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We analyze the incentives for innovation in salmon farming. To limit environmental hazards, entry into the industry is regulated. The direction of technical change can involve innovations that either enhance profitability or reduce environmental hazards. We then pose the following research question: How should innovation policy be designed to obtain the right balance between profitability-enhancing and environmental-hazard-reducing innovation? Two key results emerge: First, adoption of the latest environmental-hazard-reducing technology should be subsidized or mandated, as the individual salmon farmer does not internalize the positive effect that such adoption has on other farms. Furthermore, regulators should also consider subsidizing environmental-hazard-reducing research and development (R&D), but not profitability-enhancing R&D. With entry regulation, innovators strategically seek to influence the regulator to issue more harvesting licenses. This increases the incentives to perform profitability-enhancing innovation, making subsidies to this kind of innovation superfluous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trade-off policy framing has been a central feature of green growth since the 1980s, employed to frame the countervailing spheres of social, environmental, and economic policies purported to ensure the sustainable development of the global economy. This article argues that so central has this framing become that IPE scholars have tended to focus on different types of 'greenable' growth observable within capitalism, rather than question the prospect of greening growth itself. Far from value-free, the trade-off framing is ultimately determined by the structural imperative for economic growth, veiling the disciplines anthropocentric ontology in a normative or objective guise. To account for the tacit prioritization, the trade-in policy framing – the compromising of environmental objectives to accommodate the growth imperative – is advanced as an alternative framing. The trading-in of environmental policies is legitimized through political-industrial narratives, of which three, the (i) consequential, (ii) allay, and (iii) finance are outlined in this analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing societal concern regarding environmental matters has led to the implementation of many environmental measures intended to protect the environment and address global warming by lessening emissions and mitigating climate change. In line with this movement, this study scrutinizes the impact of these environmental measures on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to analyze the cases of Finland and Sweden. More specifically, the study employs the Environmental Policy Stringency (EPS) index as a proxy for environmental measures, explores sector-specific GHG emissions by employing nonlinear quantile-based methodologies (including quantile-on-quantile regression and Granger causality-in-quantiles methods as the primary model and quantile regression for robustness checking) spanning the period from 1991/Q1 to 2020/Q4. The findings show that: (i) EPS lessens GHG emissions from fuel exploitation, industrial combustion, and the power industry sector at lower and middle quantiles in Finland and Sweden; (ii) EPS decreases GHG emissions from processes, transportation, and waste sectors in Finland but increases them in Sweden at higher quantiles; (iii) EPS leads to an increase in GHG emissions from the agriculture and construction sectors at higher quantiles; (iv) EPS has a causal effect on sector-specific GHG emissions across different quantiles; (v) the robustness of the findings is largely confirmed. Hence, the study underscores the varying impacts of EPS on sectoral GHG emissions based on quantiles, sectors, and countries, emphasizing the need for policymakers to adopt environmental policies to comprise these differences and adjust the policy framework accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of the ecosystem services (ES) concept in urban planning has potential for improving environmental and human health outcomes in cities. We aimed to narrow an identified ES implementation gap by identifying the criteria for the practical fit of the ES concept in urban planning. We found that local relevance and adaptability within current planning approaches were core criteria for practical fit. If not met immediately, these criteria may be met over time through policy entrepreneurship. Further research in different locations and planning systems would increase understanding of the enabling factors for applying ES in urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article provides a snapshot of current climate policy and litigation experiences in a select group of Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, India, Pakistan, Kiribati, and The Bahamas. It traces current domestic climate policies and litigation experiences back to the colonial histories of these countries. These Commonwealth countries enjoy a shared common law tradition, but in the context of climate change, levels of climate vulnerabilities, resilience, and historic and current responsibilities for emissions vary tremendously. Levels of climate vulnerability, and climate responsibility, often reflect the colonial histories of these countries. These colonial histories are reflective of racial capitalist trajectories that impact current day emissions, consumptive habits, and climate vulnerabilities. Political and economic blockages to progressive climate action persist in some Global North countries. Many current carbon major emitting companies are also located in several Global North countries in the Commonwealth, and many of these companies also have colonial histories and climate responsibilities. Additionally, policy and financial constraints in tackling the climate crisis persist in Global South countries. Policy constraints and blockages are not uniform, and they at times cross over the North-South divide, as do emerging legal relationships. Vulnerable populations and sacrifice zones exist within the Global North. Elites in the Global South also replicate racial capitalistic tendencies of oppression and exclusion towards more vulnerable subpopulations. Despite these hurdles, significant opportunities have emerged in many jurisdictions, largely as a result of innovative climate litigation suits, particularly in the Global South. This Article argues that litigants across the Commonwealth can share strategies and best practices in order to move climate policy forward in their jurisdictions, and reduce climate vulnerabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the use of different environmental proxies, the economic and financial development (FD)-environmental quality (EQ) nexus is still enigmatic. In this regard, a new composite environmental quality index (CEQI) is used to holistically represent EQ. Moreover, the Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) method is applied to estimate the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and the financial development Kuznets Curve (FKC) hypotheses using data from 13 members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The findings reveal that economic growth in the first regime positively affects CEQI while having a negative effect after exceeding the threshold and entering the second regime. Also, FD positively affects CEQI for the first regime and has a negative influence for the second regime. Other factors such as energy consumption and composite trade share (CTS) in both the first and second regimes have a negative effect on CEQI. Accordingly, several environmental quality-improving policies are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between environmental regulation and labor demand has been mixed. Few research studies have considered the impact of cross-regional environmental regulations on the labor market, even though this is notable. We adopted a geographic regression discontinuity (RD) approach to investigate the labor market impact of the cross-regional environmental regulation "2 + 26" Cities Special Emission Limit Program for Air Pollutants. We found that the policy significantly boosts the labor demand of polluting firms rather than a simple inter-industry transfer, mainly through increasing investment in fixed assets and cost offset mechanisms. Further analysis of the structure of labor demand shows that the increasing workforce is primarily low-quality labor accompanied by wage loss. The government should recognize the risks of welfare loss from low-quality work due to environmental regulation and direct polluting firms to innovate rather than reduce costs by increasing demand for low-quality labor. This facilitates a better understanding of the labor market response to environmental policy from the perspective of cross-regional environmental regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ernst B. Haas was a leading authority on international relation theory who pioneered the fields of European integration and supra-national governance. This Special Issue re-evaluates the significance of his work for the present time and explores lesser known research areas opened by the founder of neo-functionalism. Two workshops at the European University Institute, Florence, in 2023 and the International Studies Association in 2024, produced original articles by scholars whose work builds on and engages with Haas' approach. They address topics ranging from the role of expertise in politics, and the tension between liberalism and nationalism, to the rise of policy areas such as environmental change, human rights and migration. Haas' work on these themes makes a crucial contribution to understand current global challenges. To complement this picture, an essay by Peter Haas links Ernst Haas' intellectual development to his life experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green hydrogen is an ideal option for decarbonizing energy systems. This article examines the status and policies of the green hydrogen industry in the world's top three energy-consuming economies. An entire industry chain–technology, economy, and roadmap assessment framework has been adopted to make a multi-dimensional discussion. The results show that: (1) China's hydrogen application potential for 2050 is 112 Mt/year (82% of which will be green hydrogen), the United States' is 93 Mt/year (∼100% green hydrogen), and the European Union's is 71 Mt/year (∼100% green hydrogen). (2) By 2030, green hydrogen is targeted to reach competitive costs in China (US$2.18/kg), the United States (US$1/kg), and the European Union (US$2.16/kg). (3) The most noticeable limitations in China, the U.S., and the EU are pipelines, raw materials for SOEC, and raw materials for PEM, respectively. • An EIC-TER model is used to analyze the synergy of segments in the industry chain. • The application potential of green hydrogen in different sectors is analyzed. • The critical role of strategies to expand the green hydrogen industry is analyzed. • Green hydrogen is expected to reach competitive costs in the 3 economies by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examines the diverse strengths and weaknesses of North African countries in exploiting their renewable energy potential and adopting green hydrogen initiatives. The study focuses on Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, and Mauritania and highlights their respective contributions and challenges in the context of renewable energy and green hydrogen production. It examines Morocco's remarkable achievements in renewable energy, Algeria's potential for economic diversification, Tunisia's commitment to sustainability, Egypt's regional leadership, and the emerging role of Mauritania. The policy and regulatory landscape is assessed, highlighting the need for legal frameworks to support green hydrogen initiatives. Each country's unique approach to green hydrogen as well as their roadmaps and strategies are discussed, highlighting the importance of international collaborations and research and development. Additionally, the report looks at the evolving energy infrastructure and highlights the potential for transporting hydrogen from North Africa to Europe, including adapting existing pipelines and building new pipelines. [Display omitted] • Policies and the progress of green hydrogen projects have been assessed. • Green hydrogen represents a transformative technology for the North African region. • Morocco and Egypt appear to be the most advanced countries. • The other countries studied are still in the early stages of hydrogen development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Related Articles Before policy reform initiatives reach the agenda of national decision makers, such initiatives often start at a small‐scale, local level. The Programmatic Action Framework (PAF) emphasizes the importance of biographical connections to understand how a group of policy actors forms, and how it develops programs that may lead to decade‐long policy change. This article applies the PAF to study the emergence of a programmatic group behind initiatives on regionalization in German health policy through discourse analysis and expert interviews. The study contributes to understanding social networks behind policy programs and social‐psychological, partly informal drivers of policy change. The results show that many PAF conditions have already been met in the German health policy subsystem. We describe a network of policy actors with local and organizational drivers that has led to nationwide cooperation on regionalization.Caliskan, Cantay. 2020. “The Influence of Elite Networks on Green Policy Making.” Politics & Policy 48(6): 1104–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12382.Petridou, Evangelia, Per Becker, and Jörgen Sparf. “Policy Entrepreneurs in Public Administration: A Social Network Analysis.” Politics & Policy 49(2): 414–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12400.Svallfors, Stefan, Erica Falkenström, Corrie Hammar, and Anna T. Höglund. 2022. “Networked Reports: Commissioning and Production of Expert Reports on Swedish Health Care Governance.” Politics & Policy 50(3): 580–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12462. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractDue to the removal from and dispossession of lands, Indigenous groups often need access to public land for traditional activities including ceremonies and gathering of culturally important plants. In California, USA, there is an ongoing effort to reconnect tribes with their ancestral lands by initiating tribal co-management on state-owned lands. However, its implementation is not well documented or studied. We explored the limited examples of co-management relationships occurring in California using semi-structured interviews. We found that recent policy evolution has created enabling conditions for successful co-management. However, efforts are complicated by limitations in both state employee and tribal capacities. Our 20 non-tribal participant interviews indicated that navigating the diversity of tribal interests and priorities is a hurdle to developing co-management agreements. Non-transactional gatherings are catalysts for relationship building between agencies and tribes which can facilitate social learning and the development of social capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the panel data of 30 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in China from 2012 to 2022, from the perspective of harmony between man and nature, this paper selects 20 indicators to measure the level of agricultural green development from five dimensions such as ecological conservation and resource conservation by entropy weight method. On this basis, taking the implementation of green industrial policy in the Yangtze River Economic Belt as a quasi-natural experiment, the policy effect of green industrial policy on agricultural green development was analyzed by using the difference-in-difference method. The study found that: (1) the green development of agriculture is basically increasing year by year in each province, but there are some differences in the green development of agriculture among provinces; (2) Compared with the non-implementation areas of policies, the green development of agriculture in the implementation areas of policies has been significantly improved, and has passed a series of robustness tests; (3) The mechanism analysis shows that the green industrial policy has a crowding-out effect on industrial development, but significantly enhances the ecological construction and protection, thus promoting the green development of agriculture; (4) Heterogeneity analysis shows that the policy has a significant positive incentive effect on the upper and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and the incentive effect on the middle reaches is not significant; (5) The impact of technological level on agricultural green development shows a positive U-shaped relationship. The improvement of education and information development levels also effectively promotes the green development of agriculture. This paper provides important empirical evidence and factual references for further promoting the green development of agriculture and the improvement of green industrial policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the opportunities and challenges that climate change presents for development and poverty alleviation. It emphasizes the importance of fairness and justice in addressing climate change, as low-income countries are likely to be disproportionately affected. The article discusses practical challenges such as limited budgets and the need for global cooperation. It also highlights the limitations of market-based solutions and the need for a just transition. The text calls for greater representation of developing countries in global governance and a focus on economic development and human welfare in climate action. It argues for a new paradigm of climate justice that prioritizes developmental impact and wealth creation. The article emphasizes the need for deep emission reductions in high-income countries, support for resilience and compensation for harms, and ensuring that the costs of transitioning to low-carbon futures are not borne by the world's poor. It discusses the opportunities for development in low-carbon technologies and climate-resilient approaches, but acknowledges the challenges in realizing these opportunities. The text calls for a global compact that includes both developed and developing countries taking action on climate change, with support for financing and adaptation. It highlights the potential role of African countries in the climate solution and calls for fair financing mechanisms and market access for Africa. The article discusses the need for a paradigm shift in climate finance away from concessional lending and official development assistance, and the limitations of relying solely on financial pledges. It concludes by emphasizing the need for effective and urgent action to combat climate change, including regulatory changes and a shift in investor perception. The article highlights [Extracted from the article]

Researchers have been calling for further analysis of the relationships between academia and policy making. Since several studies are conducted with resources from public funding agencies, it is essential to assess whether governments have been supporting research that can contribute to future environmental policies and whether research has been supporting the elaboration of public policies. To fill these gaps, the objective of this study was to evaluate the similarities and gaps between research and environmental policies. A bibliometric analysis of studies funded by Chilean agencies and text analytics techniques were employed to analyze research and environmental policies. We used BERTopic, a topic modeling technique that generates coherent topic representations. Then, topics obtained from the two sets of documents (research and policies) were compared. This study found that sustainability, life‐cycle assessment, climate change, and ecosystem services are central research themes in the country. The topic modeling analysis showed that research has been concentrated on the areas of “Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture Management” and “Sustainable Bioenergy Production and Chemical Processes.” The topics most frequently present in the environmental policies were “Environmental Education for Children: Awareness and Care,” “Bird Conservation and Habitat Importance in Chile,” and “National Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use Strategy.” The greatest gaps are observed in the clusters of “Sustainable Bioenergy Production and Chemical Processes” and “Copper Mining and Mineral Processing Techniques” (prevalent in research) and in “Anatomy and Physiology of Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms” and “Biogeography and Taxonomy of Southern Hemisphere Insects” (prevalent in policy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the Green Deal, the von der Leyen Commission has put forward an ambitious agenda to transform the European Union towards climate neutrality. However, this commitment to environmental and climate policy has been tested by the numerous crises that have shaped her tenure. Historically, previous Commissions have often deprioritized environmental policy in times of crisis. In light of this, we examine the Commission’s leadership in the realm of environmental policy. Our analysis demonstrates that both the President and her Executive Vice President provided strong leadership and maintained a clear focus on the Green Deal. We further explore this leadership by examining the Commission’s actions in relation to four key Green Deal policies: the Climate Law, the Battery Regulation, the Methane Regulation, and the Nature Restoration Law. Our findings reveal that the rhetorical commitment to environmental and climate policy has translated into mostly ambitious policy proposals, marking a significant departure from the more restrained environmental ambitions of previous Commissions. This analysis contributes to the body of research on the European Commission’s role in environmental and climate policy, as well as its leadership dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries, complex environmental problems such as biodiversity decline are regulated at the national level by a disparate range of laws and nonstatutory policy instruments variously described by terms including plans, strategies, guidelines, statements of intent, and/or incentives. Such instruments are often grouped together by conservation policymakers and scientists under the umbrella term “policy.” However, from a legal perspective, there are critical differences between these so‐called policy instruments. In this paper, we focus on what we consider to be the critical difference: whether a policy instrument is binding, and therefore whether an administrative decision (e.g., about a development proposal) can be legally challenged due to noncompliance with that policy instrument. Drawing from international examples, the aim of this paper is to give conservation policymakers and scientists the guidance needed to critically differentiate between laws and nonstatutory policy, assess current or proposed policies, and determine whether a nonstatutory instrument gives rise to binding obligations, thus allowing for decisions to be challenged before a court. In doing so, we encourage conservation scientists, policymakers, activists, and practitioners to reflect critically on what is possible and not possible when nonstatutory “policy” instruments are designed and implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how climate change has become a polarizing and politicized issue in the United States and assesses the relationship between regional exposure to the green economy and voting in US elections over the course of a decade. After measuring the share of employment related to the green economy at county level, I estimate the impact of county‐level exposure to this economy on the share of votes cast for Democrats in elections for the House of Representatives and the Presidency. I find that US counties that have been more exposed to the green economy have increased their share of votes cast for Democrats in Congressional elections since the 2016 elections, based on both county‐level and constructed district‐level data. This is because Democratic politicians are considerably more likely to adopt pro‐green positions, making them an attractive choice for voters seeking representatives who will promote green policies. This paper also finds that a shift toward Democratic candidates has mostly occurred in Republican incumbent districts with a high proportion of green‐intensive employment that did not receive any support for green investment from the government after 2016. The results imply that climate change has become an important determinant of voting decisions and that this change in motivation on the part of voters has come about primarily with the aim of punishing Republican incumbents rather than rewarding Democratic incumbents or challengers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the European Union over the years has significantly advanced our understanding of the domestic impact of EU policies. However, notable blind spots persist regarding the broader impact of EU legislation on national policy portfolios and its interaction with domestic policy-making. To address this gap, we introduce a novel analytical concept that adopts a macro-perspective to scrutinise the impact of EU policy-making on national policy portfolios and their trajectories over time. We analyse EU-induced change dynamics through three dimensions of national policy portfolios: policy efforts, policy innovation, and policy design quality. Applying our framework to clean air policy across 13 EU countries over 38 years, we find ambiguous effects on national policy-making. Our findings reveal that while the EU’s role in clean air policy has expanded, it simultaneously has constrained innovative potentials within national portfolios and challenged design quality, substituting rather than complementing national policy efforts. We contribute to the state of the art by providing a novel conceptual framework on the macro dynamics of multi-level policy-making, offering theoretical arguments on the expected effects of EU influence, and presenting empirical evidence of these dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon emission reduction is crucial for mitigating global climate change, and green fiscal policies, through providing economic incentives and reallocating resources, are key means to achieve carbon reduction targets. This paper uses data covering 248 cities from 2003 to 2019 and applies a multi-period difference-in-differences model (DID) to thoroughly assess the impact of energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) fiscal policies on enhancing carbon emission (CE1) reduction and carbon efficiency (CE2). It further analyzes the mediating role of Green Innovation (GI), exploring how it strengthens the impact of ECER policies. We find that: (1) ECER policies significantly promote the improvement of carbon reduction and CE2, a conclusion that remains robust after excluding the impacts of concurrent policy influences, sample selection biases, outliers, and other random factors. (2) ECER policies enhance CE1 reduction and CE2 in pilot cities by promoting green innovation, and this conclusion is confirmed by Sobel Z tests. (3) The effects of ECER policies on CE1 reduction and the improvement of CE2 are more pronounced in higher-level cities, the eastern regions and non-resource cities. This research provides policy makers with suggestions, highlighting that incentivizing green innovation through green fiscal policies is an effective path to achieving carbon reduction goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity is confronted globally by multiple stressors. Environmental policies must regulate these stressors to achieve targets, but how should that be done when the outcomes of limits on one stressor are contingent on other stressors, about which there is imperfect knowledge? Deriving regulatory frameworks that incorporate these contingencies is an emerging challenge at the science–policy interface. To be fit for implementation, these frameworks need to facilitate the inherently sociopolitical process of policy implementation and account transparently for uncertainty, such that practitioners and other stakeholders can more realistically anticipate the range of potential outcomes to policy. We developed an approach to quantify stressor limits that explicitly accounts for multistressor contingencies. Using an invertebrate data set collected over 30 years throughout New Zealand, we combined ecological and ecotoxicological models to predict biodiversity loss as a function of one stressor, treating multistressor contingencies as a form of uncertainty about the outcomes of limits on that stressor. We transparently accounted for that uncertainty by presenting regulatory limits as bands bounded between optimistic and pessimistic views that practitioners may have about the local context within which limits are applied. In addition to transparently accounting for uncertainties, our framework also leaves room for practitioners to build stakeholder consensus when refining limits to suit different local contexts. A criticism of this open, transparent approach is that it creates too much scope for choosing limits that are lenient on polluters, paralyzing on‐the‐ground management of multiple stressors, but we demonstrate that this is not necessarily the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses Mercantile Register data to analyse the location decisions of firms in Catalan municipalities (between 2010 and 2019). Using count data panel estimations, we focus on local sustainability characteristics. The identification of the location patterns and the effects of local environmental policies on firms belonging to different sustainability industries constitute a contribution to the empirical location literature. Our results help in understanding entry processes at the local level and how both citizens' environmental values and local environmental policies shape these. We show that (i) firms locate differently depending on their sustainability profile and (ii) local environmental policies have stronger effects on the location decisions of sustainability‐oriented firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governance in China is often characterized as dualistic. On the one hand, the state invests in stable, rule-based institutions to support effective policy implementation. Yet the state also engages in sudden regulatory campaigns, overstepping its own laws to implement rapid changes in key sectors. Businesses in China have developed coping mechanisms to weather these uncertainties; they cultivate political ties or learn to accommodate unexpected disruptions. Yet in the sphere of environmental policy implementation, businesses across the spectrum are starting to complain that local environmental enforcement feels unpredictable, even arbitrary. What constitutes unpredictable enforcement in an environment already characterized by high levels of regulatory uncertainty? What changes in environmental enforcement are driving these complaints? Using original data on nine years of city-level enforcement measures, I show that both campaign-style and rule-based enforcement have been increasing in intensity and frequency since the mid-2010s. Through qualitative evidence, I show how these two approaches work at cross purposes, generating mixed signals on which strategies businesses should use to reduce pollution or to mitigate regulatory uncertainty. Data shows that this is a nationwide pattern, which explains why business—even experienced, well-connected businesses—are complaining about arbitrary state action. This study draws attention to emerging stress tests of China's dualistic governance, while delving into what these changes portend for state-business relations in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy mobilities research has explored how policies—particularly urban development policies—spread among sites around the world, mutate along the way, and take hold in distinct contexts. Within the policy mobilities literature, there is particular attention to circulatory infrastructures, which facilitate encounters, learning, and exchange of knowledge that support the (re)production and movement of policies and "best practices." Policy mobilities scholarship thus understands policy implementation as emerging from relational assemblages of myriad actors and social processes. Drawing on assemblage theory, this work has been attentive to nonhuman objects and infrastructures, nonetheless it has given little attention to nonhuman life. This article draws on more-than-human geographies, particularly emerging work on nonhuman life and infrastructures, to incorporate nonhuman actors into an understanding of policy mobilization. We present a case study of suburban wildlife management programs in Massachusetts and discuss how human–nonhuman relationships undergird policy development, transfer, and change. Drawing insights from municipal surveys, in-depth interviews, and document analysis, we argue that nonhumans are active in the production of policy assemblages and the mobility of environmental policies. Deer, in particular, are lively actors entangled in the circulation of policies designed to manage social-ecological dynamics and processes that also include ticks, forests, bacteria, and many other nonhuman agents. Through this intervention to situate nonhuman life in policy mobilities, we highlight the political agency of nonhuman actors, the materialities of policy mobilization, and the role of nonhumans in shaping relational networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Ecological Knowledge has historically been appropriated by White settler societies across the globe. It has an important role to play in environmental decision-making, particularly in climate policy. Due to past colonization and continued neo-colonial pressures, Indigenous women's Traditional Ecological Knowledge has an even less prominent position in environmental policies. Traditional Ecological Knowledge can help build local expertise, formulate research questions, and provide insights into community adaptation and monitoring. We explore the case of Canadian environmental policy, arguing that although Canadian rhetoric seems to consider Traditional Ecological Knowledge, both women's and otherwise, it rarely does so. When included, it is only done in a superficial manner within legal requirements. We suggest that the lack of attention paid to Indigenous women's Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Canadian environmental decision-making (1) ignores the disproportionate impacts that Indigenous women experience because of climate change, (2) perpetuates gender blindness, and (3) does not recognize the key insights that women's Traditional Ecological Knowledge can offer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide emissions from the transport sector make a significant contribution to global greenhouse gases, and understanding the factors that influence these emissions is beneficial for devising effective emission reduction policies. Oil prices are an important influencing factor since the fuel used in the transport sector is primarily based on oil, and fluctuations in oil prices directly impact the sector's CO2 emissions. Additionally, environmental policies, as a key means of controlling CO2 emissions, can affect the relationship between oil prices and CO2 emissions in the transport sector. Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of oil prices on CO2 emissions in the transport sector and explore the nonlinear role of environmental policy stringency in this relationship. Based on data from 27 OECD member countries and 6 non-member countries from 1990 to 2019, we used the environmental policy stringency index as a threshold variable to construct a panel threshold regression model. The analysis results indicate a double-threshold effect: when the environmental policy stringency index is low, the impact of oil prices on CO2 emissions in the transport sector is not significant. However, when the index reaches the first threshold, the impact of oil prices significantly increases; upon reaching the second threshold, the effect is further intensified. This paper also analyzes the three subindicators—market-based policies, non-market-based policies, and technology support policies—to clarify the distinct impact mechanisms of different types of environmental policies. Finally, based on the research findings, we propose policy recommendations to achieve carbon dioxide emission reduction targets in the transport sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's Green Shield Action (GSA) campaign provides critical insights into the nature of environmental politics during a campaign-style inspection under an authoritarian regime. Based on fieldwork in Fujian from 2019 to 2022, the dynamic interactions among stakeholders, the role of campaigns in environmental governance, and the logic behind policy formulation, implementation, and revision were explored. This study finds that in the campaign-style inspection, by applying new technology and improved management, less room was left for local governments to make trade-offs and dilemmas, which further caused high political pressure and conflicts. These outcomes were used as a reference for the central government to adjust its policies and implement regular enforcement with an improved environmental governance system. The campaign-style enforcement is not the opposite of regular enforcement, but these two are closely connected in the case of the GSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy politicization is an instrument used by modern states to achieve policy goals. Although politicization can facilitate a policy's implementation by elevating its priority in the bureaucratic system, it may also create opportunities for the public to question the regime's legitimacy and to call for broader political reforms. Using empirical evidence from 20 years of official narratives and public intellectual writings on environmental protection, we demonstrate this dilemma of politicization. Our research yields generalizable conclusions not only for environmental policy but also for other policy areas and political contexts, and thus paves the way for a new line of inquiry into governance under authoritarian rule. Methodologically, we demonstrate the potential of machine learning models for supporting qualitative textual analysis and overcoming limitations in data availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the Belt and Road Initiative presents growth opportunities for less developed regions, it also raises concerns about negative environmental impacts and sustainability. Despite proliferating academic interest in China's efforts to green the Belt and Road Initiative, the engagement of non-governmental organisations in policymaking has been understudied. This research marks the first empirical effort to examine the interactions between environmental non-governmental organisations and the Chinese government under the banner of a green Belt and Road Initiative. It finds that non-governmental organisations have employed four strategies to engage with the state-led initiative – civil diplomacy, development partnership, service provision, and outside reform – and that development partners and service providers have been more active than the others in shaping China's Belt and Road Initiative-related environmental policies. This article elucidates civil society actors' opportunities and constraints in greening the Belt and Road Initiative and non-governmental organisations–government dynamics in a non-democratic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides political analysis of the extent to which new state strategies of involvement in climate technologies have shaped the green markets in both China and the United States. Using rational choice institutionalism and comparative case studies, this article analyzes state involvement in novel governance techniques and green industrial policy competition related to climate technologies in the United States and China. The guiding research question asks to what extent green industrial policy and its related incentives are useful for understanding the transition to green energy in the two countries. This study further explores the ways in which both countries enhance the competitiveness of national industries for science and technology in alternative energy. The rivalry between China and the US has accelerated, to some extent, the process of strengthening regulatory intervention in knowledge creation, public financing for climate technologies, and other domestic economic interests, while the emergence of green industrial policy has become part of the win‒win rhetoric and practices to facilitate a green economy. This research contributes to the comparative understanding of the proliferation of mission-oriented innovation initiatives, as well as the challenges in reorganizing them with new green industrial policy concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Green Deal (EGD) represents the most ambitious environmental policy framework in European history, aimed at improving the health and well-being of citizens and future generations through climate action and becoming the first climate-neutral region in the world by 2050. The EC has initiated the European Democracy Action Plan and the European Climate Pact to include the participation of citizens in a meaningful way to help achieve these goals (i.e. not simply a tokenistic gesture or box-ticking exercise). While these efforts to ensure greater citizen participation and deliberation in environmental policy are good first steps, there is still a lack of clarity about what meaningful citizen engagement should look like. This paper will propose that for such efforts to be successful, we need to assess different perspectives in the debate and provide recommendations based on this. This paper provides a systematic review of various approaches within the academic literature on citizen participation and deliberation in environmental policy (ecocentrism, biocentrism, ecomodernism, ecofeminism, environmental pragmatism, environmental citizenship, environmental rights, and environmental justice). Following this, we provide a list of 16 criteria (in five thematic sections) for policymakers, civil society organisations (CSOs), and society, to ensure meaningful citizen participation and deliberation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution and carbon emissions are highly homogeneous and closely correlated. The cobenefit and spillover effects of environmental policies have garnered increasing attention in recent years. This study adopts low-carbon city pilot policies as a policy perspective to investigate the comprehensive effect of reducing air pollution and mitigating carbon emissions. By employing the difference-in-differences model, this study examines the impact of low-carbon city pilot policies on air pollution and carbon emissions across 281 Chinese cities, further analyzing the influencing mechanism and heterogeneity of policy effects. The findings of this study indicated that: (1) low-carbon city pilot policies could significantly mitigate urban carbon emissions (−0.117), while increasing air pollution (0.134), thus resulting in the spillover effect. The benchmark regression results passed a series of robustness tests. (2) The spillover effect generated through three influencing mechanisms: market resource crowd-out, industrial structure lock-in, and environmental policy substitution. (3) The local characteristics of cities, such as economic development, resource endowment, and administrative authority, would inevitably influence the implementation of low-carbon city pilot policies. Eastern cities, resource-based cities, and prefecture-level cities have yielded obvious spillover effects. Consequently, this study proposes several policy implications to coordinate urban planning to curb air pollution and carbon emissions, including exploring policy combinations, guiding resource inputs, considering local characteristics, and establishing comprehensive monitoring systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation and technological advancements have always enabled individuals, companies, and regions to address societal challenges more effectively. Regional innovation policies have consistently supported and accelerated these advancements, playing an increasingly important role in promoting sustainable and responsible innovation in a changing world. Over the past decades, the Regional Innovation Policies Conferences have been significant events for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners. These conferences have provided a platform to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of existing policies and to explore new ideas and potential improvements. This special issue summarizes key contributions from the 16th edition of the conference, focusing on the role that regional innovation policies can play in addressing future challenges. It places particular emphasis on radical and sustainable innovation, and discuss the way European regions and clusters can remain innovative and competitive in the face of global rivalry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political linkages between trade and environmental policy have rapidly increased since 1990. In this paper, I suggest a novel mechanism behind this phenomenon – 'defensive issue linkage.' As the scope of trade law expanded, it increasingly touched upon domestic and international environmental policies. As a result, environmental groups mobilized to seek carve-outs that preserve their traditional policy space. However, their opposition also led to the increased inclusion of proactive clauses that further the linkage between trade and the environment as policymakers strove to bolster ratifying coalitions. Using qualitative evidence from the US, EU, and Malaysia, I show that environmental groups mobilize in reaction to the expanding scope of trade policies and explore how this influences trade agreement content. A quantitative analysis of preferential trade agreements concluded between 1989 and 2016 then shows that general patterns of environmental clause inclusion are consistent with the channel of 'defensive issue linkage.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To what extent and through which means do private actors shape public policy? Research into these questions has been complicated by actors' tendency to obscure or misrepresent their policy preferences and by the difficulty of operationalizing policy substance. This theory-building study uses qualitative methods and triangulation of multiple sources of evidence to mitigate these challenges. Confronted with puzzling patterns of variation in the design of state-level climate and renewable energy policies, I show how a two-dimensional framework attentive to the economically motivated preferences of business actors explains policy design. Drawing on policy texts, archival documents, and 111 policy-focused interviews, I find business preferences were fragmented, but that a single type of private actor, investor-owned utilities, ultimately prevailed in achieving their preferences in every case. I theorize the sources of their unmatched influence, and find that their distinctiveness is precisely what makes them powerful. My findings have implications for the study of business power and understanding obstacles to equitable climate policymaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1980's, the growing involvement of private consultancy firms in the public sector worldwide has instigated concerns about the outsourcing of public policy advising to market-driven actors. Although these firms participate in spreading policy ideas, their roles have not received sustained attention, despite being observed by a few scholars. Against this background, the aim of this paper is threefold. First, from established policy concepts relating to policy diffusion, we identify the potential roles that consultancy firms may take on in spreading policy ideas. Second, we use a systematic literature review to collect and distil what is currently known about what different roles consultancy firms fulfil, and what kinds of tensions arise in their interactions with both clients and other actors. Third, we draft an agenda for future research on consultancy firms' impact in governance processes. To focus our study, our review hones in on environmental governance, more specifically water governance, a significant area of activity for such firms where they play an important in-between role in providing policy ideas. We found indications that consultancy firms possess six types of capabilities (trusted facilitators, reactors to environmental policies, shapers of environmental policies, market drivers, interest navigators, and managers of public participation), and face various dilemmas around biases, decontextualized global practices, market interests, and manipulative practices. We conclude that more attention should be given to empirically refining capabilities involved in shaping policies and markets and to further highlighting how consultancy firms impact the diffusion of governance ideas in and beyond the water and environmental sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study employed multiple regression analysis to examine China and the top countries in energy transformation and established policy intensity to assess policy stringency. It has been investigated how environmental policies affect the dynamic evolution of the nation's energy system and technological innovation. It has been demonstrated that environmental policies have a favorable effect on technological advancement in the energy transformation industry. The national knowledge stock, national R&D spending, and other factors limit this impact, and the significance level is varied and lagging. Technology innovation in the field of energy transformation is impacted by the environmental regulations of industrialized nations. Technology innovation in energy transformation is encouraged by China's environmental regulations' institutional quality. The study also showed the boundary conditions and peak nodes of China's carbon emissions. Three different forecasting models are utilized to estimate the impact of China's economic development speed on energy transformation and to evaluate potential scenarios through the examination of macro time series data. Based on the constant dollar price in 2000, China's energy intensity fell to $1 for 0.18 kg of standard oil to $1 for 0.32 kg of standard oil in 2050. To fully unleash the potential of China's energy transformation, the report contends that China's environmental policy structure has to be optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To perform quasi-experimental designs based on China's policies of green finance reform and innovation pilot zones constructed in 2017, heavy-polluting enterprises listed as A-shares on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges from 2010 to 2019 were selected as study samples to explore the influence of green finance on environmental violations of such enterprises by means of a double difference model. The results showed that green finance significantly suppresses environmental violations in heavy-polluting enterprises. Through mechanism analyses, it is demonstrated that such a suppression effect of green finance is generated primarily by improving environmental protection management systems in these enterprises and raising their environmental protection expenditures. During heterogeneity tests, green finance is found to exert a more significant inhibitory effect on environmental violations in large-sized enterprises, enterprises in Eastern China, and enterprises with a high management shareholding ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finding effective carbon reduction pathways is an important breakthrough in combating climate warming. In recent years, green financial policies have been recognized as important institutional initiatives globally. In China, the impact of green financial policies on carbon emission reduction and their paths remains to be explored. On the basis of panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2012 to 2018, this paper examines the carbon emission reduction effect of China's green finance reform and innovation pilot policy (GFRIPP) from the perspective of financial decentralization. China's GFRIPP has a significant carbon emission reduction effect. Unlike the provinces that did not implement the GFRIPP, the provinces that implemented the GFRIPP experienced a 0.053 reduction in their carbon emission intensity growth rate, and financial decentralization weakened the carbon emission reduction effect of the policy. The impact of GFRIPP on carbon emissions also has significant regional heterogeneity. The carbon emission reduction effect of GFRIPP in the central and western regions is more significant than in the eastern region and is more vulnerable to the weakening impact of financial decentralization. On the basis of the above conclusions, the role of green finance in promoting carbon emission reduction should be given more attention, the communication between central and local policies should be strengthened, a scientific green financial system should be formulated and implemented, and carbon neutrality must be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the issue of marine plastic pollution and its impact on coastal communities in Maryland, Florida, Hawai'i, and Alaska. These communities, which rely heavily on the marine environment, are disproportionately affected by plastic pollution. The article emphasizes the importance of involving local communities in addressing this issue, as they possess valuable knowledge and practices that can complement scientific research. It also highlights the historical and cultural significance of these communities' connections to the ocean and the need for environmental justice and community involvement in conservation efforts. [Extracted from the article]

Firms, especially heavy-polluting firms, are facing intense pressure from informal environmental regulations, which play a unique role in promoting heavy-polluting firms' green technology innovation (GTI). Communities and ENGOs are two important informal environmental regulation entities that have different influence mechanisms to stimulate heavy-polluting firms in GTI. The research results indicate that heavy-polluting firms' GTI follows an inverted U-shape as the number of communities around these firms increases, whereas it follows a positive linear correlation as the number of ENGOs increases. Interestingly, ownership types and administrative hierarchy distance positively moderate the curvilinear and linear relationships. State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are more inclined to maintain their legitimacy by fulfilling communities' and ENGOs' environmental requirements than non-SOEs. A shorter administrative hierarchy distance means that firms are supervised by high-level governments. The autonomy effect of lower-level governments does not affect the vigorous enforcement of environmental policies, which also enhances these two relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article employs asymmetric configuration theory and methods to investigate how technological innovation drives regional green growth in China's complex environment. Specifically, the pooled QCA method is employed to identify multiple driving paths for technological innovation-driven regional green growth. Three configurations for high green growth have been identified: (1) a configuration with high IRD (internal R&D), non-high GS (government support), non-high TM (technology market), and non-high ER (environmental regulation) as core conditions; (2) a configuration with high IRD, non-high NRD (non-R&D) and non-high ER as core conditions complemented by high TM; and (3) a configuration with high levels of IRD, ERD (external R&D) and TM, and non-high ER as core conditions. Furthermore, high IRD is essential for green growth, while strict environmental regulations may be detrimental. This article offers a theoretical basis for adjusting innovation strategies or improving relevant policies to promote green growth in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, based on measuring green innovation efficiency (GIE), the regional differences, distribution dynamics and convergences of GIE among 284 Chinese cities from 2005 to 2020 were investigated. It was found that: (1) the GIE showed a decreasing regional difference within and between the eight economic zones and among the whole sample population, with the intensity of transvariation making the major contribution to the differences; (2) the GIE across the country and the eight economic zones appeared to rise slowly, showing a certain level of polarization within the zones, but the gap and polarization tended to narrow gradually on the whole, except for the Northwest Economic Zone; (3) the GIE across the country and among the eight economic zones presented prominent convergences. It was conducive to enrich the research contents and methods of green innovation and provide references for green innovation policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shared socioeconomic pathways are a key tool in predicting biodiversity scenarios and in the subsequent design of environmental policies. Here, we discuss how recent policy changes to global trade routes, agriculture, and energy production in response to the war in Ukraine are impacting socioeconomic scenarios used to set and assess biodiversity targets. We also discuss how the disruption to the global geopolitical landscape provides a window of opportunity for policy reform and the radical societal paradigm shift that is needed to tackle the global biodiversity crisis. We call for the re‐evaluation of biodiversity targets with newly developed scenarios that reflect the changes made to production and consumption patterns. We also recommend establishing national biodiversity working groups to screen proposed policies for their potential risks to the drivers of biodiversity change, since policy decisions made in response to the war that seemingly are far removed from the environment can have lasting impacts on nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPlains Bison once had the largest population and range of any terrestrial herbivore in North America. Bison now occupy less than 2% of their historic range, mostly behind fences of state-run and private organizations. In 2014, Indigenous groups across North America signed The Buffalo Treaty, calling for bison rewilding. This paper examines barriers to rewilding on Canada’s prairies in the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Through interviews we asked government and NGO representatives what prevents bison reintroduction and rewilding. Our results suggest that the main barriers are social acceptance and material resources. These findings support previous research in the United States and Europe and provides a foundation for future research that could include other actors, such as landowners, Indigenous organizations, and industry representatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital transformation of the manufacturing industry is closely linked to green credit policies, which jointly promote the development of the manufacturing industry towards a more environmentally friendly, efficient and sustainable development. Based on the research sample of China's manufacturing A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2022, this paper uses the difference-in- differences (DID) method to analyze the impact of green credit policies on the digital transformation of heavily polluting enterprises. The results show that green credit policies significantly inhibit the digital transformation of heavily polluting enterprises. In terms of the adjustment mechanism, the R&D investment of enterprises and the financial background of senior executives have weakened the inhibitory effect of green credit policies on the digital transformation of heavily polluting enterprises. When the R&D investment is low, the inhibitory effect of the policy is more significant, but with the increase of R&D investment, the inhibitory effect of the policy gradually weakens, indicating that there is a substitution relationship between the two. Enterprises with senior financial expertise have a deeper understanding of financial feasibility and benefit analysis, and are more receptive to the high-risk investment of digital transformation, while their financial network resources can help broaden financing channels, reduce financing constraints, and further reduce the financial difficulty of digital transformation. In addition, the green credit policy has a stronger inhibitory effect on the digital transformation of non-state-owned enterprises and enterprises that do not hold bank shares. The conclusions of this paper are expected to provide some policy implications for the subsequent green credit policies in promoting the digital transformation of the manufacturing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving sustainable development while mitigating environmental degradation is a pressing global challenge. Economic development, accompanied by industrialization, fossil fuel consumption, and unsustainable use of natural resources, is widely identified in the literature as a leading cause of environmental degradation. Green energy transition (GET) and economic complexity—the shift towards more advanced and knowledge‐driven manufacturing, can be crucial strategies in reducing ecological degradation and helping countries achieve climate change mitigation targets. Green finance can play an important role in environmental sustainability, while geopolitical risk can impede countries' climate mitigation efforts. In this context, this study investigates the impact of GET, economic complexity, green finance, and geopolitical risk on the ecological footprint in OECD countries from 1995 to 2021. These four critical factors are integrated into the same environmental policy framework due to their potential to influence environmental sustainability in OECD economies. The study employed the Method of Moments Quantile Regression to provide robust estimates across different quantiles. The empirical outcomes unveiled that GET significantly reduces the ecological footprint across all quantiles. The economic complexity posed a significant and negative impact across all quantiles except at the lower quantile (τ = 0.10). Green finance also poses a negative impact, indicating its effectiveness in promoting environmental sustainability. However, geopolitical risk exacerbates the ecological footprint. The control variables, GDP and urbanization, are found to increase the ecological footprint. In terms of policy implications, this study suggests that policymakers should focus on increasing the share of green energy, fostering economic complexity and green finance, and mitigating geopolitical tensions to reduce the ecological footprint and achieve environmental sustainability in OECD nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the carbon emissions trading pilot policy in China, this paper takes Chinese A‐share listed companies from 2012 to 2020 as a sample, and analyzes the role of company's cost transfer capability (ECTC) in the mechanism of market‐incentivized environmental regulation policy (MERP) influencing company green transformation. This paper finds the following four primary results. First, ECTC significantly strengthens the green transformation driving effect of MERP in general. However, results based on the division of ECTC by percentiles show that MERP‐induced green transformation is more pronounced in the top 25% of companies, which distinguishes them from companies in the top 25%–50%, whose cost transfer capacity hampers MERP's contribution to the green transformation. Second, the level of regional economic development, emission regulation, and business reputation have heterogeneous influences on the moderating effect of ECTC. Third, the results based on the moderated mediation model show that ECTC can influence the green transition driving effect of MERP by moderating the two paths of risk‐taking ability and financing constraints of companies. Finally, there is a diffusion effect on the green transformation driven by MERP through cost transfer among companies in non‐pilot industries and non‐pilot regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many nations are struggling to reduce deforestation, despite having extensive environmental protection laws in place and commitments to international agreements that address the biodiversity and climate crises. We developed a novel framework to quantify the extent to which contemporary deforestation is being captured under national and subnational laws. We then applied this framework to northern Australia as a case study, a development and deforestation hotspot with ecosystems of global significance. First, deforestation may be compliant under all relevant legislation, either through assessment and approval or because of exemptions in the legislation. Second, deforestation may be compliant under at least one relevant law, but not all. Third, there may be no evidence of deforestation assessment or exemption from assessment, despite their apparent requirement, which could mean the deforestation is potentially noncompliant. Finally, deforestation may occur in an area or under circumstances that are beyond the intended scope of any relevant legislation. All deforestation that we analyzed was hypothetically covered by one or more laws. However, 65% of deforestation was potentially noncompliant with at least one law. Because multiple laws could be relevant to a given clearing event, the majority of clearing was still compliant with at least one law, but of these events, only a small proportion was explicitly approved (19%). The remaining were permitted under various exemptions. Of all the legislation we analyzed, most of the exempt clearing occurred under one subnational law and most potentially noncompliant clearing occurred under one national law. Our results showed that even a nation with a suite of mature environmental protection laws is falling well short of achieving international commitments regarding deforestation. Our framework can be used to pinpoint the pathways of policy change required for nations to align local laws with these international accords. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the growing demand for green development, governments worldwide have introduced policies to promote a green economy. Among these policies, the carbon cap-and-trade mechanism is adopted as an effective approach to control carbon emissions. Additionally, blockchain may increase transparency in the industrial process. Despite focusing on improving its own green standards, the supply chain needs to establish stable cooperative relationship. Thus, we focus on a supply chain consisting of a dominant manufacturer and a retailer, where the manufacturer opts for implementing blockchain and the retailer selects their stance on fairness. We construct a Stackelberg game model and use backward induction to obtain the equilibrium solutions. In the supply chain, the highest profits can be achieved when the manufacturer adopts blockchain technology, provided that the cost of application is relatively low. For manufacturer and retailer, when the cost of applying blockchain is relatively low, they can both obtain maximized profits without applying blockchain and the retailer does not have fairness concerns. However, as the cost of inducing blockchain and the product's reduction in carbon emission increase, the optimal strategies for manufacturer and retailer begin to diverge, which may affect the stability of the supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]