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A review of the relationship between mentalizing theory and psychoanalysis, examining the origins of mentalization-based treatment in traditional psychoanalysis, in particular its compatibility with object relations theory, and areas of divergence, such as the different emphasis upon and management of transference. More recent developments in psychoanalytical thinking and their relationship with MBT are also considered, in particular the emphasis on process in the here and now. The paper finishes with a recognition of the work that remains to be done in relocating and rethinking MBT in relation to psychoanalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]