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Many vineyard soils in semiarid Mediterranean environments develop from carbonated materials and often show very diverse forms of pedogenic calcium carbonate accumulations. Based on 275 vineyard soil profiles in the Castilla La Mancha (CLM) territory (Spain), this paper presents an in‐depth comprehensive study of a large number of morphological expressions of these carbonate distributions, while exploring various pedogenesis formation hypotheses. The interactions among the calcareous nature of parent material, surface topography and climate are the factors that most affected their morphology and pedogenesis. The occurrence and distribution of carbonate features in CLM vineyard soils can be more complex than in other areas. Many accumulations are relatively ancient, which is the case of petrocalcic horizons, and in‐keeping with conservative means, which reveals the occurrence of successive carbonate accumulation cycles. More recently dissolved and precipitated seasonally pedogenic carbonates (sometimes as coatings) have appeared, which are nothing more than a simple recent redistribution of carbonates. A structural imprint is observed: pedogenic carbonates appeared much more abundantly on the lowermost horizons, which can be related to the repeated redistribution phases that occurred in different pedogenesis stages. The data provided herein help to improve the understanding of the nature of viticultural calcareous soils in semiarid Mediterranean regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares and analyzes the questions and problems of Genetics raised between 2010 and 2019) in the university entrance exams of four autonomous communities (Andalucia, Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura and Murcia). After analyzing the 160 tests collected, it is found that there are differences between the communities both in the structure of the tests, the presence or not of certain contents and their evaluations in the correction. In relation to Genetics problems, differences between communities are also appreciated and certain aspects that can be improved from the didactic point of view are maintained. The need to modify the entrance exams is raised according to the desirable equity of the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic crisis has had an asymmetric effect on Spanish and regional/local economies. This study aims to analyze the strategies developed by cooperative wineries in Castilla-La Mancha (CLM) and their impact on performance measurements. The paper opted for an exploratory study based on a compilation of financial statements consisting of the traditional economic-financial profitability ratios (ROA, ROI, ROS) plus a specific analysis, Return of Owner Cooperative (ROC). We have also used two financial measurements: Liquidity and Leverage. Trade dynamism is the hallmark of wine cooperatives in CLM in terms of strategic action in the face of a crisis. Their resilience is patent in the conquest of foreign markets via low unit costs, which have been transferred to sales prices. The paper has implications for the understanding of the resilience of the agricultural cooperatives during the crisis period in question. The consistency of the results provides a context to promote the cooperative model as an essential factor in the social economy. This paper fulfils an identified need to show the cooperative model as a resilient one in the agricultural field and in the context of rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is an important economic activity across much of the Western world. Beyond its productive purpose, we can also identify a cultural function that is expressed in the existence of a rich heritage associated with the interactions between nature and humans over time. This heritage includes tangible and intangible assets, the latter including traditional knowledge, history, knowledge of natural cycles, and the identification of the local population with its landscapes; in short, resources are understood as a legacy that needs to be reappraised and passed on to future generations. Saffron cultivation is an example of an agricultural landscape with significant intangible heritage values associated with the know-how and the family-run nature of the farms. The resources linked to saffron cultivation in the region of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) are described in this paper, with an emphasis on how local communities perceive them as an integral part of their geographical identity. The results, following in-depth interviews with different local actors, demonstrate the potential for the intangible values associated with saffron to drive local development in many rural areas once they have been reappraised and classified as assets for attracting tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a discursive-pragmatic approach to linguistic variation, the goal of this paper is to analyse the lexical variation maestro-profesor in a sample of official documents of primary state schools and privately-owned but state-funded ones in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha (Spain). The analysis reveals that the lexical alternative profesor, significantly more common in the corpus than maestro, can be considered a case of uplifting euphemism intended to upgrade and magnify the professional status and social appreciation of teachers in infant and primary education. In this way, profesor plays an important role as a face-saving device which is part of a more general strategy of positive self-presentation for schoolteachers that may introduce some degree of ambiguity in the message conveyed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the language attitudes of listeners from six different regions of Spain, Asturias, Castile and León, Castile-La Mancha, the Canary Islands, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, towards a nonsibilant variant of coda /s/, the velarized /s/. This velar pronunciation, known by some as the ejque madrileño, has previously been found to index a Madrid identity for Madrileño listeners, though the traits ascribed such a speaker are quite negative. The current paper finds that like Madrileños themselves, participants from Asturias and Castile and León also associate velarized /s/ with Madrid. Participants from Castile-La Mancha, the Canary Islands, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands do not consider the velarized variant to be Madrileño. Furthermore, differing judgments of the nonsibilant /s/ are found among the regions tested, with participants from Catalonia and the Balearic Islands showing the most negative judgments while participants from Castile-La Mancha show no negative variable effect in their judgments. It is found that all of these out-group listeners do not show as severe of judgments as those seen by in-group members (Madrilenos themselves) in previous literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Early Modern Times, water was one of the most important natural resources, especially in arid or semi-arid regions such as La Mancha. In this territory, liquid element was barely used in agriculture, because watering farming was a residual activity. More important was its use in the processing industry, transforming the cereals grown in its fields into flour. This paper analyses the conditions of water exploitation in the Guadiana River basin during the pre-industrial period and focuses on the water mills that lined its riverbanks. It also examines other uses not linked to the milling and attempts to explain its geographical location and its technical evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Spanish health system is made up of seventeen regional health systems. Through the official reporting systems, some inconsistencies and differences in case fatality rates between Autonomous Communities (CC.AA.) have been observed. Therefore the objective of this paper is to compare COVID-19 case fatality rates across the Spanish CC.AA. Material and methods: Observational descriptive study. The COVID-19 case fatality rate (CFR) was estimated according to the official records (CFR-PCR+), the daily mortality monitory system (MoMo) record (CFR-Mo), and the seroprevalence study ENE-COVID-19 (Estudio Nacional de sero Epidemiologia Covid-19) according to sex, age group and CC.AA. between March and June 2020. The main objective is to detect whether there are any differences in CFR between Spanish Regions using two different register systems, i. e., the official register of the Ministry of Health and the MoMo. Results: Overall, the CFR-Mo was higher than the CFR-PCR+, 1.59% vs 0.98%. The differences in case fatality rate between both methods were significantly higher in Castilla La Mancha, Castilla y León, Cataluña, and Madrid. The difference between both methods was higher in persons over 74 years of age (CFR-PCR+ 7.5% vs 13.0% for the CFR-Mo) but without statistical significance. There was no correlation of the estimated prevalence of infection with CFR-PCR+, but there was with CFR-Mo (R2 = 0.33). Andalucía presented a SCFR below 1 with both methods, and Asturias had a SCFR higher than 1. Cataluña and Castilla La Mancha presented a SCFR greater than 1 in any scenario of SARS-CoV-2 infection calculated with SCFR-Mo. Conclusions: The PCR+ case fatality rate underestimates the case fatality rate of the SARS-CoV- 2 virus pandemic. It is therefore preferable to consider the MoMo case fatality rate. Significant differences have been observed in the information and registration systems and in the severity of the pandemic between the Spanish CC.AA. Although the infection prevalence correlates with case fatality rate, other factors such as age, comorbidities, and the policies adopted to address the pandemic can explain the differences observed between CC.AA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education in sexuality and equality is considered as a complex research and training environment, but mandatory in university research educational contexts dedicated to teacher training. In this paper we present the main results of a qualitative research carried out at the University of Castilla la Mancha (Spain) in which, through semi-structured interviews and Delphi technique to 32 professionals, the biographical-narrative method has allowed to work on the conceptions in sexuality and equality of the teaching staff. The goal is to analyze how the issues on sexuality and the principle of equality have an impact on their curriculum and their research field. The results show institutional curbs and opportunities in this field. In conclusion, it is recommendable to boost and to strengthen the institutional involvement to eradicate, or to reduce, identified limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current transitions towards fair and sustainable models of social and economic relations represents a vital process for the maintenance of the ecosystems and the ways of inhabiting them. This paper is an empirical and epistemological study whose aim is to consider how to develop a responsible communication strategy with the eco-transitions sector. We take a specific region of Spain, Castilla-La Mancha, as a field of experimentation and case study. The analysis is based on a sample of 55 active eco-transition projects, out of a total census of 156. Our position assumes that communication strategy goes through several phases. Firstly, access to empirical and census-based knowledge of this sector; secondly, establishing a type of indicator that can measure the functioning and internal dynamics of these entities in terms of eco-transition; and thirdly, the expansion of responsible, realistic and proactive media coverage, which can encourage messages that contribute to an ever-increasing number of people moving towards eco-social issues. In order to measure the "internal health" of these entities, including the "communication environment," we have elaborated and implemented the Eco-Transition Indicator (ETI), a measurement tool that allows us to place a project or initiative within a frame leading towards fair and sustainable models of social and economic relations. While the sector shows good "health" in some aspects, the results point very clearly to the need to strengthen the communicative strategy of the eco-transition initiatives and projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lysimeter measurements were used to assess EC technique and STSEB model in vineyard. • Residual technique was shown appropriate to force the EB closure in our conditions. • Good performance confirms STSEB as an attractive model to estimate ET a in vineyards. • Daily ET a was modeled with average errors of ±0.6 mm d−1. • Error <10% was observed between cumulated ET a estimates and lysimeter data. Estimation of crop water needs plays a key role in the water resource management in arid and semi-arid regions. Actual evapotranspiration (ET a) becomes the key term in both water and energy balances at this point. In this work we focus on vineyard due to the significance of this crop for La Mancha region, Spain, with the greatest concentration of vineyards in the world. Eddy-covariance (EC) technique has been traditionally used for ground observations of ET a. One of the aims of this work is to assess the feasibility of an EC system under the challenging conditions of a small drip-irrigated vineyard in a semi-arid environment. Two-source energy balance modelling allows for ET a estimation, as well as soil evaporation (E) and canopy transpiration (T) partitioning, using radiometric temperatures as a basis. A Simplified version of this Two-Source Energy Balance approach (STSEB) has been previously tested in a variety of crops and environments. The second goal of this paper is to explore now the performance of the STSEB model in a vineyard structure. Two experiments were carried out during the growing season of 2014 and 2015 in a ˜4 ha row-crop drip-irrigated Tempranillo vineyard, in a semi-arid location in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. As a novelty in this work, a 9-m2 monolithic large weighting lysimeter was available. An eddy-covariance flux tower was deployed together with net radiation and soil heat flux instrumentation. The residual technique was selected to force the closure after an analysis of the energy imbalance based on the comparison EC-Lysimeter. Good agreement between adjusted EC measurements and lysimeter data (RMSE of ±0.09 mm h−1 and ±0.5 mm d−1 at hourly and daily scales, respectively) supports the validity of eddy-covariance technique to monitor turbulent fluxes and accurate ET a in vineyards. A set of 5 thermal-infrared radiometers were assembled to guaranty an appropriate thermal characterization of the vineyard structure required in the STSEB approach. Surface energy fluxes were modeled every hour with average estimation errors lower than ±30 W m−2 for net radiation and soil heat flux, and around ±50 W m−2 for sensible and latent heat fluxes, with systematic deviations lower than 25 W m−2 in all fluxes. Comparison with lysimeter data showed an average underestimation of 0.04 mm d-1 with a RMSE value of ±0.6 mm d-1 in modeled daily ET a. In terms of accumulated ET a for the full experiments, an underestimation of 12% in 2014 and an overestimation of 7% in 2015 were observed. These results reinforce the feasibility of the STSEB approach to monitor hourly, daily and accumulated ET a in row-crops such as vineyards. Although no ground measurements were available to assess the partitioning, separated E–T values were obtained for the full campaigns, showing a significant ratio E/ET a of 0.35−0.40 for soil evaporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Castilla-La Mancha reached its political autonomy 35 years ago, nine regional elections have been held for choosing the representatives for the regional Parliament. The electoral system has been changed in four occasions, the most recent three in the last two legislatures. This paper aims to identify the effects of the different components of the electoral system on issues such as the value of the vote, its proportionality, the regional party sub-system, or regional political pluralism. Also, the paper will examine the arguments set forth by parties defending the reforms and the real goals that may have been behind them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current energy crisis has drastically altered forecast electricity plans and budgets for European university campuses. This situation heightens the need to analyze their electrical consumption, with two main goals: identifying their patterns and promoting the development of renewable installations for these consumers. Previous research has focused only on aggregated demand data, with the studies being based on estimations and forecasts, and focused mainly on single buildings. Moreover, there is a lack of scientific papers that provide a replicable codebase for electricity analysis. Our work presents a novel methodology to overcome these research gaps, proposing the first comprehensive, replicable and scalable codebase to analyze electricity consumption in universities. It is based on three steps. The first comprises automated data collection of real electricity measurements at each electricity supply point. The second develops the complete analysis of electricity consumption. The last step parameterizes this consumption by identifying seasonal and daily profiles. The research was applied to the University of Castilla-La Mancha, campus Albacete (Spain) case study. The results revealed the 4 highest electricity-demanding buildings: Biomedical Complex, Higher Technical School of Industrial and Computer Engineering, Vice-rectorate and Library, and Higher Technical School of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering. The results are thus of great value for other educational buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a study of several grape native phenolic compounds in five red minor grapevine varieties in danger of extinction in Castilla-La Mancha. The study was performed in different vinification stages not previously reported in conjunction in that kind of grape varieties: skins (before and after vinification), must, during alcoholic fermentation, and after alcoholic and malolactic fermentations. The skins of Rojal showed the highest amount of flavonols and (+)-catechin, being optimal to favor co-pigmentation processes by co-fermentations and/or to develop young rosé wines. Moravia Agria (skins and wines) could improve red wine color in co-winemaking due to its high quantity of anthocyanins. In addition, Bobal, Tortosí, and Moravia Dulce could produce wines with their own entity and be used as young monovarietal wines or even with a short aging. This study could help to diversify oenologic market by minor grape varieties not normally used in other viticultural regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An example of structural monitoring of a building over 27 months has been presented. • A zoning of the foundations is proposed according to the registered settlements. • The clustering has been made based on Jeffreys distance and Ward's linkage criteria. • A model of behaviour has been proposed based on temperature and settlement data. The monitoring of the structural behaviour of singular buildings and the environmental variables that affect them is an upward trend on a global scale. This paper presents a monitoring project of the building of the Institute of Technology (IT) of the University of Castilla-La Mancha in Cuenca, Spain. Different monitoring actions were carried out, specifically there were installed 27 measuring points of the soil water content (both outside and under the building), 4 clinometers with thermometers, a weather station, and 22 points for topographical levelling, thirteen of which are located on the footings of the building. Although 3 of the clinometers recorded data marked almost entirely by the evolution of the interior temperature, the one located in Module 4 showed a more complex behaviour. In order to determine the possible underlying causes of this behaviour, the footings were grouped according to the evolution of the settlements obtained by differential levelling. For this purpose, a novel clustering technique based on the calculation of the Jeffreys distance has been used instead of other more common dissimilarity measures. The analysis revealed a potential cause of the anomalous behaviour of a group of footings and permitted the study of the influence of temperature and other environmental and operative variables on this behaviour, allowing the detection of anomalies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]