked by the Belt and Road Initiative; the reconstruction of the Belgrade-Budapest railway line constitutes one of its flagship projects in Europe. This paper aims to explore the complexities of the current reconfiguration of state-capital nexus through an empirical analysis of this particular development project; in doing so, we hope to contribute to the scholarly debate about the heuristic use of 'new' state capitalism in three specific ways. First, instead of conceptualizing the state as a territorially confined power container, we propose to scrutinize the state-capital nexus from a multi-scalar and relational perspective. Second, we claim that the study of funding, financing and governing of large-scale infrastructural investments is a fruitful analytical entry point to theorize the changing relations between 'state' and 'capital'. Finally, we argue that from the perspective of contemporary shifts in global power structures, the emergence of state capitalist modalities in the Eastern peripheries of Europe should be understood as a 'co-production' of the geopolitical rivalry and elite capture of domains of infrastructure. In terms of methodology, in order to show how state-capital relations are produced, enacted and redrawn, the study builds on the analysis of media sources, policy documents, company networks, semi-structured interviews, and non-participant observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the numerical back analyses of four, typical, monitored deep excavations completed in Budapest are presented. The typical excavation solution in Budapest city center, down to 15-18 m excavation depth, is a diaphragm wall embedded in the clay bedrock and supported by prestressed anchors embedded in the sedimentary soils above the clay. In these case studies this solution is analyzed with traditional Winkler type and more complex PLAXIS 2D and 3D finite element models. The focus of the study was to compare the measured wall deformations with the calculated ones derived by the listed methods. As the clay bedrock is a deterministic layer for the wall behavior, several different FEM models were prepared to analyze the appropriateness of the potential constitutive models for its proper characterization. As a conclusion, practical proposals were made for practitioners for future excavations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This entry will deal with the history of competition law, including the first substantive competition law of Hungary, i.e Article V of 1923, which contained provisions regarding unfair competition. Currently, unfair competition is the subject of competition law, one of the branches of economic law, which contains regulations regarding the protection of economic competition and the prevention of consumer detriment. The purpose of Article V of 1923 was to offer general protection against any form of unfair competition. However, the description of each provision of the Article and the detailed demonstration and investigation of their practical implementation is not the topic of this entry. The present paper will specifically focus on the arbitral tribunals of the Chamber and the practice of the jury since the fact that the duty and practice of these two bodies were highly significant for the application of the law in that era can be clearly concluded from the summary of research results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deploying shallow geothermal solutions is critical for meeting energy demands while supporting decarbonisation targets. In densely populated areas, drilling large numbers of boreholes may lead to thermal interactions between closely located borehole heat exchangers. This paper presents a novel method termed the infinite borehole field model to estimate the technical shallow geothermal potential, especially in urban regions. The thermal interactions between boreholes are considered using finite element models simulating the operation of a single borehole in a larger field. Mathematical optimisation is used to find the amount of thermal energy that can be annually extracted while keeping the borehole wall temperature above freezing point of water. The method considers thermogeological details of geological formations including downward-increasing ground temperature, geothermal heat flux, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, porosity, density, and advective heat transfer. Results of our case study indicate that 100 m deep thermally independent boreholes can produce 14.20 MWh/a for 50 years on average. However, boreholes in an infinite borehole field spaced 20 m apart produce 7.80 MWh/a. A further investigation including advective heat transfer indicated that high velocity groundwater flow can significantly enhance borehole yield. Our method provides a generalised approach which can be beneficial prior to detailed site investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public transport service (PTS) analysis and provision is an important and challenging issue for public transport agencies. The results of the PTS analysis help transport planners to identify the areas in need of PTS improvement. Furthermore, relevant policy actions need to be determined for service provision to reach the desired level of PTS improvement in the identified areas. Without an appropriate decision support tool, planners need to apply several blind trials to find a policy action which improves the PTS in the examined areas. This paper introduces a data-driven decision support tool for PTS analysis and provision. The proposed framework combines a potentially large number of PTS measures while taking the correlation among the investigated measures into account and develops high-dimensional supervised classification models that predict the PTS levels for different policy actions. With this approach, planners can identify and prioritize the areas in need of PTS improvement, determine what policy actions should be targeted to improve the PTS in the identified areas, and predict the PTS impacts of these policy actions in the examined areas. The application of the proposed framework is demonstrated in detail through a case study of Budapest, Hungary, which is followed by a hypothetical policy implementation. The results show that mostly outskirts are in need of PTS improvement. Furthermore, the underlying reasons behind the areas with poor overall PTS are studied to target the relevant policy actions that improve the PTS in the identified areas. The PTS impacts of the targeted policy actions are studied by using the developed high-dimensional supervised classification models. • A data-driven decision support tool is proposed. • It combines a potentially large number of public transport service (PTS) measures. • It takes the correlation among PTS measures into account in its evaluation framework. • It identifies and prioritizes areas in need of PTS improvement. • It specifies relevant policy actions and predicts the PTS impacts of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the detection process of energy loss in electric railway hauling vehicles. The importance of efficient energy use in railways and cost-effective rail transport tendency toward regenerative braking energy are considered. In addition, the current situation and improvement opportunities to achieve efficient energy use are examined. Seven measurement series were performed with scheduled Railjet trains between Hegyeshalom and Győr railway stations in Hungary. This railway section is related to the Hungarian State Railways' No. 1 main railway line (between Budapest-Kelenföld and Hegyeshalom state board), which is a part of the international railway line between Budapest and Vienna (capitals of Hungary and Austria, respectively). This double-track, electrified railway line with traditional ballasted superstructures and continuously welded rail tracks is important due to the international passenger and freight transport between Germany, Austria, and Hungary. The value of the regenerative braking energy can be even 20-30% of the total consumed energy. This quite enormous untapped energy can be used for several aims, e.g., for comfort energy demand (air conditioning, heating-cooling, lighting, etc.) or energy-intensive starts. The article also investigates the optimization of regenerative braking energy by seeking the energy-waste locations and the reasons for the significant consumption. The train operator's driving style and habit have been identified as one of the main reasons. Furthermore, train driver assistance systems are recommended to save energy, which is planned for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper focuses on a comparative analysis of both public transport (PT) and private vehicle (PV) users' perceptions on the quality of the service. To detect the key components of PT attributes a new hybrid methodology is applied, combining the importance-performance analysis and the importance-performance map analysis. The proposed hybrid approach is simpler and more integrated than the existing methods in the literature. The sample comprises an online panel and a total of 1028 questionnaires for PV and PT users surveyed during the pandemic period in Budapest. The results of the applied methods show that among the different groups, the service hour, the proximity, and the frequency attributes are important and performed well in the years of COVID-19. On the other hand, the temperature and the cleanliness factors are not significant predictors of the PV and PT users' general satisfaction. The obtained results can be used by local governments and authorities, who seek to identify areas to enhance the service quality of PT during movement restrictions in a pandemic wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper begins by discussing the loyalty-faith-betrayal triad in relation to the Crown, the empire, and one's one nation, and then it proceeds to analyze the situation of the Banat region in the aftermath of World War I and the attitude of the local German population towards the tumultuous events that took place after November 1918. Among the elements thus highlighted we find the confusion experienced by the region's multiethnic population (Romanians, Germans, Serbs, and Hungarians), the intervention of the Entente forces, as well as the attempts made by the authorities in Budapest to maintain control over Banat--among other things, by trying to set up an administrative unit of Banat sometimes referred to as a "republic," which was never actually proclaimed, was never granted international legal status and never acquired its own institutions or distinct legislation, and was therefore ephemeral and practically non-existent. The authors then examine the options available to the German population in what concerned their chances of still living as Germans in a land they had profoundly shaped in economic and cultural terms for the past 200 years, at a time what the Romanians had clearly opted for a union with Romania, the vacillations of a population that included a modest intellectual class between the old loyalty towards the Hungarian state, the loyalty towards one's own community (amid the renewed hope of a German revival), and also the loyalty expected by the Romanian state (of which they knew little, and the little they knew tended to be mostly negative), without forgetting the decision--otherwise influenced by the Saxon leaders (Rudolf Brandsch)--to accept the union with Romania and to support this decision at the Paris Peace Conference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban green network has significantly changed through history due to ideological, functional and geographical reasons. The present paper brings an example of a Hungarian town, Veszprém, where the determining factors are visible through historical (cadastral, military, topographical) maps, historical photo archives and statistical data. The results are compared with the example of the capital, Budapest and put into a European context. It is obvious that after WWII the development of the urban green network in Veszprém is different from European trends. This development can be categorized into 5 periods: Organic growth, Stagnation, Pathfinding, Selective development, Postmodern. The paper not only draws attention to the importance of the characteristics in urban green network development, but also highlights the problem of growing artificial surfaces and decreasing urban green plots in the urban fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the history of the development of the Budapest Time Machine (www.hungaricana.hu/en/budapest-time-machine), which started from the vision of the Venice Time Machine, despite the fact that it was never realised, but was the basis for the European Time Machine Initiative. The Budapest Time Machine was a visionary phenomenon from the moment of its debut, and it has maintained this position ever since: one of the flagships of the international Time Machine initiative from the very beginning. The development was launched by the Budapest City Archives in 2017. The background database of the Budapest Time Machine is the Hungarian public collection portal called Hungaricana, on which the Budapest City Archives continuously publishes a large amount of digitised archival sources (maps, blueprints, notarial deeds etc.). The interface of the Budapest Time Machine -- whose first version was developed in 2017 provides digitized and georeferenced maps of Budapest, synchronized with each other using GPS coordinates, and vectorised historical maps of the city's development in five different time sections (1837, 1872, 1908, 1916, 1938). The platform also allows browsing through historical documents related to the buildings, their owners or their former inhabitants: building plans, land registry inserts showing the owners, notarial deeds showing legal and administrative transactions of the period and the network of the inhabitants. Archival photographs and postcards are also easily searchable, either by address or by browsing the map. The Budapest Time Machine was completely renewed at the end of 2022. The advantage of the new version is that, unlike the previous version, it provides a single interface for accessing the data, and the maps can now be viewed in 3D. An important innovation is the publication of 3D historical reconstructions of some 30 buildings in cooperation with the University of Óbuda. The Budapest Time Machine is an example of collaboration between public collections and academic research, and we plan to include data created by NGOs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban environment management (UEM) and environmental social science (ESS) are two interconnected approaches that show significant potential for creating more sustainable and liveable cities. Their research has, however, been mainly disjointed, which may be because planning and policy have placed more emphasis on UEM than ESS at the same time. This research examined ESS in terms of the quality of life (QOL) criteria and sense of place (SOP) of citizens living by the river with the UEM intervention in the form of policies and programmes. The effects of fieldwork in the form of specialised and spatial interviews are presented in this research, which is usually ignored in the literature review of this type of analysis. The study aims to fill the current gap in this field in three European capitals by providing a reflective methodological account of fieldwork and the 'elite interviewing' approach. This paper produces a distinct form of the localisation of the research and sampling techniques and is as new, interactive and developing as possible. The results of the present study are underpinned by the conceptual model of research, which supports the main aim of this analysis and tries to examine the components of research in a new perspective. The findings highlighted that maintaining and strengthening ESS for citizens living next to rivers require innovative UEM, which uses urban creativity in the field of goals, urban settlements, strategies and management solutions to provide the base for increasing the liveability of the city and improving the quality of urban life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of literature demonstrates that the accessibility of urban green spaces may differ across ethnic, minority, racial, and socioeconomic groups. In post-socialist Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, income has become the most critical factor influencing where people may reside in a city, as well as to the extent to which they can access city services. This paper investigates socioeconomic disparities in access to green areas in Budapest, Hungary, taking multiple types of green areas into account, such as urban green spaces (e.g., urban parks and gardens), urban forests, and residential greenery (e.g., private gardens and street trees). People's incomes were considered a proxy measure for socioeconomic status, and the spatial distribution of green areas were analyzed with geographic information system (GIS) tools. The results show that the advantage of wealthier people in terms of urban green space provision is not so pronounced, which is the outcome of a multi-layered historical urban development. However, considering the accessibility of urban forests and residential greenery, high-income people are in a more favorable position than those from other socioeconomic groups. In addition, geography seems to be a crucial constraint for high- and upper-middle income inner-city residents to access urban forests and residential greenery, indicating that factors outside of socioeconomic status influence access to green areas. Future planning policies should attempt to alleviate inequalities in green area provision; however, some inherited and recent issues may jeopardize municipalities' ability to achieve this goal. • This paper investigates socioeconomic disparities in access to green areas in Budapest. • We demonstrated that wealthy people are somewhat privileged in terms of access to green areas. • We found that previous planning regimes have impacted the current spatial patterns of green areas. • Three risk factors were detected that can jeopardize the improvement of urban green space provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective way to optimize decision-making regarding the transport mode choice in the transportation system is improving or changing the travel cost, the travel time, or some other travel characteristics by using sensitivity analysis. This method encourages travelers to switch from private transportation to public transport, thus reducing pollution and emission. Furthermore, by searching for the most sensitive factors in travel behavior, the sensitivity analysis might highlight the directions of the improvement. However, according to previous studies, travelers will transfer from one transport mode to another only if the utility of the new choice is higher than the original transport mode. In the current paper, sensitivity analysis is applied to provide a comparison between the impacts of the physical and sensory parameters on the travel behavior and transport mode choice based on a utility function. The multinomial logit (MNL) model is used to estimate and perform the sensitivity analysis of the main variables. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates the degree of the travelers' sensitivity to changes in the travel characteristics including both physical and sensory parameters. The models are calibrated with the NLOGIT software and validated through statistical indicators; thus, the essential factors influencing the choices are obtained. The input variables selected for the models are based on the data collected in Budapest, Hungary. The sensitivity analysis is determined by the outputs of the variables based on the changes of the input variables. As the results show, the travelers have more sensitivity to the changes in the physical parameters. Furthermore, the outcomes indicate that the travel cost is an essential variable, which greatly affects the decisions related to the transport mode choice. From the sensory parameters, the comfort factor has more influence than other factors. The results of the analysis present that the travelers' sensitivity to changes in the travel utilities of the travel characteristics impacts the decisions regarding the mode choice behavior significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, entrepreneurship ecosystem (EE) research has become a leading field in entrepreneurship research. In this paper, we use the Regional Entrepreneurship and Development Index (REDI) methodology to analyze the EEs of 22 urban regions in Hungary. These urban regions statistically range from metropolitan agglomerations to smaller regional units with urban centers which organize their respective local economies, representing real economic entities relevant to EEs. Compared to other European regions, Hungarian urban regions perform poorly in entrepreneurship. Budapest, the leading Hungarian regions, ranks 81st out of the 140 regions in the sample, and it also lags behind other similarly developed regions. Looking at the REDI sub-indices, Hungarian urban regions perform relatively well in Entrepreneurial Attitudes while Entrepreneurial Aspiration is the weakest component in 19 of them. At the pillar level, we have identified the strengths and the weaknesses of each region. Pinpointing local weaknesses is particularly important because they act as limitations on the operation of EEs and serve as a basis for policy interventions. While Risk Acceptance and Financing are the weakest pillars in most regions, the combinations of pillar components differ, underlining the legitimacy of case-sensitive policy interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gap acceptance method is one of the most widely used to analyze the capacity of roundabouts. The critical gap has a prominent role in this approach. In every country, driver behavior and local rules are examined and implemented in the local standard for capacity estimation. Hence, a reliable technique for assessing critical gaps can be of great importance. This paper presents an experimental investigation and analysis on whether it is possible to find the correlation between video-based gap acceptance parameters and some traffic parameters in Hungary. Thirteen single-lane roundabouts with different traffic flow rates were recorded for hours in various locations in and around Budapest to estimate the gap acceptance parameter (critical gap) and relate it to circulating and entry flow or the combination of both. Using only linear regression analysis, as a first step, no strong correlation was found between the critical gap and circulating flow and a lower correlation between the critical gap and entry flow. After implementation of a gradient boosted decision tree function, a stronger correlation was found between the critical gap and circulating flow, and an improved correlation between the critical gap and entry flow. The implemented correlation model shows a promising correlation between the critical gap and traffic parameters (circulating and entry flow). Our results indicate that the critical gap has a higher correlation with the circulating flow, and with the increase of the circulating flow, the critical gap value tends to decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gap-acceptance method is one of the classical methods used to analyze capacity of roundabouts. Critical gap has a privileged role in this approach. Different driver behavior and local rules of traffic has a key role in implementing it in the local standard for capacity calculation in each country. Therefore, a reliable method for estimation of critical gap at a certain location can be of great importance. This paper presents the first steps of an experimental investigation and analysis on whether it is possible to find correlation between video-based gap acceptance data and certain design parameters of roundabouts in Hungary. Ten single lane roundabouts of different size were recorded for hours in different locations in and around Budapest to assess gap acceptance data and relate it to certain design parameters like diameter, distance of neighboring entries, entry width, width of splitter island, number of entries over time, and entry angle -- or any combination of those. Using only a linear approach, strong positive correlation was found between measured critical gap and distance between legs. There is correlation (not so strong however) between critical gap and (approach) entry width as well as splitter island width, and enough data were examined to say that there is no correlation between central island diameter and critical gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gap-acceptance method is one of the classical methods used to analyze the capacity of roundabouts. Critical gap has a privileged role in this approach. Different driver behavior and local rules of traffic have key role in implementing gap-acceptance method into the local standard for capacity calculation in each country. Therefore, a reliable method for estimation of critical gap at a certain location can be of great importance. This paper presents an experimental investigation and analysis on whether it is possible to find differences between estimating critical gap using video-based gap acceptance data of roundabouts in Hungary. Three single lane roundabouts of different size were recorded for hours in different locations in Budapest and Érd to assess gap acceptance data. Three different methods or models were used to estimate critical gap and no significant differences were found between their results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While milk is the most consumed human drink, industrial food processes exist everywhere. It consumes a massive amount of hot water at moderate temperature levels, essential to generating the final product. The integration of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with solar thermal systems creates noticeable savings in fuel and electricity. Identifying the integration system employed can be solved using innovative engineering simulation tools like T*sol. And the maximum points and configuration can be adjusted to achieve the maximum solar yield. This paper compares the middle east and central Europe for a medium-size pasteurising plant with an average daily consumption of 20 kWh and an annual energy requirement of 7.3 MWh. The processed heating system is supported parallelly with a 25 kW boiler for two main cities, Damascus and Budapest, with different standard collector types, FPC, ETC, and CPC. It shows that for a small-medium-sized pasteurising plant with 20 kWh daily consumption, a solar system consists of 30 m2 and 20 m2 for Budapest and Damascus. With the performance of annual solar fraction 64% and 82%, and total system efficiency 14.9% and 17.2%, respectively. It shows the importance of having solar thermal technologies in the abovementioned regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart cities (SCs) became a key mission in the European Union’s biggest research programme (Horizon Europe). The urban transition to smartness, making smart decisions and strengthening capabilities for resilience are appreciating today, with such external shocks as the COVID-19 pandemic. Finding the way to become smart is more important than ever. Since literature is mostly engaged with excellent cases, in this paper we analyse the SC strategy of a less-well-performing city: Budapest in Hungary, Central Eastern Europe, using a case-study methodology. We reveal that in the case of Budapest the SC strategy uses a top-down approach that overweighs the deployment of technological solutions to manage urban sustainability issues rather than using a bottom-up and holistic approach. The framework conditions for implementing the SC strategy are rather neglected. In the case of the model for cooperation, Budapest adopts a double-helix model rather than a triple- or quadruple-helix model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There is a 0.5 elasticity ratio between induced road traffic over five years and capacity change based on the average of 8 major capacity changes of Budapest bridges. • The elasticity ratio of induced road traffic to capacity change has been relatively stable over the 55 years long analysis period. • Capacity reduction has a similarly strong effect on travel demand (suppressed traffic) as capacity extension. Reducing urban road congestion by infrastructure development promises lower travel times, reduced pollution and wider economic benefits. However, besides advanced transport infrastructure affecting existing traffic, it also induces new demand, which tends to be underestimated. This phenomenon is well-known for interurban roads, especially for motorways, but the literature is scarce on real-life data for urban areas. Most analyses on induced traffic were carried out on relatively short time periods. Therefore, this paper studies 55 years in an urban environment and shows how capacity provision induced extra traffic. Furthermore, it could also be demonstrated that scaling back capacity diminishes travel demand. Most of the analyses on induced traffic concentrated on just a handful of countries; therefore, evidence from a country that emerged from middle income to high income provides new insights for other developing nations and cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exact knowledge of domestic hot water (DHW) and heat consumption is necessary in the process of heat cost allocation and planning. In Hungary, heat cost allocation is based on summer months' heat demand. This method does not lead to an accurate result due to the fact that the DHW demand varies throughout the year. There are several studies dealing with consumption data analysis, but only some of them have exact estimations on DHW usage patterns the Central-Eastern European countries. In this paper the DHW consumption was analyzed in 115 "commi block" buildings, which are common in Central-Eastern Europe and Russia and are usually connected to the district heating network. The examined buildings are located in Budapest, Hungary. The installation of the monitoring system has started in December 2012. The consumption data is collected since March 2014. The DHW usage was calculated in different cases for every month: per heated area, per heated volume, and per flat. Average daily and annual data was also determined, the share of yearly DHW consumption over the months was calculated. The average daily and annual DHW consumption are 126 L per flat and 892 L per m², respectively. The average net heat consumption is 28.2 kWh/m² annually. Different DHW demand influencing factors were examined: the outdoor temperature and the residents' travelling habit is clearly influencing the DHW usage but no connection was found between the DHW consumption and economic indicators. The DHW consumption is approximately 30% higher in the winter than in the summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An agent-based transport simulation model is used to examine the impacts of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) on the mobility of certain groups of people. In the state of the art, it has been found that the researchers primarily have simulation studies focusing on the impacts of AVs on people regardless of certain groups. However, this study focuses on assessing the impacts of AVs on different groups of users, where each group is affected variously by the introduction of different penetration levels of AVs into the market. The Multi-Agent Transport Simulation (MATSim) software, which applies the co-evolutionary algorithm and provides a framework to carry out large-scale agent-based transport simulations, is used as a tool for conducting the simulations. In addition to the simulation of all travellers, 3 groups of users are selected as potential users of AVs, as follow: (1) long commuters with high-income, (2) elderly people who are retired, and (3) part-time workers. Budapest (Hungary) is examined in a case study, where the daily activity plans of the households are provided. Initially, the existing daily activity plans (i.e., the existing condition) of each group are simulated and assessed before the introduction of AVs into the market. After that, the AVs are inserted into the road network, where different fleet sizes of AVs are applied based on the demand of each group. The marginal utility of the travel time spent in case of a transport mode, the AV fleet size, and the cost of the travel are the key variables that determine the use of a transport mode. The key variables are set based on the characteristics of the case study (i.e., demand) and the AVs. The results of the simulations suggest that the AVs have different degrees of influences on certain groups as demonstrated in the occurred changes on the modal share. The value of changes depends on the Value of Travel Time (VOT) of people and the used fleet size of AVs. Moreover, the influence of the traveller's characteristics on the AVs is manifested, such as different values of fleet utilization. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that an increase in the fleet size of AVs beyond 10% of the demand does not significantly raise the modal share of AVs. The outcome of this paper might be used by decision-makers to define the shape of the AVs' use and those groups who are interested in using AVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the challenges of sustainable living, there has been a growing role for communities that are organized on a practice basis. This paper examines the characteristics of the learning methods applied by communities of practice (CoPs) in Budapest to foster sustainable consumption and determine how these learning mechanisms support participants to develop a sustainable lifestyle. To answer the questions, an explorative research design based on qualitative methods was applied. The in‐depth interviews were conducted in two consecutive waves. In the first phase, expert interviews were conducted, followed by a second phase involving 20 additional interviews with members of active communities related to ecological and social sustainability. Based on the characteristics of knowledge sharing, there were equally identifiable types of cases in the examined communities, representing one-, two- and three-loop learning, and the learning takes place both on an individual and a collective level. By examining the direction and orientation of learning, it was also found that building and strengthening community consciousness and the existence of multi-loop learning mechanisms contribute to a convergent and constructive social learning outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road pricing is an efficient instrument to regulate use of roads. In Budapest, Hungary, only cordon pricing has been investigated in detail. This paper reports on a study of the implications of applying different road pricing schemes in the city using a macroscopic traffic model. Firstly, the functional relationship between pricing schemes and road transport demand was investigated. Secondly, the implications of applying road pricing schemes on travel demand, travel time, delay time, average speed and carbon dioxide emissions of road users inside and outside of the pricing area, as well as revenues generated by applying the schemes, were studied. The results revealed that a time-based system showed the best performance inside the pricing area. However, it generated heavy congestion on non-priced roads bordering the pricing area, which would increase travel times, delay times and carbon dioxide emissions and would decrease average travel speeds on the entire network. The cordon-based system was the least effective pricing system for most of the studied parameters, while the distance-based system showed good performance both inside and outside the pricing area. Regarding the revenues generated, variable-toll systems (time-based and distance-based systems) showed the potential to generate higher revenues than the fixed-toll system (cordon-based system). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zoltán Gárdonyi (1906-1986) composed his work entitled Három Nagyheti Kép (Three Holy Week Events) in 1966. At that time, he was a professor at the Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music, in Budapest. He composed the work for organ and a string ensemble (1st violin, 2nd violin, viola, cello, double bass). The work has three movements, as the title Három Nagyheti Kép (Three Holy Week Events) suggests.4 This paper analyses the work in question in detail, from a harmonic and formal point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper engages with state, citizen, and civil society responses to refugees in Budapest and Hungary more widely in order to 'provincialise' European migration policy and politics. We introduce grounded, eastern 'frontline' realities and histories to complicate European claims to universality and hierarchies of "goodness". Through ethnographic work that documents and analyses refugee reception after the so-called 2015 refugee crisis, we shed light on the diverse forms of existing crises affecting the EU. These conflicts involve contestations over i) who is deemed European (questions that have been asked both of migrants and East Europeans), and ii) the 'Europeanisation' project as it has entailed new governance and funding arrangements for the development of civil society organisations. These new governance modes have attempted to re-shape city-state-EU dynamics, purposefully eliding problematic nation-state responses to refugees. These have heightened opposition to EU power-creep from conservative governments. Through an empirically rich discussion of the Hungarian context in relation to Europe, this paper speaks to the broader spectrum of grounded and politicised populist responses that have challenged the EU's governance and future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, a compulsory English language exam was introduced at Semmelweis University, Budapest for medical students, who are also offered optional preparatory courses. The exam material is based on CLIL and it assesses language skills needed for doctors (history taking, instructions on examinations, clinical handover, documentation). The guidelines of CEFR have been adapted to support medical students in becoming independent users of English in clinical practice. Mediation is an important skill so after consulting clinicians, we identified clinical handover as oral and written mediation, the latter also serving as a basis for case report papers. In this case study, we analysed students' language proficiency regarding written handover in one exam period. Lexicogrammatical units were identified in authentic Anglo-Saxon clinical teaching material to prepare students for handover scenarios developed in cooperation with a clinician, using the SBAR system. Solutions of the written mediation tasks by 54 examinees (14 attended course) from the winter semester of the 2021/22 academic year were digitalised and analysed using the Sketch Engine software. We investigated the most frequently used language patterns and their percentage applied correctly in the instructed group. A significant difference was found between the two groups in the number and correctness of patterns used. 82.5% of the patterns included in the course material were used correctly by the instructed students. A higher ratio of non-instructed students used no or incorrect patterns. Semmelweis University is a research and elite university so all students should have the skills essential for medical communication concerning handover and the ability of publishing case reports. We concluded that self-study material should be made available for students who are unable to attend the courses. 1. Content and Language Integrated Learning 2. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages 3. Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kawasaki is a relatively rare mucocutaneous acute childhood lymph node infection of unknown cause1 . Immunological disorders can occur, which create antibodies that attack endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels. Due to inflammatory changes, the wall of blood vessels is damaged, and there is a risk of a blood vessel aneurysm or thrombosis. It starts with febrility, conjunctivitis, skin rash, enlarged lymph nodes on the neck, and less frequently described complications on the heart in the sense of coronary artery aneurysms. Peripheral arterial and aortic aneurysms occur rarely but can lead to severe complications such as aneurysm rupture or acute ischemia1 . Although most aneurysms due to Kawasaki disease are diagnosed within a few weeks of diagnosis, it can develop later in life. In this case, the first symptoms appear in a 10-year-old boy who is hospitalized due to a high temperature that only decreases with the use of antipyretics, despite the use of antibiotics. Other symptoms include conjunctivitis and pleural effusion. Ten years after the diagnosis, the patient was hospitalized due to a thoracoabdominal aneurysm. The operation was successfully performed in Budapest, and the resection of the thoracoabdominal aneurysm was performed with reimplantation of the intercostal visceral and renal arteries along with a left nephrectomy and reconstruction up to the bifurcation. Seventeen years later, he was hospitalized in the vascular cardiology department due to ischemia of the left hand due to thrombosis from a previously known aneurysm of the subclavian and axillary artery, manifested as pain and tingling in the fingers of the left hand. ABI plethysmography, MSCT coronary angiography, ergometry and scintigraphy were performed, according to which it was decided to discharge the patient with regular controls and rivoxaban. Two weeks later, he was re-hospitalized due to progressive pain and tingling in his arm, and it was decided to perform an emergency subclavian bypass with a VSM graft. After the operation, the patient was discharged in good general condition. The aim of the paper is to describe the case of a 38-year-old patient with the development of multiple coronary artery aneurysms and limb artery aneurysms, as well as a thoracoabdominal aneurysm because of Kawasaki disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolving testing methods in food Microbiology have resulted in the need for different types of microbiological reference materials. Based on the research articles available in this area, it is evident that development has been quite substantial in chemical testing compared to Microbiology. The primary reason could be the ease of spiking, and recovery in chemical RM as compared to microbiological RM. A significant challenge faced in recovery and stability during the development of quantitative microbiological RM depends on temperature, type of microbiological media used, method of analysis including reconstitution method, interference due to antimicrobial agents in food matrices, and competitor microorganisms present in higher numbers then the target microorganisms. Most of the research papers published on microbiological reference materials are contributed by developed economies were in the information related to complex food matrices are limited. Further analysis of different International Depository Agencies under the Budapest treaty indicates that there are only three institutes based in Europe providing quantitative or assigned value RM. This, in turn, highlights the scarcity in the availability of quantitative RM in Microbiology. This article provides a global overview of the availability of microbiological RM, microbial preservation techniques, protective agents, and elaboration on developing different formats of microbiological RM used in food testing. • Only three institutes (IDA) in Europe provide assigned value microbiological RM. • Assigned value RM is readily available for chemistry as compared to microbiology. • Assigned value RM can increase measurement accuracy in testing labs. • Assigned or certified value RM can be used for capacity development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of neighbourhood units has been existing for almost 100 years. Its basic elements have been continuously re-emerging in both theory and practice. It has recently been highlighted by the concept of "15-minute cities", with which it shares many similarities. Although the communist leadership of the post-WWII Eastern Bloc demanded the Western principles of urban planning and architecture to be denounced by architects, Perry's neighbourhood unit concept was integrated into Soviet professional practice under the name "micro-rayons". Afterwards, it was widely and rigorously used in other communist countries as well. This paper examines - based on the example of two actual housing estates built based on the neighbourhood unit concept in the 1950s in Budapest – which characteristics, seen as attractive during the planning phase, of the for-sale apartments located in the example areas are still considered valuable by owners, and which are used as buzzwords to bring up market value. The goal is to evaluate which urbanistic/urban design guidelines, formulated and prioritised during the planning phase, are still relevant in the eyes of the current inhabitants. To answer this question, the study analyses the text of real estate advertisements. • The current concept of „15-minute cities" shows several conceptual similarities with with the principles of neighbourhood units • Housing estates built in state socialist countries in the 1950s were also based on the Neighbourhood Unit Concept. • This housing estates' main value are considered by the residents the good location and high proportion of green areas. • According to the survey, community is not among the most valuable characteristics of housing estates. • Urbanistic advantages of neighbourhood units take prevalence over quality demands towards apartments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]