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Under the New Pattern of Development, knowledge-based entrepreneurial activities have become avital locomotive for high-quality economic growth. The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship(KSTE)posits that, due to knowledge filters such as organizational inertia, cultural orientation, and resource and capabilities, knowledge-creating organizations as called incumbent organizations are unable to fully commercialize their newly created knowledge. The value embedded in the knowledge is rather realized through venturing behaviors outside the incumbent organizations. As such, this research first overviews the literature related to KSTE by focusing on its two theoretical premises: knowledge filters and knowledge spillovers. Then, this research conducts a comprehensive literature review and organizes this line of inquiry into a framework which includes five parts: levels of analysis, sources and measures of knowledge spillovers, types and measures of knowledge-spillover-based entrepreneurship, factors influencing the process of knowledge-spillover-based entrepreneurship, and outcomes of such entrepreneurial activities. By doing so, this research also uncovers the major limitations of KSTE. Second and more importantly, this research summarizes KSTE studies that were conducted by the research group of digitalization strategy andinnovation at Xi'an Jiaotong University and explicates four theoretical breakthroughs made by this research group:(1)proposes and empirically testes the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship in alliances. It is suggested that partners' knowledge protection can be regarded as an important form of knowledge filters in alliances. As such, this research group extends the theoretical boundary of KSTE and examines the learning paradox in alliances by introducing KSTE from the national level of analysis to organizational and interorganizational levels.(2)This research group proposes and differentiates cultural knowledge filters and capability knowledge filters. Such differences have been investigated in two different countries: the US and India. KSTE has therefore been enriched as different types of knowledge filters have been analyzed.(3)The research group examines how institutional factors such as national institutions, government policy and tax support, government transparency, market competitiveness, and industry technological turbulence can function as boundary conditions for KSTE. In addition, the interaction effects between these institutional factors have also been examined. By doing so, the theoretical boundaries of KSTE have been specified.(4)The research group develops a novel concept of national entrepreneurial values and examines its moderating role in the link between national knowledge creation and employee venturing behaviors. In this case, this research group is able to empirically examine the core theoretical relationships at the national level. Finally, this research develops several promising research directions based on the main limitations of this line of literature. In a nutshell, KSTE posits that knowledge filters are barriers that can block the transformation of organizational knowledge to commercialized knowledge, suggests that entrepreneurship especially employee venturing behaviors is an important mechanism that can penetrate knowledge filters, and argues that entrepreneurship becomes an importantconduit of knowledge spillovers. All these important propositions of KSTE are aligned perfectly with the main ideas of knowledge economy that emphasizes the creation, sharing, and exploitation of knowledge. Therefore, KSTE becomes an important conduit through which to show how knowledge at the national and organizational levels can promote economic growth and enhance social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sets out to investigate the relationship between the knowledge spillovers and the potential for high-value inventions to emerge. We study knowledge spillovers through the lens of knowledge networks: a web of interrelated knowledge elements with structural patterns. Knowledge spillovers influence the productivity of a technology sector and hence their pattern should impact the pathways for knowledge appropriation in the sector. It is hypothesized that a robust knowledge network is associated with knowledge appropriation leading to valuable inventions. We test the hypothesis using patent citation network of 1821 patents from 78 inventions belonging to two different technological sectors. Based upon the findings, we suggest network robustness as a new metric for determining the technical value of inventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can dirty incumbents leverage their existing knowhow to transition to clean technologies? To address this question, we systematically measure direct and indirect knowledge spillovers between clean and dirty technologies using the patent citation network. We assume citations reflect pathways of learning and knowledge proximity. We first examine the proportion of citations in clean patents that directly refer to dirty technologies. Secondly, we investigate how clean and dirty technologies are indirectly linked in the citation network and which sectors most frequently bridge these two fields. We find that less than one-tenth of clean patents contain a direct citation to prior dirty patents, but nearly two-thirds are indirectly linked. Significant sectoral heterogeneity exists. Patents related to control technologies, data processing and optimization, and the management of heat and waste, frequently serve as bridges between clean and dirty technologies in the citation network. Our results have implications for: firm-level diversification strategies, green industrial policy, and the modelling of directed technical change, where lower knowledge spillovers between clean and dirty technologies correspond to higher path dependencies. • We present novel evidence on the extent to which clean technologies learn from prior dirty technologies. • We construct a new measure of indirect knowledge spillovers between clean and dirty sectors. • We systematically identify "bridge technologies" that connect clean and dirty sectors. • We highlight key implications for the transition from dirty to clean innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to empirically examine the effects of related and unrelated variety on per employee income in Polish NUTS 2 regions, and the resulting income inequality. The study is based on regional panel data for the 2003–2018 period using the GMM estimator system. The positive effect of related variety on per employee income and the negative effect of unrelated variety on per employee income are reported. Our simulation results show that regional income inequality could be reduced by promoting related variety in eastern regions of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship (KSTE) explores the effects that new knowledge and proximity have on the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities and the resultant creation of start-ups. This paper aims to identify the types of knowledge spillovers that affect entrepreneurs in the early stages of start-up development. A conceptual model is proposed, using a multi-case study approach involving high-tech start-ups that have attended accelerator and incubator programs in Greater London, United Kingdom. The research involved 32 semistructured interviews with chief executive officers and cofounders of start-up companies. Our findings suggest that entrepreneurs are influenced by various forms of knowledge spillover which assist in determining the strategic decision of the company, in terms of formation, including partnerships or alliances, allocation of Research and Development budgets, and engagement in product innovation. Further observations confirm that high-tech start-ups focus on a fast pace of constant product innovation to cover identified gaps in the market. One significant finding is that start-ups use various technological platforms to access knowledge spillovers which challenge the ideas of geographical proximity present in existing KSTE understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main sources of technological development are from abroad rather than domestic in many countries. The global networks for knowledge and technology flows are becoming sophisticated. This article examines how a country's embeddedness in the global knowledge spillover networks, particularly trade and FDI, is related to national innovation performance. Network closure and structural hole, the main arguments in network theory literature, represent the main objectives of our network analysis. The results are subsequently used to assess how these network characteristics are related to national innovation performance via panel negative binomial regression analysis. The findings show an overall tendency of a negative effect of network closure and a positive one of structural holes on a country's innovative outcome. In conclusion, this article not only highlights the significant role of network characteristics in national innovation performance, but also provides implications on how to leverage such network resources to improve national innovation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of social capital on the ability of countries to produce innovations. The analysis of the achievements of economic science in the field of studying social capital and innovation revealed the ambiguity of views on the relationship between these categories, as well as wide discussions about the influence of the stock of social capital on the nature of economic growth. The authors associated the existing difficulties of the research process with insufficient attention of scientists to different levels and forms of manifestation of social capital, which have different potential in promoting innovation. On the basis of the methodological approach, in which individualistic and holistic ideas about economic activity are combined in the framework of institutional theory, the decomposition of public social capital into its individual and organizational levels and corresponding functional forms is carried out. On this basis, the nature of their interaction and role in the innovation process is shown. In order to quantify social capital in view of its ability to promote innovation, an integral indicator "Index of Innovative Social Capital" was constructed as a combination of three key components: close cooperation between the university and R&D, Information & communication technologies, and social capital itself. In a sample of 26 countries of different levels of development, a strong two-way direct relationship with an average degree of significance was found between the "Index of Innovative Social Capital" and GDP per capita. The presence of such dependence serves as another explanation for the unevenness of innovative development in the world, and therefore, opens up guidelines for poor countries to increase their innovative potential in view of social and institutional factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do labor mobility and co-worker networks contribute to convergence or divergence between regions? Based on the previous literature, labor mobility contributes to knowledge transfer between firms. Therefore, mobility may contribute to decreasing productivity differences, while limited mobility sustains higher differences. The effect of co-worker networks, however, can be two-fold in this process; they transmit information about potential jobs, which may enhance the mobility of workers—even between regions—and this enhanced mobility may contribute to levelling of differences. However, if mobility between regions involves movement costs, co-worker networks may concentrate locally—possibly contributing to the persistence of regional differences. In this paper, we build an agent-based model of labor mobility across firms and regions with knowledge spillovers that reflects key empirical observations on labor markets. We analyze the impact of network information provided about potential employers in this model and find that it contributes to increasing inter-regional mobility, and subsequently, to decreasing regional differences. We also find that both the density of coworker networks, as well as their regional concentrations, decrease if network information is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]