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A major problem in the preservation of the cultural heritage of mankind is the degradation of acid paper, the essence of which is the decomposition of cellulose, as the main component of paper. To suppress this decomposition, deacidifying agents based on alkaline earth metal compounds are widely used. This work focuses on evaluating knowledge about the functioning of M2+ ions, solid and dissolved alkaline earth compounds used in paper conservation. The first part of this review is oriented toward studying the interaction of ions, oxides and hydroxides of metals in water. The second part focuses attention on the behavior of ions in the paper structure. Solid MO, M(OH) 2 , and hydrated M(OH)+ and OH− have a deacidifying effect. Their effect is conditioned by the presence of water in the cellulose/paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a potent paper-based analytical device (PAD) for quantifying various sugars using an innovative bi-nanozyme made from a 2-dimensional Fe/Ce metal-organic framework (FeCe-BTC). The MOF showed excellent bifunctional peroxidase-oxidase activities, efficiently catalyzing luminol's chemiluminescence (CL) reaction. As a peroxidase-like nanozyme, FeCe-BTC could facilitate the dissociation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) into hydroxyl radicals, which then oxidize luminol. Additionally, it was also discovered that when reacting with H 2 O 2 , the MOF turns into a mixed-valence MOF, and acts as an oxidase nanozyme. This activity is caused by the generated Ce4+ ions in the structure of MOF that can directly oxidize luminol. The MOF was directly synthesized on the PAD and cascaded with specific natural enzymes to establish simple, rapid, and selective CL sensors for the measurement of different sugars. A cell phone was also used to record light intensities, which were then correlated to the analyte concentration. The designed PAD showed a wide linear range of 0.1–10 mM for glucose, fructose, and sucrose, with detection limits of 0.03, 0.04, and 0.04 mM, respectively. It showed satisfactory results in food and biological samples with recovery values ranging from 95.8 to 102.4 %, which makes it a promising candidate for point-of-care (POC) testing for food control and medicinal purposes. [Display omitted] • Successful development of bimetallic FeCe-BTC nanozyme directly on paper for sensing aims. • Regulating the peroxidase-like efficiency MOF to promote the H 2 O 2 dissociation. • Turning the role of MOF catalyst during the CL reaction by generating high-valence Ce cations. • Measurement of sugars using paper devices modified by FeCe-BTC and smartphone readout. • Successful application of the designed probe for biological and food samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-area electrochromic films with high stability under high temperatures and humid conditions are essential for the commercialization of smart windows. In this paper, we introduce a new cathodic coloration Nb 18 W 16 O 93 thin film produced using sputtering that exhibits excellent electrochromic modulation, superior chemical stability, and cyclic durability owing to its stable host structure for ion intercalation. The electrochemical properties of the as-grown Nb 18 W 16 O 93 thin films, including charge density and transmittance modulation, were enhanced with increasing deposition temperatures. The annealed Nb 18 W 16 O 93 thin films (grown at room temperature) exhibited comparable electrochromic performances to films grown at high temperatures. Electrochromic devices composed of annealed and high-temperature-grown Nb 18 W 16 O 93 thin films exhibited excellent durability and nearly identical transmittance modulation, even after 10,000 test cycles. Furthermore, degradation of the surface morphology of the Nb 18 W 16 O 93 thin films after etching in heated water was alleviated, suggesting high stability under hot and humid conditions, whereas the flat surface of the room-temperature-grown WO 3 thin films degraded significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VO2 is considered as one of the most likely cathode materials to be commercialized for large‐scale application in AZIBs and is at the forefront of aqueous batteries, but its lower electrical conductivity, slower Zn2+ mobility, as well as voltage degradation and structural collapse due to vanadium solubilization have limited its further development. Herein, a Co‐substitution engineering strategy is proposed, which is introducing heteroatom Co2+ doping substitution and oxygen vacancy substitution to stabilize structure and promote ionic/electronic conductivity, leading an enhanced Zn ion storage behavior. The Co‐substituted VO2 (Co0.03V0.97O2‐x, denote as Ov‐CoVO) is reported in this paper, Co‐substitution inhibits vanadium dissolution of VO2 in AZIBs, even in the acetionitrile system. DFT calculations show that Ov‐CoVO has a more stable structure as well as a faster electronic/ionic conductivity. Consequently, the Ov‐CoVO||ZnOTF||Zn battery (aqueous) can deliver a remarkable capacity of 475 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 with 99.1% capacity retention after 200 cycles, still maintains excellent cycling stability in Ov‐CoVO||ZnTFSI||Zn (acetionitrile electrolyte) at 0.1 A g−1. In addition, compared to VO2, the charge transfer resistance and Zn2+ iffusion coefficient of Ov‐CoVO are significantly enhanced. This work broadens the scope for research cathode materials for high performance ZIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic liquids are an extraordinary group of compounds, fully ionic in structure like inorganic salts but with low melting points, that resemble organic molecular solvents. Their chemical, electrochemical, and thermal stability is what draws the attention and enables their use in many applications, including electrochemical power sources. Even though they are no longer considered eco‐friendly because of nonnegligible toxicity and long bioaccumulation, they can still be efficiently recovered, purified, and reused. These attributes can be harvested to enhance the properties of gel polymer electrolytes for the emerging sodium‐ion batteries. The variety of anions and cations for ILs and their influence on the final properties of the compound opens the road to tuning the properties of gel polymer electrolytes. Ionic liquids as plasticizers constitute a major part of gel polymer electrolytes (average of 70 wt%) and hence, they affect the fundamental properties of gel electrolytes like ionic conductivity and electrochemical window. They also improve the safety features of sodium‐ion batteries, which is relevant for their anticipated applications in stationary energy storage and electric vehicles. The presented review paper aims to explain the relationship between the cation and anion in ionic liquid and the properties of gel electrolytes for sodium‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the synergy between Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic investigations and DFT calculations, mainly of NMR parameters. Both the liquid and the solid states are discussed here. This text is a mix of published results supplemented with new findings. This paper deals with examples in which useful results could not have been obtained without combining NMR measurements and DFT calculations. Examples of such cases are tautomeric systems in which NMR data are calculated for the tautomers; hydrogen-bonded systems in which better XH bond lengths can be determined; cage compounds for which assignment cannot be made based on NMR data alone; revison of already published structures; ionic compounds for which reference data are not available; assignment of solid-state spectra and crystal forms; and the creation of libraries for biological molecules. In addition to these literature cases, a revision of a cage structure and substituent effects on pyrroles is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are a class of crystalline framework materials assembled by hydrogen bonds. HOFs have the advantages of high crystallinity, mild reaction conditions, good solution processability, and reproducibility. Coupled with the reversibility and flexibility of hydrogen bonds, HOFs can be assembled into a wide diversity of crystalline structures. Since the bonding energy of hydrogen bonds is lower than that of ligand and covalent bonds, the framework of HOFs is prone to collapse after desolventisation and the stability is not high, which limits the development and application of HOFs. In recent years, numerous stable and functional HOFs have been developed by π–π stacking, highly interpenetrated networks, charge‐assisted, ligand‐bond‐assisted, molecular weaving, and covalent cross‐linking. Charge‐assisted ionic HOFs introduce electrostatic attraction into HOFs to improve stability while enriching structural diversity and functionality. In this paper, we review the development, the principles of rational design and assembly of charge‐assisted ionic HOFs, and introduces the different building block construction modes of charge‐assisted ionic HOFs. Highlight the applications of charge‐assisted ionic HOFs in gas adsorption and separation, proton conduction, biological applications, etc., and prospects for the diverse design of charge‐assisted ionic HOFs structures and multifunctional applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a low-cost and high-performance electrode for water electrolysis is important for green energy development. In this paper, fluorine-based multi-halogen atom doped carbon quantum dot loaded vertical graphene electrodes are prepared using biomass waste vinasse as a carbon source. F and Cl co-doping has the best electrochemical properties among multi-halogen atom doping. The HER overpotentials of FCl-CQDs/VG at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 are 171 mV and 161 mV at 1 M KOH and 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 , and the OER overpotentials are 393 mV and 556 mV at 1 M KOH and 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 , respectively. The Faraday efficiencies of FCl-CQDs/VG are 89 % (HER) and 86.5 % (OER), respectively. Cl atom doping can increase the content of ionic and semi-ionic bonds C–F, accelerate charge transfer, and improve electrochemical performance. This study improves the basis and ideas for the development of low-cost and high-performance self-supported all-carbon electrodes. [Display omitted] • F-based multi-halogen atom doped vinasse-based all-carbon electrode prepared. • FCl-CQDs/VG has excellent performance and stability for overall water splitting. • Cl doping promotes charge transfer and electronic structure of ionic bond C–F. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides a literature review on the effect of ion irradiation on ceramic materials. The effects of ion irradiation on metals and alloys are compared with those on ceramics. Common patterns of the ion exposure effect on the considered types of materials are revealed. The focus is placed on the effect of this type of treatment on the microstructure, phase state and hardness of ceramics. Common patterns of structural and phase transformations, and effects of surface modification of oxide ceramics under exposure to accelerated ions are determined. Particular attention is given to such popular types of ceramics as zirconia and alumina. It is shown that surface treatment with both continuous and pulsed ion beams can efficiently modify the surface layers of oxide ceramics. This treatment induces formation of graded ceramics, with structure and mechanical properties varying from the surface to the bulk. The issues of radiation resistance of oxide ceramics are considered. It is shown that ceramics based on partially stabilized zirconia and alumina shows increased resistance to radiation (ionizing) exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Er3+, Yb3+ and Mn2+ co-doped perovskite NaMgF3 submicron particles have been successfully fabricated and the related upconversion (UC) emission was investigated in this paper. The UC emission spectra confirm that the emission color of the Er3+ ions can be modulated by the doping of the Mn2+ ions, the incident laser power and the laser pulse-width. The UC emission results demonstrate that the key factor to modulate the UC emission color of the Er3+ ions is the Mn2+ ions in the submicron particles, in which the NaMgF3 submicron particles have the largest relative green emission bands with the 3% Mn2+ concentration. The experimental results also confirm that the UC intensities ratio of the green to the red emission will increase with the increase of the incident laser power and the decrease of the laser pulse-width. All the UC emission results imply that there are two energy transfer paths from the Mn2+ state 4T1 to the Er3+ ions, in which the transfer rate to the state 4S3/2 is far larger than the transfer rate to the state 2H11/2 and the energy transfer mechanism may related with the special structure of the Mn2+ ions and the phonon-assisted processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggregated and hyperphosphorylated Tau is one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Tau is a polyampholytic and intrinsically disordered protein (IDP). In this paper, we present for the first time experimental results on the ionic strength dependence of the radius of gyration (Rg) of human Tau 4RS and 4RL isoforms. Synchrotron X-ray scattering revealed that 4RS Rg is regulated from 65.4 to 58.5 Å and 4RL Rg is regulated from 70.9 to 57.9 Å by varying ionic strength from 0.01 to 0.592 M. The Rg of 4RL Tau is larger than 4RS at lower ionic strength. This result provides an insight into the ion-responsive nature of intrinsically disordered and polyampholytic Tau, and can be implicated to the further study of Tau-Tau and Tau-tubulin intermolecular structure in ionic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the ion-acoustic wave structures in fluid ions for the Benjamin–Bona–Mahony–Peregrine–Burgers (BBMPB) equation. The various types of wave structures are extracted including the three-wave hypothesis, breather wave, lump periodic, mixed-type wave, periodic cross-kink, cross-kink rational wave, M-shaped rational wave, M-shaped rational wave solution with one kink wave, and M-shaped rational wave with two kink wave solutions. The Hirota bilinear transformation is a powerful tool that allows us to accurately find solutions and predict the behaviour of these wave structures. Through our analysis, we gain a better understanding of the complex dynamics of ion-acoustic waves and their potential applications in various fields. Moreover, our findings contribute to the ongoing research in plasma physics that utilize ion-acoustic wave phenomena. To show the physical behaviour of the solutions, some 3D plots and their respective contour level are shown, choosing different values of the parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, the investigation was focused on the physical characterization and determination of porosity for an ion exchange catalyst called Amberlyst-35, which produces environmentally benign gasoline using 3D network modeling (3DNM). In addition, the effect of the different pore size distributions (PSD) has been investigated in porous media (PM). First, the mercury porosimetry (MPo) experiment was carried out to determine the porosity of the Amberlyst-35. Second, the KALINET program was run by Compact Visual Fortran (CVF) and Graphical Input/Output (GINO) for modeling porous structures. Then, the SECTION program was used for different porous 3D random images. The theoretical penetration curve was drawn using data obtained from the KALINET program and fitted to the experimental penetration values of Amberlyst-35 by changing the number of pores in each pressure interval of the PSD. The PSD was a 3D network model size of (N) = 30x30x30, 40x40x40, 50x50x50, which included 83,700-196,800-382,500 pores, respectively. On the other hand, various sections of the 3D stochastic images of the pore network were obtained from the SECTION program. Finally, 3D network images were drawn by the KALINET3D computer program. The MPo method has been applied using computer programs (with desktop computers). Moreover, it was found that the same results were obtained for both the theoretical and experimental data of MPo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, three‐dimensional (3D) lead‐free double halide perovskites have been considered promising candidates for photovoltaic applications due to their high stability and the use of non‐toxic materials, and the absence of organic materials in their structure. The structural, electronic, and optical properties of 3D double Halide perovskites Cs2CuBiBr6 and Cs2CuBiCl6 were investigated in this paper using first‐principles density functional theory (DFT) simulation with BLYP approximation. The results showed that structures Cs2CuBiBr6 and Cs2CuBiCl6 have an indirect band gap, high absorption coefficient, low reflection, and high conductivity. A redshift of absorption edge and band gap shrinkage has been observed in the Cs2CuBiX6 structure with an increase in the ionic radius of the halogen, which indicates the unique features of structure Cs2CuBiBr6 for photovoltaic applications, LED, laser, and other optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome the safety hazard of the liquid electrolytes used in traditional lithium batteries, solid electrolytes have drawn more attention because of their advantages such as non-volatility, easy processing, good mechanical properties, and stability. In this paper, sodium alginate (SA) nanofiber membranes were used as the backbone of PEO-based solid electrolytes. SA nanofiber membranes were prepared by electrospinning with assistance from PEO and cross-linked with calcium ions to construct a nanofiber network skeleton, which provided a guarantee for the stability of the subsequent electrolyte preparation process. The effects of spinning conditions and crosslinking time on the structure and performances of the nanofiber membranes were investigated. Meanwhile, the relationship between the skeleton of nanofiber membranes cross-linked with calcium ions and ion conductivity was investigated. The optimal parameters of the electrospinning process including concentration, voltage, distance, and SA content were discussed, and the fiber diameter and its distribution were analyzed. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, thermal gravimetric analyzer analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) maps were used to characterize the nanofiber membranes and electrolytes. The results showed that the thermal performance of cross-linked nanofiber membranes improved and the crystallinity of the PEO matrix decreased. The ion conductivity of the electrolytes was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) testing, and the results showed that the assembled lithium symmetric battery had a good ion conductivity of 6.82 × 10−5 S/cm at 30 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how structure and interactions between ions affect physicochemical properties is of great importance for the rational design, synthesis, and applications of new "target-specific" ionic liquids. Motivated by this need, in this paper, we present the results of density functional theory (DFT) studies of few small clusters including up to six ion pairs and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the bulk phase of ethylammonium hydrogen sulfate (EA/SA) protic ionic liquid. Special attention is being focused here on hydrogen bond properties and their role in the structure formation of ionic liquid. By using the DFT calculations, it was shown that an increase of the cluster size leads to a networked structure with as many as possible cation–anion hydrogen bonds, but these bonds are distorted. Similar results were obtained also through MD simulations of the bulk phase of the EA/SA. In addition, in the simulated liquid, the formation of anion–anion hydrogen bonds also is possible. On the basis of our calculations together with the literature data, a relationship between the structure and physicochemical properties of the EA/SA liquid was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have performed an all-atom molecular dynamics simulation to understand the structure and dynamics of Na+ ions in water mixed Ionic liquids (Water in Ionic liquid). Two ionic liquid (IL) systems consist of (1) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium [BMIM] tetrafluoroborate [BF 4 ] and (2) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium [BMIM] hexafluorophosphate [PF 6 ] were considered in this work. We understand various inter-molecular structures and dynamic and thermodynamic behaviours of Na+ ions in the water-mixed IL systems. The water (H 2 O) mole fractions (x) varied from 0.33 to 0.71. The neat ILs [BMIM][BF 4 ] and [BMIM][PF 6 ] pairwise radial distribution functions show a decrease with an increase in x. The [BMIM][PF 6 ] exhibits a strong coordination structure with Na+ ions across the entire range of x values. The rdf between the pairs of Na+-[PF 6 ] presents a significant interaction compared to Na+ and [BF 4 ]. The Na + ions manifested greater coordination with H 2 O In H 2 O-[BMIM][PF 6 ] compared to H 2 O-[BMIM][BF 4 ]. The self-diffusion coefficient (D) values of Na + ions increase with the rise in x in both ILs. The D values of Na + ions are 10-fold higher in [BMIM][BF 4 ] than [BMIM][PF 6 ]. The ionic conductivity values are higher for [BMIM][BF 4 ]. Overall, this paper unveils molecular-level insights for understanding the behavior of Na+ ions in the water in ionic liquid systems. [Display omitted] • Agglomeration formation is appeared between the Na + -Cl- ions in water in [BMIM][BF4]. • Na–Cl and Na–Na structural interactions are stronger with water in [BMIM][BF 4 ] when compared to [BMIM][PF 6 ]. • Na + ion self-diffusion coefficient (D) and ionic conductivity (σ) are observed when water in [BMIM][BF 4 ]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing high-accuracy luminescent sensors for detecting emerging environmental pollutants is of great importance and is still a challenge. Utilizing a 4-carboxyphenylphosphonic acid (H3pbc) ligand, a novel one-dimensional (1D) Zn-based coordination polymer with the formula [Zn2(Hpbc)2(2,2′-bipy)(H2O)]·H2O (Zn–CP, H3pbc = 4-HOOCC6H4PO3H2, 2,2′-bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine) has been hydrothermally synthesized. Each of the 1D chains was linked via π–π stacking interactions and formed a supramolecular framework. Furthermore, due to the existence of uncoordinated –COOH groups, the terbium-functionalized hybrid (Tb3+@Zn-CP) was prepared by introducing Tb3+ ions into the structure through coordinated postsynthetic modification (PSM). Tb3+@Zn-CP shows the characteristic emission of Tb3+ ions due to the "antenna effect" of the H3pbc ligand. Based on the excellent luminescence properties and structural stabilities of Zn-CP and Tb3+@Zn-CP, they can be used as highly sensitive and selective luminescent probes of the UV filter BP (benzophenone) depending on multiquenching effects. In addition, their obvious color change can be easily distinguished by the naked eye under ultraviolet light, which was successfully used in the preparation of portable BP test paper. More importantly, Tb3+@Zn-CP is the first example of CPs as a ratiometric luminescent sensor for BP. This work provides a novel strategy for the construction of ratiometric luminescent probes of BP-type UVFs through coordinated postsynthetic modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores cardiac electrophysiological simulations of the monodomain equations and introduces a novel subcycling time integration algorithm to exploit the structure of the ionic model. The aim of this work is to improve upon the efficiency of parallel cardiac monodomain simulations by using our subcycling algorithm in the computation of the ionic model to handle the local sharp changes of the solution. This will reduce the turnaround time for the simulation of basic cardiac electrical function on both idealized and patient‐specific geometry. Numerical experiments show that the proposed approach is accurate and also has close to linear parallel scalability on a computer with more than 1000 processor cores. Ultimately, the reduction in simulation time can be beneficial in clinical applications, where multiple simulations are often required to tune a model to match clinical measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanophosphors are widely used, especially in biological applications in the first and second biological windows. Currently, nanophosphors doped with lanthanide ions (Ln3+) are attracting much attention. However, doping the matrix with lanthanide ions is associated with a narrow luminescence bandwidth. This paper describes the structural and luminescence properties of co-doped LaPO4 nanophosphors, fabricated by the co-precipitation method. X-ray structural analysis, scanning electron microscope measurements with EDS analysis, and luminescence measurements (excitation 395 nm) of LaPO4:Eu3+/Nd3+ and LaPO4:Eu3+/Nd3+/Yb3+ nanophosphors were made and energy transfer between rare-earth ions was investigated. Tests performed confirmed the crystal structure of the produced phosphors and deposition of rare-earth ions in the structure of LaPO4 nanocrystals. In the range of the first biological window (650–950 nm), strong luminescence bands at the wavelengths of 687 nm and 698 nm (5D0 → 7F4:Eu3+) and 867 nm, 873 nm, 889 nm, 896 nm, and 907 nm (4F3/2 → 4I9/2:Nd3+) were observed. At 980 nm, 991 nm, 1033 nm (2F5/2 → 2F7/2:Yb3+) and 1048 nm, 1060 nm, 1073 nm, and 1080 nm (4F3/2 → 4I9/2:Nd3+), strong bands of luminescence were visible in the 950 nm–1100 nm range, demonstrating that energy transfer took place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During in situ leaching of ionic rare earth ore, the pore structure of the orebody changes due to the chemical replacement reaction between the leaching agent and the rare earth ore. To explore the influence of leaching agents on the pore structure of ionic rare earth ore during the leaching process, magnesium sulfate solutions with different concentrations and pH are used as leaching agents in this paper. An experimental method of indoor simulated column leaching, a Zetaprobe potential analyzer, and an NM-60 rock microstructure analyzer to measure parameters, including surface zeta potential, T2 map, and the pore structure of rare-earth ore particles, were used to analyze the influence law of magnesium sulfate solution on the pore structure of ionic rare earth ore. The result proves that pure H2O leaching has little effect on the surface Zeta potential and the internal pore structure of the ore particles. In the leaching process of magnesium sulfate solutions with different concentrations, the absolute value of Zeta potential decreases, and the internal pore structure evolves from medium, large, and extra-large to small pores. In the leaching process of magnesium sulfate solutions with different pH, the absolute value of Zeta potential decreases and then increases slightly with the end of the ion exchange reaction. The internal pore structure generally shows a decrease in the number of small and extra-large pores and an increase in the number of medium and large pores. According to the analysis, the concentration and pH of the leaching agent cause the change of thickness of the electric double layer of the fine particles in the orebody, break the balance of interaction force between soil particles, and result in the evolution of a micropore structure of orebody during leaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports an analysis using the Monte Carlo simulations of the effect of LiCl, NaCl, and KCl salts and high pressures on the structure of water. On the basis of a variety of several parameters connected to various aspects of the tetrahedral local structure of water and the nearest neighbor approach, we present in this paper a detailed comparison between the effect of applied pressure and that of salt concentration increase on the tetrahedral structure of water. The nearest neighbor approach allows us to get information on the radial and orientational characteristic of the non-hydrogen-bonded configuration of water in the presence of salts and under compression. The analysis shows differences between the local structure of water in the presence of ions and that of water under compression. Our findings suggest a revision of the pressure-like effect of ions on water structure. Moreover, compared to LiCl and NaCl salts, a larger effect of KCl salt on the hydrogen bonding of water has been shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the preparation of new ionic liquids based on hexamethylenetetramine with bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and dicyanamide anion, which were characterized in detail in terms of their purity (Ion Chromatography) and thermal properties (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), as well as stability. The obtained substances were used to develop curing systems with ethylene glycol, which were successfully tested for their application with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether molecule. In addition, the curing process and its relationship to the structure of the ionic liquid are characterized in detail. The research showed that hexamethylenetetramine-based new ionic liquids can be successfully designed using well-known and simple synthetic methods—the Delepine reaction. Moreover, attention was paid to their stability, related limitations, and the application of hexamethylenetetramine-based ionic liquids in epoxy-curing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkali metal chlorides have been used as molten salts for further preparing crystalline carbon nitride, but the effect of alkali metal types on the properties of crystalline carbon nitride has not been systematically studied. Therefore, in this paper, a series of crystalline carbon nitride samples doped with different alkali metals were successfully prepared using LiCl–KCl, KCl–NaCl, LiCl–KCl–NaCl and LiCl–NaCl as molten salts: LK-HTCN (Li–K co-doping), KN-HCN (K–Na co-doping), LKN-HTCN (Li–K–Na co-doping) and LN-HTCN (Li–Na co-doping). The experimental results show that KN-HCN contains only the heptazine unit structure, while the other samples contain heptazine and triazine unit structures. Meanwhile, the concentration of the cyano group in the KN-HCN sample structure is significantly higher than that of other samples, which may be related to the fact that there is only a heptazine unit in the structure of the KN-HCN sample. In addition, the loading mode of K and Na ions in the KN-HCN structure is favorable for the migration and separation of photogenerated charges. Thanks to these characteristics, KN-HCN showed excellent photocatalytic ammonia production activity. This study can provide theoretical insight for the development of crystallized carbon nitride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Natural polymers and electrolytes enhance dedusting and explosion prevention. • Dust suppression is jointly affected by wetting and agglomerating behaviour. • Wettability is affected by the diffusion coefficient and absolute wetting area. • Electrostatic potential energy and hydrogen bond are significant to agglomeration. • The neutralization between ions significantly reduces the reactivity of coal. This paper expressed a new insight including experimental and molecular dynamic simulations to illuminate multi-scale mechanisms of coal dust suppression and explosion prevention when applying natural polymers and electrolyte. Results reveals that the addition of natural polymers and electrolyte achieve a maximum 11.85% improvement on dedusting rate and 36.36% improvement on suppression speed when compares with the individual application of SDBS, the MIE and MITC also receives a maximum 1.5 times and 23.58% improvement as well. This achievement is jointly affected by the wetting and agglomerating behaviour between suppressant and coal particles. The chain-like ionic structure and two benzene rings offer LS-Na exhibits good planarity in space and can vertically embed into the surface of coal particles. The lower diffusion coefficient and larger wetting area brings LS-Na stronger ability to help SDBS adsorbing on the coal particles and therefore exhibit better wettability. However, higher electrostatic potential difference endows CMC-Na stronger ability to absorb H 2 O molecules to form more viscous liquid environment. More hydrogen bond and higher bond energy of CMC-Na could promote the agglomeration of coal particles. The kinetic analysis reveals that the activation energy of coal particles treated by ternary suppressant is higher than that of binary ones. With the help of neutralization reactions between Na· and Cl· generated by molten NaCl and H· and OH· generated by the combustion, the reactivity of coal particles has been diminished and the combustion chain has been interrupted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Low temperature synthesis significantly increases the ionic conductivity of gel polymer. • Freeze-drying process produces gel polymer with a unique gradient microporous composite structure. • The iontronic pressure sensor demonstrates an extraordinary sensing performance. • The iontronic sensor enables high sensitivity monitoring of physiological information. Flexible pressure sensors are essential and key components for wearable electronics, but they have many limitations. The requests for a simple, fast, and low-cost fabrication method for ultrasensitive sensors hold practical significance. In this paper, we introduce an innovative ionic film with gradient porous structures and high ionic conductivity, synthesized using a facile casting and freeze-drying method, to fabricate flexible iontronic pressure sensors. We demonstrate that low synthesis temperatures markedly enhance hydrogen bond number of the ionic films, as revealed by Molecular Dynamics simulation, thereby significantly increasing the ionic conductivity of the film to an impressive value of 6.62 mS/cm, more than twice of the best values reported. The films exhibit a composite structure comprising layered pores and a rough surface. Leveraging these properties, this ionic film-based iontronic capacitive pressure sensor achieves an unprecedented sensitivity of 13786.2 kPa−1 and a broad pressure sensing range of 300 kPa, and is capable of distinguishing subtle pressures as low as 0.1 Pa, featuring a remarkably swift response time of 8 ms. We demonstrate that the sensor and its array could perform sensitive and accurate monitoring of physiological information and physical activities, and act as an excellent human–computer interface. This study offers an innovative and scalable approach to dramatically enhance sensor performance for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Kaolinite is an important clay mineral in sedimentary rocks. The research purpose of this paper is to clarify the chemical behavior and change process of kaolinite in CO2 aqueous solution and explore the reaction law of CO2 with kaolinite. Methods The reaction state of kaolinite with CO2 at different reaction stages under the station of 10 MPa and 60 °C was systematically evaluated by means of XRD, XRF, ICP and SEM. The changes of solid elements, crystal structure and ion concentration in reaction solution before and after kaolinite powder reaction were compared. Then combined with the structural characteristics of kaolinite, the change law of kaolinite in acid was clarified. Results The results showed that the concentrations of AP3+ and Si4+ increased in the liquid phase, Mg' concentration increases first and then tends to be stable. The change of Si/Al ( mass ratio) in solid powder is small, and the peak shape of diffraction curve is stable. There is no obvious dissolution of kaolinite aggregate, and there is slight dissolution at the edge of monomer. Conclusions The change of kaolinite after reacting with CO2 is small and relatively stable in CO22 solution on the whole. The experimental results provide important parameters and basis for the impact of CO2 injection on reservoir characteristics and the feasibility study of gas/water alternative flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of modern detection technology and scientific research, the chemical structures and functions of isomers are constantly being revealed. The isomer molecules may have completely different biochemical activities, and a certain molecule of the isomer may play an important role in disease pathogenesis or disease treatment, while the other is the opposite. Therefore, the separation and identification of isomers and the exploration of their structures are helpful to furtherly understand the operating mechanism of life, and become one of the research hotspots in the field of analytical chemistry and life sciences. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), which has developed rapidly in recent years, is an instrument technology that can analyze the spatial structure of molecules. It can distinguish the isomerism of a certain molecule by measuring the difference in the collision cross-section between different molecular ions and airflow in the gas phase. IMS coupled with mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) is a powerful separation and analysis technology that adds a mobility separation dimension for MS to improve ion structure separation and determination, while also enhances ion mass selection in mobility technology and makes the separation of the analyte have high selectivity. IMS-MS technology has been highly concerned and widely used in the fields of small molecule/metabolite identification, proteomics research, host-guest complexes, and molecular structure identification. This paper was focused on the working principle of different types of IMS, the latest application in different types of isomers and the prospect of IMS-MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermal method is widely used in the synthesis of perovskite-type oxides, whereas few studies are reported for the nucleation mechanism, so that the relationship between the crystal structures and reactive activities of reactants and products is still unknown. Herein, the reaction processes are analyzed on the basis of XRD, SEM and Raman characterizations, and the nucleation mechanism is investigated for the hydrothermal synthesis of MZrO 3 (M = Ba, Sr, Ca). We propose that the negative charged cyclic tetramer complexes [Zr 4 (OH) 8 (OH) 16 ]8- form in the hydrothermal reaction, which play major roles in the nucleation process. The tetramer complexes continually dehydrate and condensate to form substructural units composed of alkali-earth ions and 6-fold Zr tetramers; substructural units further dehydrate and distort to form perovskite structures. The reactive activation energy increases with the decreasing of M2+ (M = Ba, Sr, Ca) ionic radius because the incorporation of smaller A site ions in the perovskite structure is accompanied by greater rotation and distortion of the ZrO 6 octahedra, leading to the decrease of reactive activity accordingly. In a word, the proposed nucleation mechanism in this paper is of great significance for the study of perovskite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every application of a substance results from the macroscopic property of the substance that is related to the substance's microscopic structure. For example, the forged park gate in your city was produced thanks to the malleability and ductility of metals, which are related to the ability of shifting of layers of metal cations, while fire extinguishing powders use the high boiling point of compounds related to their regular ionic and covalent structures. This also applies to polymers. The purpose of this review is to summarise and present information on selected food-related biopolymers, with special attention on their respective structures, related properties, and resultant applications. Moreover, this paper also highlights how the treatment method used affects the structure, properties, and, hence, applications of some polysaccharides. Despite a strong focus on food-related biopolymers, this review is addressed to a broad community of both material engineers and food researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider the fractional ion sound and Langmuir waves (FISALWs) equation. We apply the unified solver technique in order to extract some new solutions for the FISALWs equation. The fractional derivative is defined in the sense of a conformable fractional derivative. The proposed solver is based on He's semi-inverse method and gives beneficial solutions in explicit form. The recital of the method is trustworthy and useful and gives new, more general exact solutions. The constraint conditions for the existence of valid soliton solutions are reported. The enforcement of the presented solutions might be especially interesting in the applications of plasma physics such as bursty waves in cusp regions, Langmuir turbulence, and solar wind. Finally, the proposed solver can be extended to many other models in new physics and applied science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incongruent dissolution-precipitation behaviors of 8YSZ (8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia) ceramics during cold sintering process is studied in this paper by changing the pH of liquid media. The different solubility of Y3+ and Zr4+ at the same lattice position causes the disparate dissolution behaviors, and results in incongruent precipitation. Compared with acidic or alkaline solution, neutral solution is more conducive to the incongruent dissolution-precipitation process, and the concentration ratio of dissolved Y3+ and Zr4+ can reach ∼6385. The incongruent dissolution-precipitation process facilitates the formation of neck structure and promotes the ionic migration and diffusion at the subsequent high-temperature sintering process, which improves the mechanical properties and electrochemical properties of 8YSZ ceramics. This work reveals the principle of incongruent dissolution-precipitation process of zirconia-based ceramics, and it is of significance for selecting suitable liquid media to control the incongruent dissolution-precipitation behaviors in cold sintering process to prepare high-performance zirconia-based ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• MXene-based composite membranes were prepared by a simple solution casting method. • The addition of MXenes improves the tensile strength and alkaline stability of the composite membrane. • Provides more continuous ion channels to enhance ionic conductivity by building microphase separation structures. • The conductivity of the QPAP-HM-0.7 composite membrane reached 159.4 mS cm−1. The improvement of ionic conductivity and alkali stability of anion exchange membranes(AEMs) has been the focus of research. The abundant functional groups on the surface of inorganic nanomaterials tend to form a rich hydrogen bonding network, which reduces the activation energy and improves the ionic conductivity. In this paper, the prepared HF-Ti 3 C 2 T x was used as a filler in a quaternized poly(aryl piperidinium) (QPAP) matrix to enhance the performance of the membrane electrode assembly of an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWE). With the addition of MXenes, the mechanical properties of the composite membrane improved significantly (from 12.13 MPa to 27.85 MPa). At 80 °C, the ionic conductivity of QPAP-HM-0.7 was as high as 159.4 mS cm−1. The results showed that the functional groups on the surface of MXenes and the polymer matrix successfully constructed a hydrogen bonding network within the membrane, forming a hydrophilic and hydrophobic microphase separation structure. In addition, the composite membranes prepared by doping HF-Ti 3 C 2 T x obtained good alkali stability (conductivity retention of more than 85 % after 720 h immersion at 80 °C in 1 M NaOH) and dimensional stability, which proved that MXenes is an effective filler to improve the membrane properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoionization-ion trap mass spectrometry (PI-ITMS) is one of the major directions of mass spectrometer miniaturization because of its great potential for rapid on-site VOCs detection in many cases. Traditionally, PI has always been investigated separately and is restrained by ion transmission structure, so a new structure needs to be designed and investigated for simplifying and improving the ion transmission efficiency. Interestingly, our preliminary experiments found that the signal intensity and mass range can be effectively improved by combing atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and low-pressure photoionization (LPPI). Therefore, in this paper, a new dual photoionization - ion trap mass spectrometry (DPI-ITMS) was developed, explored and used to directly analyze complex VOCs. Compared with traditional single PI configuration, it presents two obvious merits: (1) simplified ion transmission structure, eliminating the need to use deflection electrode to repel ions and avoiding breakdown risk. (2) some missing/weak low m / z ion mass spectral peaks in APPI and some high m / z ion mass spectral peaks in LPPI were improved in DPI detection mode. In addition, by combining multivariate statistical analysis, we preliminary achieved in differentiating fruit types and maturity level. In summary, we concluded that the developed DPI-ITMS has moderate detection sensitivity (limited by the homemade ITMS, 0.1–1 ppmv with RSD of 6.36 %), and the DPI-ITMS configuration can be referenced by future PI-MS, and this study also provides a high-throughput, simple, noninvasive and no chemical contamination solution for analyzing main VOCs in fruit aroma. [Display omitted] • A new dual photoionization - ion trap mass spectrometry (DPI-ITMS) was developed, explored and used to directly analyze complex VOCs. It presents two obvious merits: • simplified ion transmission structure, eliminating the deflection electrode to repel ions and avoiding breakdown risk. • some missing/weak low m / z ion mass spectral peaks in atmospheric pressure PI and some high m / z ion mass spectral peaks in low-pressure PI were improved. • By combining multivariate statistical analysis, we preliminary achieved in differentiating fruit types and maturity level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to high stability, safety and energy density properties, solid-state lithium-ion is expected to be used for the next-generation batteries. Recently, new solid electrolyte materials with high-ion conductivity have been widely explored. In this paper, a novel solid electrolyte LiNaSrP 2 O 7 was successfully prepared by the conventional solid-state method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, electron microscopy and optical and impedance spectroscopy. XRD and Rietveld analysis show that the sample crystallizes in the orthorhombic structure with Pnma space group. The UV–Vis measurement, performed from 200 nm to 800 nm, show a direct optical band gap evaluated at 5.26 eV. Both impedance and modulus studies reveal the temperature-dependent non-Debye type relaxation conduction phenomenon. AC conductivity has been studied to understand the conduction mechanism. AC conductivity results show the role of quantum mechanical tunneling of charges in the conduction mechanism. Moreover, the electrical conductivity and modulus analysis findings revealed the activation energy obtained from suggests that the transport takes place through the ion hopping mechanism, dominated by the motion of the mixed Li+/Na+ ions in the structure of the investigated material. [Display omitted] • The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic structure with Pnma space group. • Optical study proved that the indirect band gap is around 5.26 eV. • The electrical properties suggesting the semiconductor behavior. • The variation of M″ peak showed a thermally activated relaxation process. • The near value of activation energies obtained from the analysis of M″, dc-conductivity and hopping frequencies data confirms that the transport is through ion hopping mechanism, dominated by the motion of the mixed Li+/Na+ ions in the structure of the investigated materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of studying the effect of the isomorphic substitution of Y3+ ions into Gd3+ ions on the structure and luminescent properties of yttrium-aluminum garnet nanopowders activated with Yb3+ ions obtained by the polymer-salt method. To study the structure of the material, the methods of X-ray phase analysis, as well as luminescent and infrared spectroscopy, were used. It is established that with an increase in the content of the Gd3+ ions in the garnet structure, a monotonic expansion of the unit cell of crystals and an increase in the width of the Yb3+ luminescence band are observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The dynamics and structure of RTILs in slit charged carbon pores were studied by MD. • The dynamics of confined RTILs are heterogeneous. • The temperature's influence on the dynamics of ions in a 2-nm-wide pore is discussed. • The effect of cation and anion size on electrical conductivity was considered. • In narrow pores filled with [OMIM][NTf 2 ] anions are in the trans -configuration. The paper presents a study of the behavior of room-temperature ionic liquids with different alkyl chain lengths and anion types in slit negatively charged carbon nanopores of various widths (1–15 nm) using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. The structure of the confined ionic liquids is investigated using number, mass, and charge density profiles and radial distribution functions. The paper also discusses such characteristics as mean squared displacement of ions in all directions, self-diffusion coefficients of cations and anions in the bulk, their temperature dependences, electrical conductivity. Some energy characteristics are obtained by quantum chemical calculations. It is established that there is a bulk region in the pore center for all the confined ionic liquids, starting from the pore width of 7 nm. The sums of the cationic and anionic self-diffusion coefficients of different ionic liquids can be arranged as follows: D [OMIM][BF 4 ] < D [EMIM][BF 4 ] < D [OMIM][NTf 2 ] < D [EMIM][NTf 2 ]. Due to layering structure inside the pore, the dynamics of the ions is heterogeneous. It is shown that the RTILs with longer alkyl chains have lower electrical conductivities regardless of temperature. The opposite effect associated with the species size is observed for RTILs with different anions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, DSA-AAD-DA and DSA-TPDH-DA were prepared to effectively remove metal ions and cationic dyes from aqueous solution. The hydrazone structure was prepared by hydrazide-modified SA which captured metal ions selectively, and the remaining functional groups were used as active adsorption sites for cationic dyes. The thermodynamic parameter for the sorption demonstrated the process is endothermic and spontaneous. In single process, the adsorption of metal ions by DSA-AAD-DA and DSA-TPDH-DA correlated well with the Freundlich model through the hydrazone structure coordination and ion exchange which was mainly chemical adsorption, and cationic dyes adsorption correlated well with the Langmuir model which was shown monolayer adsorption was dominant by hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, and π-π interaction. In binary system, the mixed adsorption shown significant antagonism effect in high concentration, but cationic dyes and metal ions in low concentration were efficiently and simultaneously removed, the adsorption ability of DSA-TPDH-DA was much better than DSA-AAD-DA. Moreover, adsorption efficiency can still maintain more than 80% after five times adsorption-desorption recycle. Therefore, DSA-AAD-DA and DSA-TPDH-DA possessed great potential for wastewater treatment. • Hydrazide–dopamine modified sodium alginate to prepare adsorption materials. • Higher adsorption capacities were shown for metal ions and cationic dyes. • The adsorption mechanisms were studied in detail. • A new strategy is provided to prepare compound adsorbent in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied modification of the eggshell (ES) biowaste by drying, calcination, and changing the surface structure by copper ion for the removal of sulfide from water and wastewater. Characterization of the surface morphology was conducted by SEM and XRD techniques. Batch and column experiments were applied and several factors were studied to investigate the optimum conditions for improving the sulfide removal efficiency by the calcined (at 900 °C) copper modified eggshell biosorbent (CES-Cu-900). The results showed that the highest efficiency of sulfide removal by CES-Cu-900 biosorbent was at particle sizes in the range 76–630 μm, the temperature of biosorbent/adsorbate mixture was at 50 °C and the contact time was 48 h. The results also showed that the removal of sulfide increased with increasing biosorbent dose and sulfide initial concentration. At the optimum conditions, the maximum amount of sulfide removed was 6.75 mg/g of biosorbent. It was found that CES-Cu-900 biosorbent could be recovered and reused for the removal of the sulfide with 80% efficiency after washing the material. Results using CES-Cu-900 biosorbent column method showed a sulfide removal efficiency of 77% at a flow rate ≤ 1 mL/min of the eluent. The biosorbent material was applied to remove sulfide in real samples from different locations in the Gaza Strip, and the efficiency of sulfide removal at low concentration was in the range (45–50%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, inter-ionic reactions involving two cations and four anions were used to model the formation of neutral ion pairs. Moreover, density functional theory technique has been used to describe the physical, chemical, and vibrational properties of the ionic liquids, containing imidazolium-based cations and different anions at functional B3LYP with a def2-SVP basis set. The chemical parameters have been investigated for different ionic liquids along with frontier orbitals "highest occupied molecular orbital" and "lowest unoccupied molecular orbital" studies. All the optimized structures of the ionic liquids did not produce imaginary frequency (i.e., imaginary frequency is zero), which validates that the structures are energetically stable. The density functional theory method provides the stability sequence for ionic liquids: [BMIM][PF6] > [EMIM][PF6] > [BMIM][TFSI] > [EMIM][TFSI] > [EMIM][Cl] > [BMIM][Cl] > [EMIM][Br] > [BMIM][Br]. Herein, [BMIM][PF6] ionic liquid has highest energy gap (4.833 eV) that means that [BMIM][PF6] is the most stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) is a promising candidate for underwater sensing due to the merits of rapid response, flexibility, miniaturization, and self-powered nature. The high sensitivity of a sensor is vital for underwater robots. Inspired by the lateral line cilia of fish, a new water flow sensor system based on the multi-ciliated structure of the IPMC is presented to improve the sensitivity of the sensor. As illustrated by the experiments on oscillatory flow, the sensitivity and detection range of the multi-ciliated sensor reached 3.83 times and increased by about 39%, respectively, compared with that of a single sensor. In addition, an array composed of multi-ciliated systems of IPMCs was successfully applied to the location of a vibrating dipole, while the velocity prediction of underwater moving objects was also realized with a minimum average error rate of 1.70%. The system with high sensitivity proposed in this paper is promising to be an effective supplement to traditional underwater detection methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal ion etching is an important pretreatment before the deposition of PVD coatings, which has a crucial effect on the bonding force. In this paper, Cr ion etching with different target current intensities was used to treat cemented carbide substrates, and then TiAlN was deposited on them. By studying the morphology and elements on the substrate surface after etching, it was found that the bombardment and deposition effects of the etching process are controlled by the target current intensity, and the bombardment will preferentially sputter Co while deposition will preferentially be on W. It would form droplet defects and greater roughness on the substrate surface, while transforming the residual stress to tensile. TiAlN grows in a different way because etching changes the morphology of the substrate surface and leaves Cr residues. 150 A etching results in a very rough surface, the substrate surface integrity was destroyed, and the final coating bond was unchanged. 200 A etching removes mainly the Co phase from the substrate and the coating bond is significantly improved due to the increased effective mechanical occlusion. The 250 A etching has a less efficient bombardment, mainly depositing Cr layers, which induced the competitive growth of TiAlN in multiple directions, causing the bonding force to be not effectively enhanced. In addition, the etched coatings were less subjected to adhesive wear in the ball-disk friction test, due to the high bonding force and roughness. • TiAlN coatings were deposited on cemented carbide etched with various currents. • Cr ion etching with different target currents treat substrates in different ways. • Cr ion etching changes the substrate surface, significantly increasing roughness. • After a proper Cr ion etching, adhesive strength was improved by 52.92%. • Cr ion etching with appropriate current can greatly reduce the wear rate of TiAlN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, La 2/3 Ca 1/3 Fe 1-x Mn x O 3-δ (x = 0–0.6) nano particles have been prepared by the sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that with the increase of Mn doping content, the main diffraction peak shifted to the right, the lattice parameters decreased overall, and the degree of lattice distortion gradually reduced. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicates that the valence states of Fe and Mn in the system coexist as trivalent and tetravalent, and with the increase in Mn doping, the ratio of Fe3+/Fe4+ decreases, while the ratio of Mn3+/Mn4+ slightly increases. The results of Mössbauer spectrum analysis revealed that as the Mn doping content increased, some Fe ion valence states in the system gradually changed from Fe3+ to Fe4+, and the presence of the paramagnetic phase became increasingly prominent. Furthermore, with the increase of Mn doping content, the degree of lattice distortion in the system decreased, which is consistent with the results obtained from the XRD analysis. This work will provide a reference for future research on the effects of manganese doping in similar systems. Fig. 1: Mössbauer spectra of LCFMO-x at 298 K. The red fitting line denotes the total fitting result, the blue and green fitting lines respectively represent Sextet 1 and Sextet 2, and the purple fitting line signifies Doublet 1.The impact of varying amounts of Mn doping on the charge state of Fe ions and their local environment within LCFMO-x (x = 0–0.6) was investigated using 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Mössbauer spectra of the LCFMO-x samples, measured at room temperature, are depicted in Fig. 1. [Display omitted] • Investigation of Mn Doping: The study provides a comprehensive investigation into the effects of Mn doping on LaCaFeO 3 (LCFMO), a material with significant potential in various applications. • 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy Analysis: In addition to XRD and XPS, the study also utilized 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy to examine the impact of Mn doping on the charge state of Fe ions and their local environment within LCFMO-x (x = 0–0.6). • Changes in Charge State and Local Environment: The results from the Mössbauer spectra suggest that as the amount of Mn doping increases, the charge state of Fe ions and their local environment within LCFMO-x undergo changes. This indicates the complex interplay of factors in the system and provides valuable insights into the effects of Mn doping on LCFMO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical ionic actuators have garnered significant attention following their discovery due to their potential to supplement or replace conventional rigid actuators, owing to their ability to achieve precise control over bending displacement across a wide range. This paper employs an MXene/CNT@Fe 3 O 4 electrode in electrochemical ionic actuators, which consists of a three-dimensional conductive network comprising a one-dimensional carbon nanotube loaded with ferroferric oxide magnetic particles (CNT@Fe 3 O 4) and a two-dimensional Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene. This actuator is characterized by high bending displacement (12.3 mm), a comprehensive response range (0.1–10 Hz), fast response time (≈5 s), and excellent durability (5 h, 93% actuation retention). The exceptional characteristics mentioned above can be attributed to manipulating the CNT@Fe 3 O 4 distribution within the MXene layers using magnetic regulation. This approach enhances dispersion and facilitates the formation of a three-dimensional conductive network structure with MXene, enabling efficient and multi-directional ionic migration. Moreover, the artificial muscles have successfully replicated flytraps' predation and birds' claw grasping. This study presents a new idea for the electrode design of electrochemical ionic actuators, elucidating the significant potential of MXene-based soft actuators in the domains of artificial muscles and bionics. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral fillers hinder cellulosic fiber bonding and thus limit the increase of filler content in paper. Herein, precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC)/cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) composites were fabricated by a facile and efficient strategy, i.e., co-refining process (CRP). During this process, CNF and PCC were activated by mechanochemical effect and formed encapsulation structure by calcium ion coordination and hydrogen bonding. The encapsulation structure and H-bond/ionic coordination interactions not only endowed the composite with excellent size stability but also enhanced interfacial interaction between composite fillers and cellulosic fibers. Compare with the paper filled with only PCC, PCC + CNF mixture, the tensile index of the cellulosic paper containing PCC/CNF composite was increased by 44.48% and 12.14%, respectively. These results not only provide a facile and scalable approach to increase interaction between cellulosic fiber and mineral filler but also create more possibilities for special paper-based materials with requiring high content of inorganic materials. [Display omitted] • A novel PCC/CNF composite was prepared by co-refining process (CRP). • CNF and PCC were activated by mechanochemical effect and formed encapsulation structure. • The composite exhibited excellent particle size stability and filler retention. • Mechanochemical effect enhanced the interfacial bonding between cellulosic fiber and filler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of A-site ionic disorder (σ2) on the structure, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties in La 0.85-x Nd x Ag 0.15-y K y MnO 3 have been investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis using Rietveld refinement shows that the crystal structure of the perovskite manganites changes from rhombohedral (space group R3 ͞C) to orthorhombic (space group Pnma) structure with the increasing in σ2. Magnetization measurements showed that, upon increasing σ2, ferromagnetic double exchange interaction of the perovskite manganites diminishes, and as a result, Curie temperature (T C) of the samples decrease linearly. The inverse of susceptibility shows a downturn with decreasing temperature before T C indicating the existence of the Griffiths phase for La 0.62 Nd 0.23 Ag 0·099 K 0·051 MnO 3 (σ2 = 0.004). The magnetic phase transitions of all the samples are belongs to second order transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, YG8 cemented carbide substrate was treated with Cr ion etching at different bias voltages followed by deposition of TiAlN coating on it based on the cathodic arc technique. The effects of Cr ion etching at different bias voltages on morphology, roughness, elemental composition of the surface of substrate and residual stress, as well as on the growth, microstructure, adhesion and frictional properties of the coating were investigated. After Cr ion etching, the roughness of cemented carbide surface was improved with a significant reduction of residual stresses. At a − 200 V bias voltage, a Cr interlayer was formed on substrate surface, which increased the roughness and improved the match of mechanical properties between substrate and coating, resulting in an increase in adhesion between coating and substrate from 50 N to 73 N. At an etching bias voltage of −800 V, etching effectively refined the coating grains and improved the hardness of the coating. The TEM cross section images of the coating showed that TiAlN coating was epitaxially grown on the etched substrate, which benefited adhesion of coatings to substrate. With increment of etching bias voltage, wear resistance of the coated cemented carbide tends to increase, and its major wear mechanisms are abrasive wear and adhesive wear. • Etching cemented carbide using Cr ions at different bias voltages. • Cr ion etching changes substrate morphology and dramatically improves roughness. • Deposition of TiAlN coating on cemented carbide after pre-etching treatment. • After proper Cr ion etching, the adhesion of coating is increased from 50 N to 73 N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • - Advances in ionic liquids for cancer treatment. • - Selectivity and specificities of ionic liquids as anti-cancer agents. • - Future perspective of ionic liquids as anti-cancer drugs. • - Article will be used for future anticancer drugs development. Ionic liquids are a very important class of molecules being used in a wide range of applications. Recently, ionic liquids have been tested as anti-cancer agents and found interesting molecules to treat a variety of cancers. During the last few years, some papers appeared on the potential future use of ionic liquids as anti-cancer drugs. The present review describes the advances in ionic liquids as the future possible anti-cancer drugs. The efforts are made to discuss the different types of ionic liquids synthesized and screened as anti-cancer agents along with their interaction with cancer cells. Besides, the selectivity and specificities of the ionic liquids as anti-cancer agents have been discussed. The molecular structures responsible for ionic liquids activities were also highlighted. Finally, the future perspective of ionic liquids as anti-cancer drugs have been emphasized. This article may be useful to academicians, researchers, oncologists, and industrial persons to develop more advanced ionic liquids as future anti-cancer drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]