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Mining and quarrying were important economic activities in Europe in past centuries, but during the 20th century, raw materials became vital to societal development. Mining has been subject to fluctuations related to wars, economic crises, and advances in environmental rights. A series of events led some European countries, such as Spain, to assume a leading position in the market for certain raw materials, such as tungsten. However, most of Europe's mines have been abandoned. This paper considers several postindustrial heritage sites that can used to illustrate how metal and stone were extracted in past centuries. Such sites have become a tourist attraction in the context of heritage in some countries. This area in western Spain, which contains ancestral quarries that helped build the architectural heritage of UNESCO World Heritage Cities and artisanal mines that contributed to building the economy of an extremely poor population, has a story to tell. All these mines and quarries can be used to explain the cultural heritage of the area as part of a postindustrial heritage landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "School of Salamanca", as a historiographical concept, has been discussed in relation to its dating, the members who would be part of it and its characteristics. This paper analyzes the emergence and the origin of this concept in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries with the purpose of knowing if the characteristics that were given to this group of thinkers when for the first time they were spoken of as a school, can clarify some of the debates that are taking place today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative analysis of two Spanish constructions that are usually characterised as passive, namely the periphrastic or attributive passive – formed with the verb ser 'be' plus a participle – and the reflexive passive – formed with third‐person reflexive clitic se. An isomorphic functional approach is adopted whereby the inherent syntactic‐semantic features of each construction are considered to be at the basis of their discourse‐pragmatic uses. Using a corpus of local written news pieces from the Peninsular town of Salamanca, the grammatical expression of both the initiators and the endpoints of events in each construction is quantitatively and qualitatively analysed, paying special attention to their variable encoding and placement within the clause and the semantic correlates of formal variation. While attributive passives are used to predicate transitive events of topical endpoints, reflexive passives often conceptualise events as thetic, reducing transitivity and defocusing initiators. These meanings are projected onto the discourse‐pragmatic domain by favouring different interpretations of the role of human participants, particularly with respect to their involvement in events amenable to negative judgements. This supports the hypothesis that the syntax and semantics of each grammatical construction are undetachable from its communicative potential in specific contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper focuses on the analysis of large data sets from public transport networks, more specifically, on how to predict urban bus passenger demand. A series of steps are proposed to ease the understanding of passenger demand. First, given the large number of stops in the bus network, these are divided into clusters and then different models are fitted for a representative of each of the clusters. The aim is to compare and combine the predictions associated with traditional methods, such as exponential smoothing or ARIMA, with machine learning methods, such as support vector machines or artificial neural networks. Moreover, support vector machine predictions are improved by incorporating explanatory variables with temporal structure and moving averages. Finally, through cointegration techniques, the results obtained for the representative of each group are extrapolated to the rest of the series within the same cluster. A case study in the city of Salamanca (Spain) is presented to illustrate the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Compared to the writings of other teólogos-juristas belonging to the so-called School of Salamanca, Pedro de Oñate's (1567-1646) De contractibus has met with little if almost no interest in the literature. It nevertheless marks an epochal achievement in the history of juridical and economic thought. Published between 1646 and 1654, Oñate's De contractibus epitomizes five centuries of scholastic thinking about the moral regulation of the market. It is a spectacular work, addressing hundreds of problems related to contractual agreements and commercial life in general. This paper offers an overview of Oñate's lengthy assessment of monopolistic practices, including price-fixing cartels, import barriers, the creation of artificial scarcity, and legal monopolies, including the conceptualization of intellectual property. Two major conclusions can be reached from the close-reading of Oñate's treatment of monopolistic practices. First, Oñate's opinions are marked by an even starker emphasis on individual rights, property and freedom than those of his colleagues working in major cities on the other side of the Atlantic. Second, his analysis is not only the reflection of his extraordinary knowledge of centuries of scholastic thinking about the morality of the market, but also of his practical experience in the New World. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the phenomena of collapse and anomalous diffusion in shared mobility systems. In particular, we focus on a fleet of vehicles moving through a stations network and analyse the effect of self-journeys in system stability, using a mathematical simplex under stochastic flows. With a birth-death process approach, we find analytical upper bounds for random walk and we monitor how the system collapses by super diffusing under different randomization conditions. Using the multi-scale entropy metric, we show that real data from a bike-sharing fleet in the city of Salamanca (Spain) present a complex behaviour with more of a 1 / f signal than a disorganized system with a white noise signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The six papers included in this special issue represent a selection of extended contributions presented at the 17th International Conference on Hybrid Artificial Intelligent Systems, HAIS 2022 held in Salamanca, Spain, September 6th-8th, 2022, and organized by the BISITE group at the University of Salamanca. The International Conference on Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Systems (HAIS 2022) has become a unique, established, and broad interdisciplinary forum for researchers and practitioners who are involved in developing and applying symbolic and sub-symbolic techniques aimed at the construction of highly robust and reliable problem-solving techniques to present the most relevant achievements in this field. HAIS Series of Conferences provides an interesting opportunity to present and discuss the latest theoretical advances and real-world applications in this multidisciplinary research field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eight papers included in this special issue represent a selection of extended contributions presented at the 17th International Conference on Soft Computing Models in Industrial and Environmental Applications, SOCO 2022 held in Salamanca, Spain, September 6th-8th, 2022, and organized by the BISITE group at University of Salamanca. SOCO 2022 international conference represents a collection or set of computational techniques in machine learning, computer science and some engineering disciplines which investigate, simulate, and analyse very complex issues and phenomena. This special issue is aimed at practitioners, researchers, and postgraduate students who are engaged in developing and applying advanced intelligent systems principles to solve real-world problems in the mentioned fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manuscript surveys, digitization efforts, database building: all have been pursued in the past fifteen years at the Centre for the Study of the Sociology and Aesthetics of Music (CESEM) in Lisbon's Universidade Nova. In so doing, the materiality of medieval and Renaissance codices has been both confronted and abstracted from. Digital tools have been used to expand the reach of past methodologies, but research has also been transformed by their power and ubiquity. This paper will contrast the situation before and after 2010, addressing the ways in which Lisbon-based research on music-related codices and fragments has furthered awareness of their characteristics. The manuscripts referred to include the Ajuda songbook, the Cantigas de Santa Maria codices, and, among the many manuscripts included in the Portuguese Early Music database, the twelfth-century plenary Missal in the Salamanca University Library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forage pea (Pisum arvense f. aestivale), also known as field pea, is one of the important species cultivated in our country for the feed of several animal species, due to the remarkable content of the grains in proteins, calcium, vitamins, but also in other essential elements for animal nutrition. Also, together with oats, it forms the spring mash, which is well-known for its high fodder quality. The research carried out during three experimental years, in the climate and soil conditions of the Arad Plain, regarding the cultivation of spring forage pea, highlighted the importance of soil fertility, as well as the importance of the water from precipitation during winter and growth period. Among the three experimental years (2020, 2021 and 2022), the best results regarding grain production were recorded by the spring forage pea variety Salamanca with determined growth, in the year of 2021, on a cambic chernozem, low carbonate, medium loam/medium loam clay type of soil, when the grain production exceeded 4.800 kg/ha, STAS grains. The same genetic material (Salamanca variety), cultivated under identical technological conditions, on a weakly stagnoglazed vertosoil, medium loam clay/dusty-clay type of soil, achieved a significantly lower grain production, of less than 4.000 kg/ha. It is remarkable that, in the all three years of spring forage pea cultivation, the grain production obtained on the cambic chernozem type of soil exceeded, each time, the value of 4.000 kg/ha, while, in the case of the vertosoil, every year recorded a production below the value of 4.000 kg/ha, making soil fertility as one of the most determinant factors for production of this significant legume crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is upon an examination of the 'direction of travel' in European countries from special needs education to inclusive education – a development influenced by the Salamanca Statement. The 1994 Salamanca Statement argued that inclusive schools provide 'an effective education for the majority of children and improve the efficiency and ultimately the cost-effectiveness of the entire education system' (ix). Underpinning this assertion are issues around special needs and inclusive education are financed. The paper will examine the degree to which the critical issue of financing has – or has not – changed across European countries since Salamanca. This examination takes retrospective look at key issues identified in the European Agency 1999 study of funding models for special education in 17 European countries, compared and contrasted with those identified in a 2016 study of approaches to funding inclusive education in 18 European countries. This paper argues that the essential issues underpinning their financing mechanisms have changed very little. For many European countries, changing systems of financing of inclusive education can still be seen as a key lever for achieving the goal of more widespread inclusion of learners with special educational needs, as outlined in the 1994 Salamanca Statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the progress that has been made over the 25 years since the Salamanca Statement, there is still room for improvements in order that schools can be developed that include all students. Drawing on a programme of research carried out over a period of 20 years in various European countries, this paper argues that children and young people themselves should have a central role in informing thinking, policies and practices in education. Although this is in line with the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child, their views continue to be largely absent from important discussions that directly affect them. Using examples from two interconnected studies, this paper illustrates how students can be a catalyst for inclusive development, provided their views are heard and acted upon. In so doing, it describes the evolution of the author's thinking, as the research moved beyond an initial focus on students' voices as relating to conversations with students, towards a much more radical approach that seeks to promote dialogue about learning and teaching amongst students and teachers. This move is seen to involve a cultural change which, in itself, is a manifestation of a commitment to inclusion as a principled approach to education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many distinctions between 'special' and 'inclusive' education have been made and continue to be forcefully debated, the two concepts remain strongly evident in policy and practice in many countries. This paper discusses the interrelated history of these concepts. It explores how conceptualisations of them have changed since Salamanca and reflects on whether inclusive education has, can or should replace special education. It considers the extent to which 'special' and 'inclusive' education are understood as the same or different today. The paper argues for a clear a distinction to be made between how special educators can work in support of inclusive education and the task of inclusive education which addresses the barriers to participation faced by members of marginalised groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the solution concept of value in transferable utility (TU) games with asymmetric information. In our model contingent contracts are required to be incentive compatible, and thus utility might not be not fully transferable. Our approach differs from the standard methodology of TU games with complete information, which summarizes the cooperative possibilities through the characteristic function. Instead, we consider a model in which monetary transfers are modeled as additional sidepayments in a non-transferable utility (NTU) game. Our main result states that [18] generalization of the Shapley NTU value and Salamanca (2020) extension of the Harsanyi NTU value are interim utility equivalent in our model with sidepayments. As a consequence of this result, we obtain a generalization of the Shapley TU value to games with incomplete information. Its formula, however, cannot be described by a simple closed form expression as in the case of complete information. • We study the Shapley value of transferable utility games with asymmetric information. • Monetary transfers are modeled as additional sidepayments in an NTU game. • In our model contracts are required to be incentive compatible. • Monetary transfers may be bounded because of incentive compatibility. • The value cannot be described by a simple formula as under complete information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Martín de Azpilcueta and his fellow Spanish Scholastics writing and teaching at the University of Salamanca during Spain's Golden Age are rightly pointed to by historians of economic thought as being major contributors toward, if not outright founders of modern economic theory. Among these is the theory of time-preference for which Azpilcueta has repeatedly been given the credit for discovering. However, this discovery is a curious one given how the same man, Azpilcueta, condemned usury in general during his whole life. If Azpilcueta did in fact discover this theory and fully understand its implications, we would reasonably expect him to have questioned his support for the ban on charging an interest on a loan. This paper, therefore, challenges the claim that Azpilcueta understood and revived time-preference theory and shows how his understanding was much more nuanced, and, at times, inconsistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many years before Adam Smith, numerous theologians associated with the School of Salamanca, such as Domingo de Soto, Juan de Lugo, Juan de Mariana, Luís Saravia de la Calle, Martin de Azpilcueta, Luis de Molina, Leonard Lessius, Thomas Cajetan, and Francisco Garcia had made great strides in the development of economics. Specifically, these theologians, otherwise known as the "Scholastics," analyzed and argued against price and wage controls by explaining that the only "just" prices and wages are those that are set by the market, examined and pushed back against prohibitions on usury, understood the concept of time preference, and helped develop monetary theory in multiple ways. They also demonstrated that all of this was consistent with the Catholic religion. This paper analyzes the ways in which these early theologians contributed to the development of economics and reconciled it with their Catholicism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During Franco's regime, the relationship between music and university always develops closely connected with university extension courses and cultural diffusion. From the fifties, these musical activities begin to make their way into universities through special Chairs of music. This paper focuses on the study of the creation process, regulation and operation of these Chairs and adopts an approach to the main activities developed by Francisco Salinas Chair in Salamanca during the period 1967/68 to 1974/75. The main objective pursued is whether or not these Chairs helped music return to university spaces as well as the subsequent introduction of musicology in the curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revisits The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action through Jacques Rancière's writing about the distribution of the sensible. It questions the supports provided within the Maltese state education system and asks readers to 'think again' by asking what has been left out. The Salamanca Statement is seen as reflected within the Maltese education system, both of which, however, position people and services in particular spaces. As systems, they have a totalising quality, which disables thought or any possibility outside that which is given. They also make assumptions about equality that is achieved, whereas Rancière writes about equality as a starting point and a presupposition. This is what gives democracy and politics a possibility, two values that are at the heart of inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across the globe, the Salamanca Statement has provided the strongest impetus for drawing attention to the education of some of the most marginalised groups. In India, it has had a significant and specific impact on the provision of schooling opportunities for children with disabilities. This paper provides a critical analysis of key developments in national policies and programmes and how these have shaped provision at the classroom level. Drawing on Nancy Fraser's conception of justice as an analytical tool, efforts towards inclusive education in India are explored through the interlinked ideas of redistribution, recognition and representation. Over the last two decades, there has been a significant increase in the numbers of children with disabilities being enrolled in schools, driven by factors including, positive legislation and the increased provision of aids and appliances, etc. However, little attention has been paid to the quality of teaching and learning, experienced by children with disabilities. Instead, efforts remain focused on assimilation into a mainstream system fraught with different challenges. Despite these issues, India is a powerful example of how the vision of inclusive education, as outlined in the Salamanca Statement, is feasible, especially if efforts build on contextual realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Salamanca Statement is held as a high-water mark in the history of the global development of inclusive education. It represented agreements bringing together representatives from 92 governments and 25 international organisations to advocate for a more inclusive education for students with disabilities. Since 1994 the Salamanca Statement has been referred to by international education organisations, national education jurisdictions, and disability advocacy organisations as a foundation for progressing inclusive education. In this respect the Salamanca Statement has been important for the inclusive education and Education for All [UNESCO 1998. From Special Needs Education to Education for All: Discussion Paper for the International Consultative Forum on Education for All. Paris: UNESCO] movements. However, international agreements and conventions are fragile in the face of local contingencies and become difficult to apply. We examine the case of inclusive education in Greece to reflect on this complex relationship between international aspirations and the real politic of individual nation states. Greece, like other nations, has embraced the discourse of inclusive education and its successive governments can demonstrate policy activity and public expenditure on the education of disabled students. This is remarkable in a climate of 'crisis' and 'austerity' where the only investment in the teaching workforce is in the area of inclusive education. However, is Greek education more inclusive in practice as well as rhetoric? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper emphasizes the aporetic nature of the Salamanca Statement on Special Needs Education (UNESCO, 1994), adopting a cross-cultural perspective. It draws on an intersectional perspective on inclusion (Connor, Ferri & Annamma, 2016; Artiles & Kozleski, 2016; Erevelles, 2014) to argue that although inclusion has been defined by such an international declaration as a transformative project to ensure access to quality education for all students, national inclusive policies are still focused on a pathological construction of student difference, slowly incorporating children from different linguistic and ethnic backgrounds. The focus on Italy and the United States is a response to examine the discourses and practices of inclusion in two countries that have been impacted by the Salamanca Statement thinking. To substantiate our argument concerned with the limitations embedded in the Salamanca Statement, data from two empirical studies conducted in Rome and in Upstate New York will be presented. The studies show how inclusion leads to overrepresentation of migrant students in Special Educational Needs. We conclude that the Salamanca Statement has been transferred into a tool to strengthen normality against difference, and that it should focus on interrupting micro-exclusions for groups sitting at the intersections of race, ability and other identity markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia was an early signatory to the Salamanca Statement, and it espouses inclusive education (IE) as the overarching philosophy of education for all. A 2015 critique of IE in Australia [Anderson and Boyle 2015. "Inclusive Education in Australia: Rhetoric, Reality and the Road Ahead." Support for Learning 30 (1): 4–22. doi:] found that while some gains had been made, particularly in the recognition of the needs of some of the nation's minority groups, the lack of a nationally accepted understanding of IE meant that it was transpiring in fundamentally distinctive ways across the eight education jurisdictions, with different outcomes for different groups of students. This paper reflects upon why Australia has struggled to enact the recommendations outlined in the Salamanca Statement a quarter of a century ago. The impacts of current education reforms, including the current model of educational provision, the understanding of disability and educational need, and the neo-liberal concepts of standardisation, measurement, and choice are explored. It challenges the idea that IE is the work of schools, and instead argues the need for a national approach to IE. Governments must acknowledge the barriers that their current policies and structures erect and shift towards a more inclusive model of educational delivery – for the benefit of all children and young people in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and integration of digital technology, in the current social context, makes it necessary to design and implement educational proposals that contribute to strengthening the teaching-learning processes through resources and didactic materials that provide dynamism, flexibility and innovation. One of the approaches that is gaining popularity in the international scenario is to approach the teaching of technology, programming and other digital skills such as computational thinking from an early age. This paper presents some of the results achieved through the development of a formative experience to foster the learning of computational thinking in early childhood education. The study corresponds to a quasiexperimental design with pretest-postest measures, without control group. The sample of participants was 44 students and 2 teachers, from a concerted school, in Salamanca, Spain, during the period 2017-2018. The activities consisted of solving problems with programming challenges using a tangible and a graphical interface. The data were collected through a rubric, questionnaires and field diary. The general results show the existence of differences between pretest and postest, which indicates that an advance was generated in reference to the learning of computational thinking through the explored characteristic. In addition, there is a positive acceptance of the activities between students and teachers. The study represents an initial assessment of the development of programming and computational thinking skills in young children using tangible and graphical learning interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural geotourism looks at the natural resources of the territory as a means of promoting a specialized, educational, sustainable tourism. This is an increasingly sought-after activity. This paper presents a rural georoute across a high mountain village, highlighting the remarkable value of the geological heritage of biological trace fossils and physical sedimentary structures exposed on street pavements and façades of houses. A series of tourist georesources were created and implemented: educational and interpretive panels, videos, QR codes, geoapps and games, all of which promote and disseminate the exceptional geological content and the history of the earth through the use of new technologies (smartphones, ipod, etc.). All this is intended as a means to make geotourism a natural tourism, favoring experiences, whilst explaining the natural environment and its temporal and spatial dimensions, offering opportunities for socio-economic development and job creation in rural areas with problems of depopulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IGCP-637 was approved by UNESCO-IUGS in 2015 to facilitate establishment of a new international geological standard for building and ornamental stones. Formal international recognition of those natural stone types that have achieved widespread utilization in human culture is now underway and the term "Global Heritage Stone Resource" (GHSR) has been proposed for this designation. Stones that have been used in heritage construction, sculptural masterpieces, as well as in utilitarian (yet culturally important) applications are obvious GHSR candidates. In co-ordination with these aims the project has an associated role to promote the adoption and use of the GHSR designation. Consequently an interim list of potential GHSRs is maintained and a register of GHSR approved stones is being created and 15 stones have been designated as GHSR up to now. IGCP-637 also enhances the capacity of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) in the realm of dimension stone and geological standards, as it is the first IUGS involvement in this subject. As a consequence, the largest known international grouping of dimension stone professionals has been established.Several researchers were funded to attend the Heritage Stones working group activities, including researchers from Algeria, Malawi, India, Italy, Argentina, Brazil, Spain, Romania, Russia, etc... We also have produced many publications, both as individual papers and special issues in journals included in the Journal Citation Reports. Monographs are being prepared at present. 2019 is the last year for IGCP-637. Hopefully it has helped to widen the circle of researchers interested in natural stones as part of our geoheritage.Heritage Stone references: books, articles and special issues- Natural Stone and Worldheritage. Delhi. G. Kaur (in prep) Ed. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis.- Salamanca, Ciudad de Piedra y Patrimonio/Salamanca, City of Stone and Heritage. D. Pereira, A. del Arco and C. Gonzalez Neila (2018) Ed. Diputación de Salamanca- Natural Stone and Worldheritage: Salamanca. D. Pereira (2019) Ed. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis.- Natural Stones and Geoheritage. Ed. Pereira and Cárdenes (2019). Geogeritage 11-1- Salamanca, Ciudad de Piedra y Patrimonio/Salamanca, City of Stone and Heritage. D. Pereira, A. del Arco and C. Gonzalez Neila (2018) Ed. Diputación de Salamanca- Pereira, D. and Marker, B. (2016) The value of original natural stone in the context of architectural heritage. Geosciences, 6, 13.- Heritage Stone 1. Ed. Pereira and Pratt. (2016). Geoscience Canada, Series, vol. 43.- Global Heritage Stone Resource: An Update. Ed.: Pereira et al. (2015) Episodes, 38-2.- Global Heritage Stone: Towards International Recognition of Building and Ornamental Stones. Ed.: Pereira et al. (2015) Geological Society Special Publications, 407.- Pereira, D. and Baltuille, J.M. (2014) Documenting natural stone to preserve our cultural and architectonic heritage, Materiales de Construccion, 64 (314)- Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 5. Urban Geology, Sustainable Planning and Landscape Exploitation. Ed.: Lollino, G., et al. (2014). Springer International Publishing Switzerland.More information about IGCP-637 and the Heritage Stones Subcommission can be found at www.globalheritagestone.com [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]