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In developing countries like Indonesia, adding a new unit for hydroprocessing facilities is more efficient than modifying the existing equipment. When the addition occurs, refiners should analyze if the existing hydrogen network can supply enough hydrogen to the new unit before constructing a costly hydrogen plant. Current studies on the hydrogen network have yet to consider pressure drop adequately. Therefore, this paper integrates pressure drop estimation and density prediction into the multi-objective MINLP-based hydrogen network. The multi-objective problem is solved sequentially by adding a minor unit to obtain each configuration's maximum flowrate and total annual cost. The optimal configuration based on the combined objective function is to add 1 PSA and compressor for a hydrogen purity of 0.84 and specified pressure requirements. The pressure drop integration shows an insignificant impact averaging 0.004 m3/s of maximum flowrate difference compared to optimization without pressure drop. • The addition of a new hydroprocessing unit is more efficient than existing refiners. • Multi-objective MINLP-based hydrogen network is used to analyze retrofit options. • The pressure drop integration shows a small impact on the overall. • Network. • The optimal configuration is to add one PSA and one compressor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the popularity of the environment, social and governance (ESG) concerns, the circular economy concept has gained tremendous attraction from the industries, policy makers and academicians. On a firm level, this is implemented through the so-called Circular Business Model (CBM), which is seen through various initiatives. This includes firms in the energy industry, who are transitioning from conventional to renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, despite of the importance and the omnipresence of the practice, there is still lack of empirical research within the CBM topic. In particular, empirical research combining the CBM and technological innovation topic within energy industry (as technology-intensive and high risk industry) in developing country such as Indonesia, is still lacking. To answer this gap, using literature review as research method, this paper has arrived into the following propositions as main result; (1) there is a positive relationship between firm's level of CBM and technology innovation adoption to firm's performance, where (2) the two antecedents that are positively impacting firm's level of CBM and technology innovation adoption are leader's innovativeness and perceived level of technology. For academicians, this research is expected to provide contribution to the energy transition literatures within CBM and technology innovation adoption topic. Propositions provided in this paper is expected to serve as valuable basis in conducting further empirical research. For practitioners, this research is expected to provide valuable insights to make improvements and/or innovations in terms of business model, technology adoption, and strategy. At last, this research is expected to support energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has increased over time. Medicinal plants, including Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Nees, are recognized for their use to manage hyperglycemia. Nowadays, plenty of papers are published about A. paniculata as an antidiabetic; however, no bibliometric study about the topic exists. This study examines the existing papers about the preclinical trial of A. paniculata as an antidiabetic agent using bibliometric analysis focusing on countries, institutions, publishers, authors, documents, and keywords. Bibliographic information of relevant research and conference articles were obtained from the Scopus database. In total, 97 articles published between 1994 and 2021 were selected, covering 376 authors and 1270 keywords. Data were analyzed bibliometrically using Vosviewer 1.6.16. A total of 97 published papers occurred from 1994 to 2021 were selected. India, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Indonesia), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, and Agung Endro Nugroho (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia) were the most productive country, institution, publisher, and author, respectively. The analysis of the most influential papers, co-citation network of the most influential papers, bibliographical coupling network based on authors, and keyword co-occurrence network and overlay demonstrated that the abundance and variety of existing papers about preclinical trials of A. paniculata as an antidiabetic were from phytochemistry, pharmacology, and drug formulation. The findings of our analysis have implications for managerial and theoretical aspects on this topic, such as encouraging research collaborations by analyzing the contributions of countries, institutions, publishers, and authors and revealing research gaps (molecular mechanisms, toxicities and side effects, drug formulations, and clinical trials) to accept a phytomedicine as a therapeutic option. [Display omitted] • The abundance of preclinical trials of Andrographis paniculata as antidiabetic. • India, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Indonesia), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, and Agung Endro Nugroho were the most productive country, institution, publisher, and authors, respectively. • Research mapping is needed to determine the expansion of the research fields. • The related fields were phytochemistry, pharmacology, and drug formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the key determinants of Supply Chain 4.0 (SC4.0) maturity in the context of a developing country by examining the relationships between supply chain ambidexterity, supply chain agility, and the maturity of SC4.0. The study was carried out using the survey method involving 154 managers from Indonesian manufacturing companies. The SC4.0 maturity model was developed and tested using structural equation modeling. From our analysis, it was found that supply chain ambidexterity emphasizing on innovation positively influences the companies' agility and SC4.0 maturity levels, and supply chain agility partially mediates supply chain ambidexterity. This paper contributes to the operationalization of SC4.0 maturity determinants that incorporate innovation and technological aspects and extends the extant literature by empirically elaborating the determinants and antecedents of SC4.0 maturity that may expedite the achievement of SC4.0 maturity. This implies that companies and supply chain professionals aiming at achieving their SC4.0 maturity should do so by being outward-looking and, at the same time, foster supply chain collaboration with external networks. This paper is pioneering the empirical study on SC4.0 and offers a means to achieving SC4.0 maturity through SC ambidexterity and SC agility, particularly in the context of a developing country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online library resources can act as a trusted source to find various references for conducting research or writing research papers. With the increasing number of published papers, the use of online library resources becomes increasingly important for academics, including for university students. This study aims to investigate the factors that lead to the continued use of online library resources among university students in developing countries, especially Indonesia. We investigate the impact of resource quality, confirmation, satisfaction, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived enjoyment of users on their intention to continue using online library resources and the effect on e-WOM intention. This study will enhance the Post-Acceptance Model of Information System (IS) Continuance by adding several other constructs and tested using data from 215 university students in Indonesia who have used online library resources. The method used to analyze the data is Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results of the study indicate that satisfaction and perceived enjoyment have a significant effect on the intention to continue using online library resources. In addition, it was also found that the continuation intention to use online library resources also affects the user's intention to convey it to others (e-WOM intention). This study provides insight to online library resources service providers in making improvements and formulating strategies to increase users' intentions to continue using their online library resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onshore wind potentials are commonly mapped with site selection criteria that either fully include or exclude land for wind farms. However, current research rarely addresses the variability of these criteria, possibly resulting in overly conservative or optimistic potentials. This paper proposes a method to account for the variability of site selection criteria in resource assessments. We distinguish between static and flexible, non-binary criteria and assess onshore wind's technical and economic potential with bias-corrected ERA5 data, 28 turbine power curves, and a turbine-specific cost model. For Indonesia, we show that our flexible mapping approach improves the transparency of resource potential assessments and could contribute to more informed and useful recommendations. These recommendations could address the (1) calibration of site exclusion thresholds, (2) dilemmas of preferring one land type over others, (3) location-specific challenges of wind farm deployment, and (4) more direct support schemes for affected stakeholders and wind farm operators.. We report a technical potential of 207–1,994 TWh/year in Indonesia, which could cover more than 50% of 2030 electricity demand on all islands. LCOEs range between 5.8 and 24.5 US¢(2021)/kWh with an economic potential of 16 TWh/year, which improves to 31–212 TWh/year with a carbon tax of 100 US$(2021)/tCO 2 e. • New method to account for variability of onshore wind site selection criteria. • We differ between static and flexible site selection criteria for resource mapping. • Their use may change onshore wind potentials by several orders of magnitude. • Flexible site selection enables more transparent and informed recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have extended the formula of fuzzy chromatic number (FCN) for the non-disjoint union of two fuzzy graphs. Further, we constructed an algorithm based on the FCN for determining a fuzzy phase system in order to coordinate traffic flow of two paired intersections. By combining the fuzzy phase system and the fuzzy inference system, we were able to construct another algorithm to determine all possible phase timings for coordinating the intersections. Performance of the algorithms was evaluated through a case study at two intersections in Semarang City, Indonesia. The results showed that the proposed phase and timing systems for the two paired intersections could reduce the red and cycle times compared with the control of two intersections separately. The present findings might serve as a feasible proposal for congestion problems in any paired intersections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 severely impacted small industries in Indonesia and many collapsed. Sustainable education is essential to help small industries recover post-pandemic through an open innovation design program to improve small industries' economic, social, and environmental performance. This paper examined the impacts of the sustainable education program implemented and explored open innovations suitable for the sustainability of small industries in developing countries, such as Indonesia, after the pandemic. This research employed a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach involving academics, government, the community, and four small industries in West Java, Indonesia. Our findings reveal that the sustainable education program through learning activities and direct practice provides valuable knowledge and experience for small industries in designing economic, social, and environmental innovations. Open innovations post-pandemic suitable for small industries in Indonesia include simple business digitalization for company economic growth, the recruitment of people losing their jobs due to the pandemic to achieve social benefits, and innovations in using environmentally friendly packaging and charcoal briquette fuel as an environmental awareness effort. This study recommends that the open innovation designed for small industries be right on target and done using a participatory method to achieve sustainability after the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to elaborate on the development of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) at the bottom of the economy, where most of them began as unbanked micro-ventures and may continue to be micro-enterprises even after being elevated to higher levels. This study contributes to the field of entrepreneurial finance by identifying the factors that influence the drivers and constraints of MSE upgrading. This paper employed models to show how unbanked MSEs transition to bankable ones, as well as to reveal the dynamics of MSEs' transition to bankability during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study's unit of analysis is MSEs, which initially have little or no access to bank loans. This study employs system dynamics (SD) modeling to investigate and manage the multifaceted response system of MSEs' growth toward bankability in the face of a coronavirus pandemic in Indonesia. This study also simulates a coronavirus pandemic outbreak to fine-tune MSEs' progress toward bankability. The dynamic models in this study reveal a number of variables that are critical in accelerating the bankability status of MSE from un-bankable to bankable, namely entrepreneurial MSE time to bankability, channel business, and MSE NPL. Policymakers can create high leverage policies for MSE bankability progression by changing these values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We conducted a state-of-the-art RP and SP survey and presented its methodology with a total of 5,143 respondents, which covers 52,731 observations. • The development of On-Demand Transport (ODT) is popular in many cities. Urban Air Mobility (UAM) will become a new alternative mode of transportation. • This paper presents the travel behavior of respondents in each mode of transportation. • We explored willingness to pay (WTP): VTTS, VTAT, elasticity, and the preference of all choice alternatives, including ODT and UAM using pooled SP and RP data sets. The research presented in this paper analyzed two data sets Revealed Preference (RP) and Stated Preference (SP), obtained with a new travel diary and mode choice survey. This survey, called Mobility Jakarta, combined both RP and SP parts and was conducted in the Greater Jakarta region. This is the first survey that collected responses from a substantial sample of the whole metropolitan area population. We estimated the discrete choice model pooling SP and RP data sets. We explored the Willingness To Pay, e.g., the Value of Travel Time Savings, and the elasticity for all mode choice alternatives, including On-Demand Transport and Urban Air Mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reducing modifiable risk factors could prevent the onset of cognitive decline. • Physical multimorbidity–cognitive function association was mediated by depression. • Routine screening for depression in multimorbidity patient may delay dementia onset. This paper explores the role of depressive symptoms (mediator/moderator) in the association between physical multimorbidity (exposure) and cognitive function (outcome) among older adults in the three most populous middle-income countries. This study used cross-sectional data from China (2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study), India (2017/2018 Longitudinal Ageing Study in India), and Indonesia (2014/2015 Indonesian Family Life Survey), with a total sample of 73,199 respondents aged ≥ 45 years. Three domains of cognitive tests were harmonised across surveys, including time orientation, word recall, and numeracy. The four-way decomposition analysis assessed the mediation and interaction effects between exposure, mediator/moderator, and outcome, adjusted for covariates. The mean age of the respondents (in years) was slightly younger in Indonesia (56.0, SD = 8.8) than in China (59.5, SD = 9.3) and India (60.0, SD = 10.5). The proportion of male respondents was 49.3 % in China, 47.3 % in India, and 47.5 % in Indonesia. Respondents in China had the highest mean cognitive function z scores (54.7, SD = 19.9), followed by India (51.1, SD = 20.0) and Indonesia (51.0, SD = 18.4). Physical multimorbidity was associated with lower cognitive function in China and India (p < 0.0001), with 48.4 % and 40.0 % of the association explained by the mediating effect of depressive symptoms ('overall proportion due to mediation'). The association was not found in Indonesia. Cognitive functions were lower among individuals with physical multimorbidity, and depressive symptoms mainly explained the association. Addressing depressive symptoms among persons with physical multimorbidity is likely to have not only an impact on their mental health but could prevent cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a rapidly developing country, Indonesia faces a challenge in improving air quality that is made more difficult by frequent forest fires linked to deforestation and volcanic eruptions. This paper analyses the link between development and air pollution in 30 Indonesian cities from 2002 to 2019. Air quality is measured using two novel regional air quality indicators (AQIs) for PM 2.5 and PM 10 estimated from weather observations and NASA satellite data on Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD). Results from an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) analysis, based on a dynamic panel data model, show that forest fires and volcanic activity have significantly worsened regional air quality in Indonesia. The model also shows that the EKC hypothesis is rejected for Indonesia as cities have followed a monotonically increasing trend in air pollution with respect to economic growth. An additional 1% of economic growth increased long run pollution as measured by AQI PM 2.5 and PM 10 by 0.35% and 0.46%, and forest fire events by 0.11% and 0.06%. A partial Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) of forest fires shows that particulate matter pollution is excessive. Decreasing the frequency of forest fires by 1% would generate a net benefit of between US$17 million to 145 million. The lower estimate of the health benefits exceeds the agricultural benefits of forest fire without accounting for other non-market costs due to forest fires. Our results imply that, as Indonesia grows economically, air quality is likely to continue deteriorating. Further, regions affected by regular volcanic activity and wildfires should apply tighter emission standards to controllable point source emissions from industry and non-point source emissions such as agricultural forest fires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have focused on generating seismic vulnerability maps for earthquake-prone areas, particularly in Indonesia. Building typologies are a key factor in determining vulnerability to earthquakes. However, conducting large-scale field surveys to determine the spatial distribution of building typologies in a city is uneconomical. This paper explores the use of a convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically detect building typologies from diverse regions in Indonesia, utilizing both conventional and automated building image acquisition processes. In this study, datasets from three distinct image acquisition methods are trained with four unique CNN architectures to identify the best-performing model to classify building typologies. The sample size effect on CNN performance is also investigated. The results showed that randomly sampled Google Street View (GSV) images are the most effective dataset for the CNN model, achieving an f1-score of 84.33%. Among the network architectures tested, MobileNet demonstrated superior performance on the majority of evaluated datasets. As the sample size increases by about 350% in the dataset, there is a positive correlation with up to 2.3% f1-score improvement. Using the best-performing CNN model, two building vulnerability models were employed to assess the spatial distribution of building damage in the urban area of Bandung, considering a hypothetical scenario of an M7 earthquake. Incorporating local construction data, one of the generated maps estimated that approximately 55% of buildings in Bandung would experience moderate to severe structural damage. This study showcases the potential of CNN models in automating regional seismic assessments and providing valuable insights for comprehensive seismic mitigation strategies. • A decision tree to label building typology objectively in Indonesia was developed. • CNN model trained with randomly sampled GSV dataset outperforms other models. • The CNN and probability model generated a city-scale building vulnerability map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the importance of legacy as a hidden agenda behind the ambitions and haste attitude of Indonesian state leaders in relocating the capital. It also elucidates the institutional mechanisms employed to achieve this lofty goal. In 2019, President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) issued a controversial declaration on the relocation of Indonesia's capital city from Jakarta to Kalimantan Island. Despite the protracted COVID-19 pandemic and the prevailing global economic and geopolitical uncertainties, he marshalled all necessary means and resources under his command to ensure the capital megaproject could commence and the inauguration could be held before his presidential tenure ends in 2024. As formal and technical arguments for Indonesia's capital relocation have been criticised for inconsistencies, a comprehensive understanding of the real phenomenon necessitates an exploration of the hidden agendas behind this unpopular move. The argument posits that the new capital city serves as a megaproject legacy, signified by the construction of monumental and iconic buildings and structures that will reflect the enduring power and memories of the politicians. Furthermore, the institutional mechanisms of the megaproject legacy tend to be pragmatic, whereby quick, concrete and symbolic actions become the top priority at the expense of the quality of the planning process and outcome. • This paper explores megaproject legacy as a hidden agenda behind capital relocation. • Indonesia's capital relocation can manifest a megaproject legacy. • Official motives for capital relocation are criticized for inconsistencies. • Capital cities reflect state leaders' ambitions and enduring power and memories. • Megaproject legacy building involves pragmatic uses of institutional mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of solar PV industry, both on a global and local level (in Indonesia) has shown a great paradigm shift in the source of energy, from the conventional into the renewables. This condition enhanced the importance of analyzing the competitive dynamics of renewable energy industry, in particular, the solar PV industry. This study examined the competitive dynamics of solar PV industry in Indonesia, through first analyzing the ecosystem and stakeholders in the industry and followed by the analysis of the competitive dynamics and strategy within energy industry in general and within the solar PV industry in specific. Literature review was conducted as basis for the analysis. 21st centuries competition theory of Grimm et al. [13] was used as framework for the general energy industry analysis. Whereas Porter [23]'s framework was used as reference to analyze the competitive strategy of solar PV industry in Indonesia. Analysis on the structural characteristics of solar PV industry in Indonesia indicates that the industry is on its introductory stage, or also called as emerging industry. Challenges potentially constraining the development of the industry ranges from the absence of infrastructure and technological standardization until the response of threatened entity. Criteria determining the adoption of the product, which in this case is the solar PV system, is also a crucial factor to understand. This ranges from the nature of expected benefit until perception of technological change. At last, the findings also pointed out that despite of its drawbacks (such as uncertainty and risk) of this emerging industry condition, an appropriate implementation of strategic choices will enable solar PV industry in Indonesia to achieve an optimum yield. This study was conducted using literature review as basis. An empirical study might be valuable to complete this study. For academicians, this paper can be considered as a valuable starting point to conduct research on solar PV industry, particularly within the strategic management area. For practitioners, this study may serve to enhance understanding on solar PV industry in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We investigate the use of jurisdictional approaches to promoting sustainable palm oil production. • We theorise the intervention pathways through which jurisdictional approaches promote sustainability. • We analyse the effects of implementation contexts for how jurisdictional interventions are combined and sequenced. • We propose contextually adaptive strategies to improve the impact and resilience of jurisdictional approaches. Voluntary systems of sustainable commodity governance have come under intensified criticism for failing to catalyse transformative change beyond directly regulated supply chains. In response, there has been a surge of efforts to 'scale-up' sustainability impacts through governance interventions at landscape and jurisdictional scales. While these ambitious, scaled-up approaches are attracting significant interest, such approaches demand substantial changes to established repertoires of policy interventions and associated understandings of the pathways through which these contribute to sustainability outcomes. Drawing theoretical insights from scholarship on multi-stakeholder sustainability governance together with findings from a qualitative study of jurisdictional governance experiments in the Indonesian palm oil sector, this paper explores how emerging jurisdictional initiatives are promoting change pathways towards more sustainable commodity production, and how the political, environmental governance and economic contexts in which these interventions are implemented influence these pathways. Analysis shows that by integrating a distinctive mix of market and policy-driven interventions, jurisdictional approaches are contributing to three core pathways of change, centred respectively on network and coalition-building, collaborative governance, and resource mobilisation. However, which of these pathways are most influential, how interventions are sequenced and operationalised, and how the pathways interact in shaping change is highly sensitive to varied subnational implementation contexts, with important implications for the impact and resilience of jurisdictional programs. These findings highlight the need for jurisdictional policy interventions to respond flexibly to contextually-variable configurations of actor interests, coalitions and power relations within contested multi-scalar processes of sustainable commodity governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloride attack is the main cause of corrosion of reinforced concrete structures subject to marine environment. This paper deals with the assessment of a reinforced concrete jetty structure in Indonesia after 25 years of service life and simultaneously investigate the effect of applying newest Indonesian earthquake code on jetty structural element safety. The work comprises detailed inspection of the structure, on-site and laboratory tests of the structure, and analyses of existing and future structural strength based on the tests data. Current and future strength prediction is performed by assuming average and worst-case scenarios for corrosion. Based on the average-case scenario, the concrete jetty structural elements have no strength reduction up to 2028. By contrast, using the worst-case scenario, the concrete jetty structural elements start experiencing strength reduction in 2003. Applying the 2019 Indonesian earthquake code to analyze the jetty, shows significant reduction of safety factor of steel pipe pile element of the jetty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Barito, Pasir, and Tarakan Basins in Kalimantan Island is the most extensive coal-bearing sedimentary basin in Indonesia, mined since 1989. The coal is notable in having high sulfur coal content, exceeding >10% in some cases, contributed by the presence of pyrite. The latter issue contributed to interest in the coal, forming economic mineral deposits hosted by the sedimentary pyrite and organic matter. Novel findings of this research providing valuable information of trace element behavior during the diagenetic conditions. This paper documents the textural and compositional evolution of pyrite-organic matter of coals using coal petrographic, proximate, ultimate, total sulfur content, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), electron probe micro analyser (EPMA), and Raman spectroscopy. Coals from Kalimantan are mainly characterized by medium-high sulfur content (>3%) and the maximum temperatures reached by organic matter during diagenesis are 166 ± 10 °C for the Pasir Basin, 136 ± 11 °C for the Barito Basin, and 132 ± 12 °C for the Tarakan Basin. Pyrite is mainly found as large size framboids (mostly >5 μm), indicating formation in the sedimentary layer with dysoxic bottom water conditions during early–late diagenetic stages. The framboidal pyrite was preferably formed in detrovitrinite and gelovitrinite under topogenous mire conditions, due to the degradation of macerals and biochemical gelification, which provided the organic templates. High concentrations of trace elements (TEs) of framboidal pyrite, such as 1) Cu, Ni, and Co in the Pasir Basin and 2) As in the Barito Basin, likely reflect the local sedimentary provenance and underlying basement rocks. Pyrite texture evolved with increasing diagenetic temperatures from 1) framboidal pyrite, 2) recrystallized framboidal pyrite rims, and 3) anhedral, anhedral-euhedral pyrite transition, and euhedral massive pyrite. This study shows a similar average TE concentrations of various pyrite textures, suggesting that the TEs are not remobilized during the evolution of pyrite at the diagenetic stages. • Medium-high sulfur coals from Indonesia. • Association of pyrite and organic matter. • Textural and compositional evolution of pyrite in coals. • Trace elements of pyrite in coals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to demonstrate the comprehensive development of typical meteorological years (TMYs) under relatively limited observational data. The distribution of missing hourly observational data of the 2011–2020 period at all sites was examined. This paper proposes a quality control method for filling the gaps in the missing hourly observational data using bias-corrected ERA5 reanalysis data in the process of developing TMYs. Initially, the temperature bias distribution from −4.5 °C to 2.7 °C was reduced to a range of −0.014 °C to 0.005 °C. The relative humidity bias distribution was −6 % to 10 %, and was reduced to −0.32 % to 0.07 %. The bias distribution of wind speeds ranging from −4 m/s to 2 m/s was reduced to −0.02 m/s to 0.35 m/s. The Sandia method with a modified weighting of Finkelstein-Shaffer (FS) statistics was applied to eight climate elements, namely, global horizontal irradiance, direct normal irradiance, diffuse horizontal irradiance, temperature, precipitation, wind speed, relative humidity, and dew point temperature to generate TMYs at 106 sites across eight climate zones in Indonesia. The verification results showed that the average correlation and RMSE between TMYs and their long-term averages were 0.96 and 75 w/m2 for global horizontal radiation, respectively, while those for temperature were 0.86 and 1.3 °C, respectively. • Quality control was performed on the datasets for the process of developing TMYs. • The ERA5 reanalysis datasets have been improved using a bias correction method. • TMYs have been proposed for 106 sites based on 8 climatic elements. • The climate pattern of each climate zone can be well represented by TMYs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper exploits random and exogenous transboundary haze pollution in Singapore caused by forest fires in Indonesia to examine the causal effects of air pollution on firm productivity and consumer satisfaction. To measure firm productivity in the private sector, we use the subcategory review scores on service quality, and to estimate consumer satisfaction, we use the individual-level overall online review scores. We find that a significant reduction in consumer satisfaction related to increases in haze pollutant intensity is followed by a substantial rebound in consumer satisfaction for eight months after the haze completely dissipates. We also employ sentiment analysis to illuminate review data and to uncover the underlying mechanisms: the decreased consumer satisfaction during the haze shock is caused by changing consumer mood, rather than by decreases in service quality; after the haze dissipates, consumer satisfaction is quickly restored and soon exceeds the previous level due to substantial improvements in service quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mortuary contexts in geographical and chronological settings such as islands are key to investigating human migration pathways, population replacements, diet, health, occupational activities, belief systems as well as other aspects of social behaviour. Located between Mainland Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Island Southeast Asia is of particular interest in this respect. As yet, however, few complete burials predating the Neolithic have been recovered and described from within this vast region. This paper presents a sub-adult burial from Gua Makpan, Alor Island, Indonesia, which is dated to the early mid-Holocene. The anatomical description and bioskeletal profile of the remains is complemented by the analysis of mortuary practices. Our results suggest a delayed primary burial or a secondary treatment, where long bone diaphyses were removed prior to interment. The stratigraphical position of the remains indicates that the skeleton was not interred in anatomical position, which supports the hypothesis of secondary treatment of the remains. The mortuary practices documented in the sub-adult burial from Gua Makpan are compared to burial practices documented for sites from elsewhere in Island Southeast Asia. We assess differences and similarities in mortuary treatments, that could inform on shared mortuary rituals across this maritime region and changing social practices with human migrations, or the introduction of new burial practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm kernel expeller (PKE), a by-product of the palm oil production process in Indonesia, has evolved into a billion-dollar export 'flex' commodity to feed cows in intensified dairy production in New Zealand. As the PKE trade grew in New Zealand, the dairy industry became a transnational behemoth and a leading global exporter. Through our examination of PKE, an understudied commodity, we reveal the ways that ecological degradation to local, regional, and world-ecologies are exacerbated and intertwined. This paper argues that neoliberalisation of regulatory and trade policy, both within and between the two countries, laid the groundwork for the growth of the ecologically destructive palm oil operations of Indonesia as well as the intensified dairy operations in New Zealand, both of which rely on dispossession of Indigenous lands. Our theorisation builds on the flex commodity literature by analyzing the ways PKE became an 'environmental fix' and part of a transnational waste regime linking two semiperipheral regions. This environmental fix for the dairy industry temporarily limits the negative impacts of climate change induced drought. The world-ecology(ies) of such 'fixes' is becoming increasingly urgent and increasingly tenuous in the face of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geospatial analysis is useful for mapping the potential of renewables like solar PV. However, recent studies do not address PV's bankable potential for which project financing can be secured. This paper proposes a framework that incorporates project finance into geospatial analyses to obtain the bankable potential of renewables. We demonstrate our framework for Indonesia, and compare the bankable potential with the socio-economic potential mostly used in literature. Using average inputs On average, the technical potential is 12,200 TWh/year and the socio-economic potential is 152.7 TWh/year if capped by 2030 demand (34% coverage). Considering PV's financing risks, PV's bankable potential is 16.0 TWh under current conditions if capped by 2030 demand (3.6% coverage). Both economic potentials are mainly in East Indonesia and absent on Java due to tariffs and land availability. For the bankable potential, the risk perception by banks and investors is another key influence. With a feed-in tariff of 11.5 US¢(2021)/kWh and temporary lift of import restrictions, the bankable potential is 23 TWh if capped by 2030 demand (5.2% coverage) and spreads to Java. For more widespread bankability, additional temporary measures are recommended until the PV's costs have decreased further and trust by financial institutions has increased. • Geospatial analysis with project finance for PV's bankable potential in Indonesia. • Technical PV potential (8,077 TWh/year) meets future demand in all areas but Java. • Up to 26.2 TWh/year bankable under current conditions, mostly in rural areas. • Short-term policies spread potential to rest of country (up to 348.6 TWh/year). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on social development in Indonesian Villages. In this study, I use data from different waves of the Indonesian Village Potential Statistics (Potensi Desa) to determine whether mobile phone signal strength affects social development indicators. The results indicate that villages with a strong signal are statistically more likely to possess the proper infrastructure programs. Furthermore, mobile phones increase the availability of village libraries and access to credit for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Using the plausibly exogenous variation of lightning strike intensity as the instrumental variable, this study suggests that higher mobile phone signal strength is positively associated with the policies implemented by the village head and leads to better social development. As the mechanisms, this study shows that mobile phones increase the likelihood of having collective action and civic engagement, increasing villagers' political participation and use of telecommunication services, thus leading to an increase in village government's accountability. • Villages with a strong signal are more likely to possess infrastructure programs. • Mobile phones increase the availability of village libraries and access to credit. • This paper uses the variation of lightning strikes as the instrumental variable. • There are several mechanisms to explain the impact of mobile phones on policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To what extent do marine-based economic activities influence the onset of violent conflict? Despite ongoing debate over several decades around the relationship between natural resources and violent conflict, little of the relevant research has addressed the marine environment. Based on satellite data in Indonesia, this paper exploited geographical variations in ocean productivity to provide new evidence on the relationship between fisheries and violent conflict. Using a search-by-radius approach, we compiled a sample of 757 cells to represent spatial interactions and spillovers between land-based conflicts and catch landings on the sea. We found that both industrial and non-industrial catches exhibit a statistically significant positive influence on the occurrence of conflict events. Additionally, increased illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) catches are more likely than legal catches to cause violent conflict. An increase in fish catches in Indonesian waters fuels conflict of every kind, among which protests and riots are most sensitive to fisheries while fighting and terrorism are least sensitive. Overall, these empirical findings support the hypothesis that increased competition for common-pool resources contributes to the onset of violent conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal production systems are developing into increasingly complex value chains involving a large diversity of actors with multiple and dynamic linkages, concurrently creating many opportunities for disease spread. Access to timely and good-quality animal health information is vital for designing effective disease management strategies. However, several factors may hamper information flows along those chains. Understanding the structure and dynamics of information networks is essential to develop effective and acceptable health information systems. We applied a qualitative network approach to understand how information about poultry health is generated, disseminated and used for decision-making along the poultry value chain in Indonesia. Maps of the value chain and information networks were generated based on data from key informant interviews to illustrate the linkages and information-sharing patterns between stakeholders. Four types of farm business models were identified: company-owned, contract, partnership and independent. Although companies and most independent farmers collected health and production data routinely, their systems were strongly siloed and still relied on a mix of digital and paper-based methods, which impaired their analytical capacity. Technical service providers from the upstream sector and industry associations were identified as key intermediaries in the information-sharing network with the ability to create informal bridges between separate business networks and public actors. These actors can play a strategic role in the development of integrated information systems to improve stakeholders' capacity to monitor, anticipate and manage disease threats at all levels of the value chain. This study contributes to fill an important knowledge gap regarding the layer sector and may help decision-makers to design effective policies and interventions tailored to the type of business model. • The layer sector is fragmented, with a large proportion of independent farmers. • Health and production data is managed in siloed systems. • The lack of formal data-sharing mechanisms impairs capacity for surveillance and forecasting. • Private service providers have a central role in informal information-sharing networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrethroid residues in the Citarum River, Indonesia, was first investigated based on their occurrences, water assimilative capacity, and risk assessment. In this paper, first, a relatively simple and efficient method was built and validated for analysis of seven pyrethroids in a river water matrix: bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, permethrin, β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin. Next, the validated method was used to analyze pyrethroids in the Citarum River. Three pyrethroids, β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin, were detected in some sampling points with concentration up to 0.01 mg/L. Water assimilative capacity evaluation shows that β-cyfluthrin and deltamethrin pollution exceed the Citarum river water capacity. However, due to hydrophobicity properties of pyrethroids, removal through binding to sediments are expected. Ecotoxicity risk assessment shows that β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin pose risks to the aquatic organisms in the Citarum River and its tributaries through bioaccumulation in food chain. Based on bioconcentration factors of the detected pyrethroids, β-cyfluthrin poses the highest adverse effect to humans while cypermethrin is the safest. Human risk assessment based on hazard index suggests that acute non-carcinogenic risk associated to consuming fish from the study location polluted with β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin is unlikely. However, hazard quotient shows that chronic non-carcinogenic risk associated to consuming fish from the study location polluted with β-cyfluthrin is likely. However, since the risk assessment was performed separately for each pyrethroid, further assessment on the impact of mixture pyrethroid to aquatic organisms and humans should be performed to explore the real impact of pyrethroids to the river system. [Display omitted] • Pyrethroids occurrence and risk assessment in the Citarum River was first reported. • A simple and efficient method was built and validated for pyrethroids analysis. • β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin, were detected in the Citarum River. • β-cyfluthrin and deltamethrin have exceeded the Citarum river water capacity. • Chronic non-carcinogenic risk associated to β-cyfluthrin is likely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for private vehicles associated with the rise in the number of middle-income consumers in Indonesia has led to an enormous energy demand and high-level CO 2 emissions. In order to increase the sustainability in the transportation sector, the Indonesian government has given special attention to electric vehicles as key future solutions to achieve clean and green transport and to improve energy supply security. This paper aims to investigate public perception in relation to the adoption of electric motorcycles (EMs) in Indonesia. We conduct a survey involving 514 participants and find that only 36% of participants agree to adopt EMs as their next motorcycle, and 40% are still in doubt (i.e. neutral). To identify factors influencing EMs adoption, we expand the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) model and analyse the data collected using Partial-Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings show that an adequate perception of EMs, environmental benefits, economic benefits, and incentive policies positively affect the attitude toward the adoption of EMs, which reinforce the results of the previous studies. However, perceived cost and perceived risks appear to be insignificantly influential in our study. Furthermore, factors related to high-behavioural control and support from relatives and closest people are shown to significantly affect the adoption of EMs. This paper also presents the acceptable price range of EMs and the optimal price point (OPP) for segments differentiated by monthly income. All these findings provide valuable insights for the different stakeholders interested in enhancing the adoption of EMs in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for private vehicles associated with the rise in the number of middle-income consumers in Indonesia has led to an enormous energy demand and high-level CO 2 emissions. In order to increase the sustainability in the transportation sector, the Indonesian government has given special attention to electric vehicles as key future solutions to achieve clean and green transport and to improve energy supply security. This paper aims to investigate public perception in relation to the adoption of electric motorcycles (EMs) in Indonesia. We conduct a survey involving 514 participants and find that only 36% of participants agree to adopt EMs as their next motorcycle, and 40% are still in doubt (i.e. neutral). To identify factors influencing EMs adoption, we expand the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) model and analyse the data collected using Partial-Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings show that an adequate perception of EMs, environmental benefits, economic benefits, and incentive policies positively affect the attitude toward the adoption of EMs, which reinforce the results of the previous studies. However, perceived cost and perceived risks appear to be insignificantly influential in our study. Furthermore, factors related to high-behavioural control and support from relatives and closest people are shown to significantly affect the adoption of EMs. This paper also presents the acceptable price range of EMs and the optimal price point (OPP) for segments differentiated by monthly income. All these findings provide valuable insights for the different stakeholders interested in enhancing the adoption of EMs in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How did early Anatomically Modern Human (Homo sapiens sapiens) appear on earth and then spread rapidly across the globe to the present day? There are two main stages of Homo sapiens' evolution: (1) the archaic Homo sapiens lived since their initial appearance up to 150,000 years ago, and (2) anatomically modern Homo sapiens from 150,000 years ago to the present. The multiregional model argues there was a gradual and continuous evolutionary process from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens in every region of Africa and Eurasia. In contrast the "Out of Africa" evolutionary model, known as the "replacement" theory argued that the genetic roots of Homo sapiens were around 150,000 to 100,000 years ago originated from one place in Africa, and spread out in different directions, flourished, and replaced local archaic populations. This paper will discuss the presence of early anatomically modern human remains in Southeast Asia including Indonesia from around the second half of the Upper Pleistocene including Wajak man, Lida Ajer and Punung remains, also Flores hominin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correlation between language spread and the existence of archaeological remains is often debated when trying to prove prehistoric human migration in various locations. Numerous experts argue that language spread cannot always serve as evidence of human migration, as language and artifacts can diffuse without necessitating migration. This process may have taken place in Western New Guinea which is now part of Indonesian territory. In this area, known as Indonesian Papua, the influence of Austronesian culture has been significant for thousands of years. This paper aims to investigate whether there are any parallels between the presence of Austronesian material culture and the distribution of Austronesian languages in Papua, Indonesia. The method employed involves overlaying the locations of archaeological sites containing Austronesian material culture with the distribution of Austronesian languages in the region. The results indicate that while there is some overlap between language distribution and Austronesian cultural remains in the Papua region, particularly in parts of coastal areas and surrounding island, there are also coastal areas with high Austronesian archaeological potential that lack Austronesian language presence. This is especially true in the central highlands which are predominantly Australo-Papuan areas, where Austronesian cultural influence exists but is not accompanied by the language. This demonstrates that the presence of Austronesian cultural influences in the Papua region does not always have to be associated with Austronesian migration or the language, it is possible that the culture was adopted as a result of contacts that took place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sediment Transport and Erosion Prediction (STEP) model is methodically described in this paper. The STEP model was implemented at a 3.47 km × 3.47 km grid resolution in the Kalisapi sub-watershed, Central Java, Indonesia. It was calibrated and validated in the period of 2003–2008 and 2010–2014 respectively. The result shows that the STEP model functions satisfactorily at monthly and annual time window in the calibration and validation periods. In both periods, the STEP model is able to produce fruitful annual sediment transport rates with R2 values of 0.71 and 0.9 in the calibration and validation period respectively. Moreover, the STEP model exhibits more equitable spatial variability than that of the widely known USLE model. Correspondingly, it can be surmised that the STEP model is capable of simulating spatial and temporal variability of sediment transport from a watershed at monthly and annual time scales. • STEP model is developed to simulate soil erosion, deposition and sediment transport processes in time and space. • STEP model has been successfully implemented, calibrated and validated in the Kalisapi sub-watershed, Indonesia. • Calibrating STEP model to fit the observation is straightforward as it only needs to modify two model parameters. • STEP model source code and input data for the study area are freely available in the Bitbucket repository service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migrant health-seeking behaviour is understood to be influenced by transnationalism. This paper explores how transnationalism influences health seeking behaviour among Indonesian women living in Perth, Western Australia. Using a participatory action research approach, we conducted five focus groups with 21 women from Indonesia living in Perth. Transnational practices were common amongst Indonesian women. Transnational health-seeking (seeking Indonesian resources in Australia); transnational social support (between countries); and transnational healthcare (return to Indonesia) were common practices amongst Indonesian women. Transnational social networks were a critical source of health information and support. Findings suggest public health interventions may be improved through utilization of transnational social networks. • Transnational practices appear common among Indonesian migrant women. • Health-seeking practices are influenced by transnationalism. • Women sought transnational health information; accessed transnational social support; and sometimes returned to Indonesia for healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a promising renewable energy technology that is the most economical at large scale. But contemporary literature does not address how OTEC could reach such scale with current technology, and what the techno-economic impact of location-dependent factors and technological learning are. This paper tackles these issues by simulating OTEC's upscaling with a model that implements OTEC to meet local electricity demand and extrapolates to the global relevance of OTEC. The model uses a learning rate for investment costs and cost of finance. This study shows that up to 45 GW of OTEC capacity can be installed in Indonesia with national demand coverage of 22% in 2050. Even with small cost reduction rates, OTEC could be profitable and cost-competitive against other power generation technologies with an aggregated Net Present Value (NPV) of up to US$ 23 billion. OTEC's upscaling could be funded via state budget reallocation or international financial institutions, e.g. via the feed-in tariff suggested in the paper. However, large-scale OTEC is only feasible in regions with high electricity demand and until that size is reached, upscaling must be coordinated globally, e.g. with the proposed upscaling strategy. To contribute to the global energy transition, OTEC needs to grow by 28% per year, a rate similar to wind power and solar PV. This paper provides good reasons to fight for the attention of global decision makers and future research could focus on refining the concepts of this study. • This novel study assesses OTEC's upscaling from small to large scale. • 16.5 GW e could be cost-optimally deployed at total operating profits of US$ 23 billion. • To make an impact soon, OTEC needs to grow at a rate between wind and solar PV. • To achieve this rate, strong and sustained public and private support will be needed. • This work's feed-in tariff and upscaling strategy could provide such support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a promising renewable energy technology that is the most economical at large scale. But contemporary literature does not address how OTEC could reach such scale with current technology, and what the techno-economic impact of location-dependent factors and technological learning are. This paper tackles these issues by simulating OTEC's upscaling with a model that implements OTEC to meet local electricity demand and extrapolates to the global relevance of OTEC. The model uses a learning rate for investment costs and cost of finance. This study shows that up to 45 GW of OTEC capacity can be installed in Indonesia with national demand coverage of 22% in 2050. Even with small cost reduction rates, OTEC could be profitable and cost-competitive against other power generation technologies with an aggregated Net Present Value (NPV) of up to US$ 23 billion. OTEC's upscaling could be funded via state budget reallocation or international financial institutions, e.g. via the feed-in tariff suggested in the paper. However, large-scale OTEC is only feasible in regions with high electricity demand and until that size is reached, upscaling must be coordinated globally, e.g. with the proposed upscaling strategy. To contribute to the global energy transition, OTEC needs to grow by 28% per year, a rate similar to wind power and solar PV. This paper provides good reasons to fight for the attention of global decision makers and future research could focus on refining the concepts of this study. • This novel study assesses OTEC's upscaling from small to large scale. • 16.5 GW e could be cost-optimally deployed at total operating profits of US$ 23 billion. • To make an impact soon, OTEC needs to grow at a rate between wind and solar PV. • To achieve this rate, strong and sustained public and private support will be needed. • This work's feed-in tariff and upscaling strategy could provide such support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is the world's largest producer of carrageenan seaweeds, an industry that supports the livelihoods of over 250,000 coastal households. Seaweed farming brings a range of positive benefits to household livelihoods, including cash income. However, the industry is subject to volatile price and production cycles to which seaweed farmers are vulnerable. Despite the central importance of seaweed farming to Indonesian coastal livelihoods, no formal analysis of prices has been undertaken. This paper addresses this gap by drawing on fortnightly price data for 13 locations in Indonesia over a 10-year period. It examines the social, economic and ecological drivers of price trends, seasonality, volatility and transmission. The paper offers four key findings. Firstly, that demand from international carrageenan processors drives long-term price trends. Secondly, that prices follow a consistent intra-year pattern across the country despite differing seasonal production patterns. Thirdly, that prices are not significantly related to product attributes such as moisture, sand and salt content, suggesting low price-grade differentials. Finally, that price levels are determined by key central aggregation and transport hubs and transmitted to remote areas. This indicates that there is substantial opportunity to upgrade the industry through improved coordination between value chain actors. • Provides the first formal price analysis of the Indonesian seaweed industry. • Consistent intra-year price patterns in all locations despite differing seasonality. • Price is not significantly correlated with important quality indicators. • Prices in Takalar, South Sulawesi, drive those around Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 190-km-long Matano fault is a major left-lateral strike-slip fault in Sulawesi, Indonesia that accommodates the rapid westward motion of the Pacific plate relative to the Australian plate. The Matano fault has remained unruptured at least in the past two centuries. The lack of geologic information, such as precise active fault traces, paleoseismic history, and slip rates has been a significant barrier to assessing the seismic hazards of the Matano fault. This paper presents the results of tectonic geomorphic and paleoseismic investigations on the 30 km long easternmost portion of the Matano fault. We identified four geometrical fault segments, documented five surface faulting events, and calculated a surface-rupturing earthquake recurrence interval of 200–470 years and a slip rate of 21 ± 9 mm/yr. The timing of the most recent surface-rupturing earthquake was constrained between 1432 and 1819 CE with an estimated M w ∼ 7.4 and a probable rupture length of ∼110 km. At least 200 years have passed since the latest faulting event, exceeding the shortest recurrence interval. Thus, the next surface-rupturing earthquake is already due. Integrating our interpretations with results from several published studies clarifies that the Matano fault slips slower than the Palu-Koro fault and connects to the South Sula fault in addition to the Tolo thrust. • The Matano fault is characterized by a complex fault segmentation at its easternmost part. • The first paleoseismic investigation on the Matano fault documents five paleoseismic events. • The last surface faulting event on the easternmost Matano fault was dated between 1432 and 1819 CE with an estimated M w ∼ 7.4. • The easternmost Matano fault exhibits a large earthquake recurrence interval of 200–470 years and a slip rate of 21 ± 9 mm/yr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We estimated the impact of internet availability on five aspects of female labour market outcomes in Indonesia. • Our study shows that internet availability has a positive, but small, impact on young or low educated women's probability to have a full-time job. • We observe a negative but small effect on women's chance of holding a formal job and a skilled job. • We do not find evidence that this is caused by women being pushed into these jobs. Instead, the majority of jobs that were created by the arrival of internet are unskilled and informal. • The study finds that while positive, internet by itself may not be sufficient to bring about a large and positive benefit on women's labor market outcomes. Greater female labor market participation benefits not only women's empowerment and the well-being of their families, but also the economy as a whole. Yet the labor force participation of women in developing countries is relatively stagnant, even with higher levels of economic development and better educational attainment. Women are also more likely to work in the informal sector and unskilled jobs. The arrival of the internet and the subsequent creation of internet-based jobs may positively affect women's labor market outcomes. In this paper, we examine the effect of internet availability on five dimensions of women's labor market outcomes in Indonesia, focusing on the heterogeneity in the impact of internet availability on female labor market outcomes. We construct a balanced pseudo panel covering all districts in the country for 2008 – 2018. We find that internet availability has a small positive effect on the labor force participation and full-time employment of younger or low-educated women. We find a small negative effect on the likelihood of holding skilled jobs for these groups of women. We also find a small negative effect on job formality. These effects are concentrated among low-educated women. The findings are mainly explained by the kind of internet-based jobs that were created in the country. On balance, we do not find evidence that the internet significantly improves women's labor market outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important for companies to be able to make their business models dynamic. This enables them to adapt to changing circumstances and remain viable. The aim of this paper is to combine insights from the literature on business models and business model dynamics into a comprehensive dynamic business model framework. The framework that is developed in this paper takes into account various origins of changes in business models (internal or external to the company) and various types of changes in business models (primary or secondary changes and forced changes or strategic choices) and also includes the issue of business model consistency. In order to combine different origins and different types of business model change into one dynamic business model framework, some simplifications of reality were needed. The framework is described in text and shown in a comprehensive picture. The application of the framework to two cases of renewable energy companies in Indonesia shows that the framework is able to capture business model dynamics in a simplified and comprehensive way and that it allows for case study comparison. In a thorough discussion, it is shown how the framework can be adapted to make it better able to represent more complex dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The performance of the PV-RO was analysed economically and environmentally. • The batteryless PV-RO system is the most economically feasible among other scenarios. • The diesel-assisted PV-RO system is the less preferable option. • The CO 2 emissions avoidance by the batteryless PV-RO system is 65,152.5 kg.CO 2 eq. • The optimized PV-RO system could avoid about 111,690 kg.CO 2 eq per year. Clean water demand has significantly increased due to the rise in the global population. However, most water on the Earth has high saline content that cannot be consumed directly; only about one over forty of the total water source is freshwater. Desalinated water is one of the potential solutions to meet the growing demand for freshwater, which is highly energy intensive. This paper analyses the energy, economic and environmental performance of a 5 m3/day PV (photovoltaic) powered reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system. Three scenarios of PV-RO with and without battery storage and diesel generator hybrid systems have been analyzed and investigated for the annual estimate load, net present value, and payback period of the water and electricity production costs. Also, the CO 2 avoidance over the lifetime operation of all scearios is evaluated. This study shows that the PV-RO system without battery with 6.3 kW PV panels installed and with a 2-days water storage tank system is the most profitable economically f. For this scenario, the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE), Levelized Cost of Water (LCOW), and Payback Period (PBP) are found to be $0.154/kWh, $0.627/m3, and five years, respectively. In addition, for this scenario, the CO 2 emissions avoidance was the maximum (111,690 kg.CO 2 eq per year) compared to other scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture plays a key role in Indonesian seafood production and food security. The most valuable species in Indonesian aquaculture is shrimp, which has been widely farmed since the early 1980s. Beginning in the 1990s, recurrent farm failures and increasing production losses caused by disease outbreaks have hampered the growth of shrimp production. Many small-scale shrimp farmers face severe financial challenges and are looking for alternative crops to supplement their livelihoods. In recent years, many farmers have adopted rotational cropping and polyculture systems as a sanitary practice to reduce disease outbreaks. One promising strategy is to add tilapia as a second species on existing shrimp farms. Few studies have investigated the economic potential for using tilapia in rotational cropping or co-culture systems with shrimp, especially in the context of high spatial and temporal variability that can reduce tilapia growth rate in saline coastal shrimp ponds. We conducted a survey to acquire information on current tilapia production covering 17 sites in four provinces of Java (Banten, West Java, Central Java and East Java). This paper presents an analysis on the extent to which and how tilapia has been incorporated into traditional shrimp farming systems, and its economic implications based on the survey data. We selected a total of 224 representative shrimp-tilapia farmers in consultation with the Extension and Community Empowerment Centre of Marine and Fisheries, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF), and interviewed them in small focus groups from every site. Local fisheries extension officers guided the interviews. Our results indicate that a majority of small-scale farmers in all four provinces have low income status. To sustain their production levels, farmers have developed novel rotational and co-culture farming systems. The farmers' income status influenced their decisions to adopt specific farming systems. The poly-rotational farming system, which is farming shrimp and tilapia in the same ponds during the rainy season followed by farming only shrimp in dry season provided the highest farm gross profit. Higher income status farmers have more access to high quality feed, pond lining materials, and aeration systems, which resulted a higher farm gross profit across all four farming systems. • We investigated the characteristics of small-scale shrimp tilapia farmers. • The farmers developed four farming systems to adopt tilapia on existing shrimp farms. • Farmers' experiences of farming failures in the past drove decision to farming system they use. • Farmers' income status drives farm inputs and farming systems applied. • The poly-rotational system is the most profitable farming system in small scale shrimp farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate long-crested wave evolution over a cross-section of non-monotone bathymetry. The bathymetry is from an area with an isolated shallow seamount on the south coast of Java Indonesia near Glagah port. We will investigate waves with a significant wave height (H s) of 2 m and more energetic waves of 4 m over a cross-section through the top of the seamount that is only 2 m under sea level and located 8 km from the coast. The wave simulations over a 12 km long cross-section to the beach are used to determine the numerical and physical aspects of the wave transformation over bathymetry, including breaking properties, the effect of bottom friction, and differences between second and third order simulations. This study used HAWASSI software for irrotational fluid dynamics with a Fourier spectral method implementation. Crossing the top of the seamount leads to a transformation from the wind waves into a downward running flow described by very long infragravity (IG) waves that persist until the nearshore area with the run-up area of the coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for beef in Indonesia has increased over the last decade; however, national production barely meets half of the domestic demand. This gap creates an opportunity for beef smallholder farmers to improve their livelihoods by increasing their participation in the domestic market. Innovation is central to supporting smallholder farmers to benefit from this increase in beef demand in Indonesia. This paper aims to analyse the barriers to the innovation system in the Indonesian beef sector in the province of Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) to identify opportunities to increase smallholder beef productivity. In the analysis, we applied the agricultural innovation system (AIS) framework to identify constraints for boosting beef production in the province. We used qualitative data (in-depth interviews and focus group discussions) collected in NTB and data from a literature review. The results showed significant constraints across all AIS functions that ultimately translated to poor innovation in the beef sector in NTB. The results showed that the beef innovation system is constrained by multiple factors, including the lack of farmers' professionalisation, lack of agricultural R&D investments, underdeveloped beef value chain, and lack of incentives for PPPs. These findings inform policy in NTB and increase smallholder beef productivity. Additionally, the findings point to constraints that are likely common in beef production in many developing countries, and that could be considered when developing policy in other areas in Indonesia. [Display omitted] • Smallholder beef production in Indonesia does not meet the demand. • The barriers to the beef sector agricultural innovation system were analysed. • Lack of policies that support value chain development led to poor innovation. • Including all actors, strategic funding, and accessible credit could increase beef production. • These findings could be used to inform policy in Nusa Tenggara Barat and other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three-dimensional magnetotelluric inversion was carried out to understand the geothermal system in Danau Ranau geothermal Area, Sumatera, Indonesia. • The dimensionality analysis based on the magnetotelluric phase tensor indicate a spatial complexity and asymmetricity in lateral and vertical direction, which suggests the need of inverting all the MT transfer function components including impedance and tipper. • The resulting model recovers the spread of highly conductive impermeable cap rock in the shallow depth, as well as localizes the more resistive zone seated below the summit of Mt. Seminung, which serves as the reservoir for the geothermal fluids. • The existing faults in the west and northern parts of the area act as channels for the outflow manifestations, while ones in the southern parts serve as the path for meteoric fluids infiltrations. Subsurface electrical resistivity distribution needs to be revealed to explore the geothermal potential in The Danau Ranau prospect area, as the components in geothermal systems could be easily characterized by their resistivity contrasts. The magnetotelluric method is a geophysical method commonly used to perform this task. This paper performs a three-dimensional inversion based on the complete component of magnetotelluric transfer functions, including impedance tensor and tipper vector. Prior dimensionality analysis using phase tensor revealed that the MT data contains a high dimensionality distortion and shows significant horizontal geoelectrical variations. The analysis suggests using the MT full components in the inversion process to effectively recover all the geoelectrical features in such a geologically complex area. The three-dimensional inversion was then carried out after taking control of the model mesh dimension and the regularization parameter. The 3-D resistivity model showed an overburden layer with varying resistivity in the shallow depth. In the subsequent layer, a conductive anomaly representing impermeable cap rock is distributed from the center to the northern and western parts of the study area, bordered by faults and manifestations. The reservoir zone is located under the center of Mount Seminung at an approximate depth of 1500 m. The heat source is expected to be the residual eruption magma of the volcano, which sits far under the reservoir zone and is unreachable by the MT signal. All the findings agree with the existing geological and geochemical survey data and can explain the hydrothermal activities in the Danau Ranau geothermal prospect area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new hypothesis of the Tulehu geothermal conceptual model is reconstructed by reducing the existing data gap from many previous studies, including additional MT data over Mt. Eriwakang and its surrounding. • Graben-like structures are identified based on geological remote sensing interpretation, which is then confirmed by field observation. • Thermoluminescence (TL) dating result indicates that Mt. Eriwakang volcanic product (413±6 kA), located in the middle of the graben structure, still has potential as a heat source. • Three-dimensional (3-D) inversion results from both existing and additional MT data strengthen the indication of the heat source possibility by showing an updome-shaped resistivity pattern beneath Mt. Eriwakang. • The other updome-shaped patterns can also be recognized at the Salahutu complex and beneath the fossil sinter cone, however, both patterns indicate possible geothermal activity in the past and recent past, respectively. Tulehu geothermal prospect area is located in Maluku Province, Indonesia. The existence of the geothermal system in this area is recognized by the appearance of hot springs on the western side of Mt Eriwakang and the northern side of Mt. Huwe. Most of these hot springs occur along inferred geological structures. The geological conditions of this area are dominated by Quaternary volcanic rocks, limestone, alluvium, and metamorphic rocks. Several authors have conducted several studies to propose various geothermal conceptual models, from structurally controlled to volcanic-hosted geothermal systems. However, the geoscientific data supporting the hypotheses are not comprehensive yet. There are still gaps in the data coverage as well as in the interpretation of geological, geochemical, and geophysical data, so a comprehensive study should be done before deciding on further stages. Therefore, this paper proposes a new conceptual model of the Tulehu geothermal area by reducing the existing data gap. Interpretation of remote sensing data, geological field observations, age dating analysis, reanalysis of geochemical data, and additional MT data covering Mt. Eriwakang are conducted to reconstruct the conceptual model. Graben-like structures are identified based on the geological data where the product of Mt. Eriwakang is in the middle. Based on the age dating data, the product of Mt. Eriwakang erupted in the Quaternary time (413±6 kA), so it is still quite potential as a heat source. This indication is also supported by the trend of Cl, HCO 3 , and SiO 2 , which describe the possible flow from Mt. Eriwakang to the surrounding hot springs. Based on the Na-K-Mg and Silica geothermometers, the reservoir temperature is estimated at 210-240 °C. A three-dimensional (3-D) MT inversion was applied to all the existing and new MT data to obtain a 3-D subsurface resistivity model. The oceanic bathymetry data was also incorporated to mitigate the possible coastal effect from the surrounding seawater to the MT data. The new 3-D MT inversion results show a good agreement with the geological and geochemical indications. The updome-shaped pattern of the subsurface resistivity distribution beneath Mt. Eriwakang supports the geological and geochemical data analysis results concerning the indications of the prospects area around Mt. Eriwakang. These interpretations can strengthen the recommendation to focus on the area around Mt. Eriwakang for further development. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• For the first nuclear power plant construction project, most countries want to increase a national industrial involvement in this project. • To increase the use of domestic products, Indonesia government has issued several regulations governing the provision of local content level in any construction project. • Local industries in Indonesia has no experience in the construction of nuclear power plants, the participation in the project is only focused on the balance of plant and conventional island areas. • The Indonesian local industries can support the HTGR construction project in several sectors, such as design and engineering, manufacturing and fabrication, construction and installation, equipment and materials and also labour involvements. • Based on their previous experiences in the complex project such as conventional power plant projects, etc., we can list some domestic companies that have potential to participate in the HTGR type nuclear power plant project. The construction of the first nuclear power plant (NPP) in the most embarking countries will depend largely on the importation from advanced supplier countries. However, national industrial involvement is one of the major areas of concern in nuclear power project. In the framework of Increasing the Use of Domestic Products in Indonesia, as mandated by the Act and Presidential Instruction, the Indonesian Ministry of Industry has compiled a list of inventory of manufactured local content level (TKDN). The national industries can support the development of NPPs project in the various sectors, such as design and engineering, manufacturing and fabrication, construction and instalation, and also local worker support. Mapping of all the influential aspects of national industry participation in nuclear power development as well as nuclear safety standards, international codes and national industry capabilities are keys to successful High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) Construction Projects in Indonesia. Since Indonesia does not have any experience in building nuclear power plants, for the first HTGR construction, the participation of the national industry will focus on the conventional island area. In this paper, we studied localization and HTGR construction experiences in China, identified potential areas that can be utilized to improve the values of TKDN and presented in Fishbone diagram. Based on the study, we mapped and listed some companies (state owned companies and private companies) that can be able to participate in the HTGR construction project in Indonesia, either individually or in collaboration with foreign companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The V Model of system engineering was used in developing a Control Rod Drive System. • FPGA based CRDS is designed for Experimental Power Reactor, RDE. • Verification of the CRDS design requirements and related criteria/standard. • Prototype simulation for validating the logic function in FPGA based system. The Experimental Power Reactor (EPR) design was developed in Indonesia based on HTGR technology and employed fully-digitized system for reactor instrumentation and control. The field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology which has advantages in minimizing a common cause failure and vulnerability from the cyber- attack was employed in the design of control rod drive system (CRDS) of EPR. This paper discusses the process in developing of FPGA-based CRDS for EPR using the V-Model approach. Verification and adjustment were conducted toward the CRDS design requirement established in the preliminary research based on relevant design criteria, standard, and most recent data. The rule checking method has been used to verify that specified rules and criterias have been adhered. In this study a simulation prototype was designed and implemented into Digilent Basys3 FPGA board in order to conduct a thorough design verification and validation process. The results showed the conformity of system requirements with the corresponding standard and design criteria. In addition, the use of simulation prototypes will be beneficial for verification process and tends to increase the effectiveness of V-model in the development of control system for CRDS. The approach used in this study can be applied to designing other FPGA-based systems of EPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on teachers' preferences for online professional development programmes in Indonesia. Relying on data from 330 university English teachers, the results of our discrete choice experiment suggest a significant positive preference for synchronous interaction but a negative preference for costly programmes, programmes offering no certificates of participation or completion, conducted over a longer period and using digital reading materials on teachers' preferences. Subgroup analyses also show that age, gender and experience with online professional development programmes influence teachers' preferences. Based on these findings, implications for the design of online professional development and gaps for future research are discussed. • Teachers prefer synchronous interaction in online professional development. • Cost has a significant negative effect on teachers' preferences. • Teachers prefer online professional development with certificates, audio-visual materials and over a short period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]