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Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine and metabolic disruptor commonly employed as a color developer in thermal papers. Consequently, BPA derived from thermal papers has been considered an important source of exposure for humans, since this chemical may migrate from paper to skin upon contact. Further, due to recent restrictions on BPA use in some countries, it has been replaced by a new analogue, bisphenol S (BPS). The aim of the present study was to determine levels of BPA and BPS in 190 different thermal receipts, randomly collected from different locations in São Paulo State, Brazil, including receipts from supermarkets, general and fast-food restaurants, gas stations, bus and airplane tickets, and credit card and bank accounts. BPA and/or BPS were detected in 98% of samples at concentrations ranging from below the quantification limit to 4.3% (mg/100 mg paper). The obtained values were higher than amounts previously reported in other countries. The estimated daily intake through dermal absorption from handling of thermal receipt papers was estimated on the basis of concentrations and frequencies of handling of papers by humans in both the general population and occupationally exposed individuals. Fifth percentile, median, and 95th percentile daily intakes by the general population were 0.44, 1.42, and 2 μg/d, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for occupationally exposed population are 21.8, 71 and 101 μg/d. The potential adverse consequences of elevated occupational exposure are currently being examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to summarize the characteristics of 212 papers and 4 Themes (topics) in two BRASILIAN SYMPOSIA OF GEOGRAPHIC CLIMATOLOGY (2010 and 2012), read and separated according to the explained content and data of each main author, aiming to stimulate studies applied to the North of Brazil. The theoretical framework was based on the literature method and the approach of the study was the quantitative type, with drafting tables that enriched the analysis and interpretation. The researches for this article were based on bibliography search methods. The study demonstrated a decrease in the number of articles published from one event to another and that the scientific production in the Northern region is smaller than in other Brazil's regions, showing a potential for further research concerning this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]