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Bridge construction collapse is one of the most common bridge safety accidents. At present, evaluation results are often affected by the ability and experience of the assessor. Therefore, it is difficult to quickly, accurately and effectively evaluate the risk in the process of bridge construction. Moreover, key factors that can prevent accidents can hardly find from the existing bridge construction safety management and evaluation method. This paper analyzes and classifies the artificial and environmental risk factors that affect the bridge construction stage, and establishes 26 risk factors in 5 categories according to the characteristics of bridge construction and the actual situation of the project. Random forest (RF) algorithm is a non-parametric machine learning method based on decision tree, which does not need to be scored by experts in advance and avoids the influence of subjective factors. Compared with other analysis methods, random forest algorithm has the advantages of accurate and robust risk assessment results. Based on the advantages of random forest algorithm and the characteristics of bridge construction risk, this paper uses random forest algorithm to evaluate the bridge construction risk, and ranks the importance of indicators, and identify the index that has a greater influence on the risk. In order to verify the applicability and feasibility of the proposed method, a typical urban complex pedestrian bridge was taken as an example for actual engineering evaluation and verification. The results obtained are basically consistent with the actual risk assessment results of the pedestrian bridge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridges are one of the most important infrastructures because they are a link between 2 different points that have an impact on a country's economy. The impact of bridge construction can be controlled with good design and design. In this paper, the author will model the planning of the lower structure of the bridge using Revit Software as a form of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology. This paper uses references from international and national journals taken from Google Scholar. The references obtained are useful in making a literature review that has a relationship with the topic discussed by the author, namely bridges. It is known that the use of BIM technology is very helpful and makes it easier for engineers in the implementation of a construction project. Therefore, this research enhances the understanding and application of digital tools in civil engineering projects, contributing to innovation in construction practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standards for the design of bridges, buildings and other infrastructure specify design loads for climatic hazards such as temperature, snow, wind, and floods based on return periods presented in maps or tables that account for regional differences. These design loads were developed from statistical analyses of historical hazard data under the assumption that the past is representative of the future. Climate change may affect the frequencies and intensities of environmental hazards which, depending on regional variations, raises questions as to whether structures designed to current specifications will meet minimum safety standards over their future service lives. This paper critically appraises issues related to using historical hazard data for future designs. It reviews basic principles of uniform reliability, that modern design codes use as the basis for ensuring minimum levels of safety, describing the relationship between hazard return periods, structural reliability, risk and the maximum loads expected within a structure's service life. Simple examples involving wind effects on structures demonstrate how to calibrate structural design hazard maps for climate-related extreme events to meet the minimum standards of safety implied in current specifications. The paper also introduces a possible practical approach to account for climate change when designing new structures and assessing the safety of existing facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel bridge, as one of the main structural types in bridge design, has been widely used in rail transit. However, the train-induced vibro-acoustic problem of the bridge has become increasingly prominent. The vibration and noise characteristics must be more significant and complex than steel truss bridge because of too many components. Viscoelastic damping materials (VDMs) have the characteristics of both viscous liquid and elastic solid, and have better damping performance than other damping materials. Therefore, VDM plays an important role in vibration and noise reduction technology. In applications, VDM is usually combined with constraining materials to form composite viscoelastic damping materials (CVDM). In this paper, based on the dynamic receptance method and superposition principle, the coupling model of vehicle–track–bridge in the frequency domain is first established, and then the vibration and noise prediction model of a steel truss bridge with CVDM is established based on RUK theory and statistical energy analysis (SEA) method. Based on the prediction model, the natural dynamic characteristics of typical components of steel truss bridges with CVDM were investigated, and the control mechanism and influence rule of CVDM on train-induced vibration and noise of steel bridges were revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Accurately describing and understanding the bridge construction process is of great significance to students' learning and field personnel's fine management. However, the bridge construction process involves a large number of objects, complex behaviors, and variable states, which leads to problems such as poor standardization and low cognitive efficiency in expression. Methods: This paper proposes a knowledge-guided three-dimensional visualization method of spatiotemporal narrative of bridge construction process. First, we construct a bridge construction knowledge map with "object-behavior-state" three-domain association by analyzing the bridge construction process, then break through the key technologies of narrative element analysis and matching, 3D scene mapping and instantiation, and 3D dynamic visualization of spatiotemporal narrative. Finally, we develop a prototype system and carries out case study experimental analysis. Results: The results show that the correct rate of answering questions in the experimental group reaches 76.5%, which is 13.2% higher than that of the control group; under the comprehensive perspective of clarity, richness and comprehension difficulty, 78.8% of the personnel in the experimental group have good cognitive experience, which is 45.5% higher than that of the control group. Conclusions: By accurately describing the bridge construction objects, features and interrelationships, the unified expression and association management of bridge construction knowledge map is realized, and based on this, the three-dimensional dynamic visualization expression of the bridge construction process is carried out by using spatiotemporal narratives, which effectively enhances the education level of bridge construction process cognition with the help of interactivity and immersion of three-dimensional scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data collected at Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) stations have many applications. Primarily, the data are used for pavement design, bridge design, freight studies, transportation planning, and enforcement. The WIM data are also used in mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide (Pavement-ME) for predicting performance. Highway agencies and the state department of transportation (DOTs) are the main users of WIM data. With a number of important applications, all WIM users desire to collect accurate loading data. This paper addresses three core issues related to WIM systems accuracy and calibration procedures, i.e., how to; (1) perform successful calibration of a WIM system by quantifying the effect of sample size (truck runs), speed, temperature, and truck type on measurement errors, (2) model gross vehicle weight (GVW) WIM errors as a function of individual axle errors [(single axle (SA) and two tandem axles (TA), (drive and trailer)], and (3) estimate WIM measurement errors using the long-term pavement performance (LTPP) and the ASTM protocols. The research objectives were accomplished by synthesizing and analyzing the WIM error data available in the LTPP database for bending plate (BP) and quartz piezo (QP) sensors. Successful WIM equipment calibration can eliminate systematic weights, speed, and axle spacing errors. The ASTM and the LTPP accuracy estimation methods agree; however, the methods should be compared when the sample size is small (10 or fewer truck runs). The representative pre- and post-calibration data can be collected accurately using one test truck with 12 or more runs at multiple speed points for QP and BP sensors. The developed models showed that the GVW errors could be accurately predicted using SA and two TA. The results also show that if GVW errors are within ASTM Type I tolerance, the SA and TA errors will likely be within acceptable limits. Therefore, calibrating a WIM site using GVW errors should continue. The suggested changes in current WIM procedures can significantly reduce time and resources for successful equipment calibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridge infrastructure assets should be planned, designed, constructed, and operated to account for the physical processes that may occur over their service lives. In ice-affected rivers, this includes the interaction of bridge infrastructure with river ice. Advancements in river-ice science and modelling of ice processes in ice-covered rivers have enhanced the abilities of civil/hydrotechnical engineers to plan, design, and construct bridges in and along rivers with seasonal ice covers. In this paper, an overview is presented of ice-related considerations with respect to bridges. The bottom-chord elevation of the bridge superstructure with respect to water and ice levels, pier design to withstand ice forces, the waterway opening for ice passage, ice-induced scour, and research needs are discussed. However, as outlined in the paper, research on ice loads and passage at bridge sites and on hydroclimatic and ice conditions that led to bridge damage and failure remains needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the design as well as on the experimental and numerical validations of the mechanical behavior of a precast ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) retaining walls. The design, made in accordance with the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CSA S6, 2019), led to the fabrication of a full-scale UHPFRC retaining wall with 3% fibre content which had dimensions of 3 m in height, 2 m in length, 2 m in width, with two vertical and horizontal stiffeners, and very thin vertical and horizontal panels of 40 and 65 mm, respectively. The experimental tests showed that the UHPFRC retaining wall exceeded by 42% the ultimate limit state (ULS) design factored bending moment and showed a very ductile behavior under flexural loading. At service limit state (SLS), the retaining wall had maximum crack opening between 0.15 and 0.28 mm, and a maximum lateral displacement of 4 mm. The finite-element model developed for the application captured accurately the flexural behavior of the UHPFRC retaining wall and was used later in parametric studies to optimize the design. The retaining wall optimal design includes UHPFRC with 3% fibre content and stiffeners with variable cross-section which allows volume reductions of 73% for concrete and 86% for rebars in comparison to the conventional reinforced concrete design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerated bridge construction (ABC) is prevalent all over the world attributable to its technical advantages including the higher construction efficiency, less traffic disruption, and higher construction quality. Grouting sleeves (GS) and grouting corrugated pipes (GCP) are the traditional connection methods of ABC in high seismic regions, with the disadvantages of uncompacted grouting and high requirement of construction accuracy. To this end, this paper developed a new type of prefabricated concrete bridge pier connected with ultra-high performance concrete (PCBP–UHPC) jacketing to solve the problems. To validate the seismic performance of the proposed innovative bridge pier, quasi-static tests on three full-scale specimens PCBP–UHPC, PCBP–GS, and PCBP–GCP were carried out. The results indicated that the failure mode of specimen PCBP–UHPC was similar to that of specimens PCBP–GS and PCBP–GCP with the characteristics of longitudinal steel yielding and concrete crushing at the base of the hollow pier. The obvious plastic hinge outward shifting could be observed during the loading for specimen PCBP–UHPC. The positive ultimate load of specimen PCBP–UHPC was 636.33 kN, which was 14.8% and 13.3% higher than those of specimens PCBP–GS and PCBP–GCP, respectively. In addition, a refined finite element model (FEM) was established by ABAQUS to provide an in-depth understanding on the failure mechanism of the proposed PCBP–UHPC. The parametric analyses were conducted to reveal the influence of the socket depth and axial compression ratio on seismic performance of the proposed PCBP–UHPC. The results indicated that the socket depth had little effect on seismic performance of the prefabricated pier, while the ultimate load bearing capacity of specimen PCBP–UHPC increased to some extent as the increase of the axial compression ratio. The present research work provides an innovative prefabricated bridge pier and a comprehensive experimental–numerical understanding on its seismic performance, which is beneficial for its engineering application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a dynamic model of the TMM-3M heavy mechanized bridge during the span lowering stage. The model is constructed as a multi-body mechanical system, taking into account the elastic deformation of the cable, rear outriggers, front tires, and front suspension system. It is a mechanical model driven by a cable mechanism. Lagrangian equations of the second kind have been applied to establish a system of differential equations describing the oscillations of the mechanical system and serve as the basis for investigating the dynamics of the span-lowering process. The system of differential equations is solved using numerical methods based on MATLAB simulation software. The study has revealed laws of the displacement, velocity, and acceleration of components within the mechanical system, especially those related to the bridge span depending on the choice of the drive speed of the engine during lowering by operator. The research results show that the lowering time increases from 52 seconds to 104 seconds when the engine speed decreases from 1800 rpm to 900 rpm. The tension force on the cable is surveyed to confirm the safety conditions during the span-lowering process. The study also provides recommendations for selecting appropriate engine speeds to minimize span-lowering time while ensuring the safety conditions of the TMM-3M bridge during the span-lowering process. This research is an important part of a comprehensive study on the working process of the heavy mechanized bridge TMM-3M to make practical improvements, aiming to reduce deployment time, decrease the number of deployment crew members, and increase the automation capability of the equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prefabrication has been widely used in bridge construction, for which precast beams are produced from a beam yard and constructed with a cast‐in‐suit bridge deck. The developments recently are focusing on large dimensions or large quantities of beam units, which leads to the inevitable challenge of beam quality control. Among them, beam surface flatness as one of the important indicators for manufacturing quality needs to be strictly controlled to ensure structural performance. However, the commonly used methods still rely heavily on manually contact‐based inspection, which is not only time‐consuming but also error‐prone. This paper presents an automated flatness assessment for large quantities of full‐scale precast beams by using terrestrial laser scanning techniques. Through axis calibration, target surface segmentation, and flatness deviation calculation, flatness deviations of the segmented surfaces from the point cloud of the entire beam are calculated, and colored maps are generated to visually assess the flatness quality. The proposed approach was applied to numerical simulated models as well as laboratory‐scale specimens for accuracy validation. Besides, its processing time was also compared to conventional contact‐based inspection during a field test. Moreover, efforts are devoted to applying the proposed method on nearly a thousand precast beams in an in‐field bridge construction project. Results can demonstrate its outperformance not only on accuracy but also the efficiency and practicality when applied to large quantities of full‐scale precast beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting wind speed in advance at bridge sites is essential for ensuring bridge construction safety under high wind conditions. This study proposes a short-term speed prediction model based on outlier correction, Wavelet Denoising, the Osprey Optimization Algorithm (OOA), and the Transformer model. The outliers caused by data entry and measurement errors are processed by the interquartile range (IQR) method. By comparing the performance of four different wavelets, the best-performing wavelet (Bior2.2) was selected to filter out sharp noise from the data processed by the IQR method. The OOA-Transformer model was utilized to forecast short-term wind speeds based on the filtered time series data. With OOA-Transformer, the seven hyperparameters of the Transformer model were optimized by the Osprey Optimization Algorithm to achieve better performance. Given the outstanding performance of LSTM and its variants in wind speed prediction, the OOA-Transformer model was compared with six other models using the actual wind speed data from the Xuefeng Lake Bridge dataset to validate our proposed model. The experimental results show that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) of this paper's method on the test set were 4.16%, 0.0152, and 0.9955, respectively, which are superior to the other six models. The prediction accuracy was found to be high enough to meet the short-term wind speed prediction needs of practical projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerated bridge construction, with innovative connection details and construction technologies, has been extensively investigated and put into practical application for years. Nowadays, there are three commonly used connection methods of accelerated bridge construction technology, namely, lap‐spliced connection, sleeve connection, and socket connection. Due to the convenience of construction and lower requirements of construction accuracy, the socket connection is more suitable for reconstruction and expansion projects of traffic infrastructure, which could minimize the impact on traffic and accelerate construction progress. According to the structural characteristics of the socket connection, there are some design parameters that may significantly affect the seismic resistance of the structure, such as socket embedment length, fabrication of the shear key, and grouting material strength. To fully study the influence of different design parameters on structural performance, an experiment was carried out to investigate the seismic behavior of the precast pier‐footing socket connections with different design parameters. Five 1:2 scale reinforced concrete precast pier‐footing socket connection specimens with different design parameters were designed and tested under cyclically reversed horizontal loads. The development of hysteresis features, failure mode, load‐bearing capacity, stiffness degradation, structural ductility, energy dissipation capacity, and residual drift are analyzed to reveal the influence of the different design parameters on the seismic behavior of the precast pier‐footing socket connection. The seismic behavior of the precast pier‐footing socket connection was significantly influenced by the embedment length especially when the embedment length was less than 1.0bc. When the embedment length was 0.5bc, the failure mode changed from bending damage at the bottom of the precast pier to the anchorage failure of the precast pier‐footing socket connection. When the embedment length was 1.5bc, the fabrication of the shear key had limited improvement on the seismic performance of the specimen, while reducing the ductility of the specimen. When the embedment length was 1.0bc, the grouting material with a strength grade of C60 could be used in the socket connection between the precast pier and footing. The research presented in this paper provides some design suggestions and a technical basis for evaluating the seismic behavior of precast pier‐footing structures with socket connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early tied-arch bridges cannot satisfy the current traffic load demand due to their load grades and maintenance levels. Also, these tied-arch bridges have accumulated structural damage with increasingly prominent safety risks. In order to accurately evaluate the characteristics of tied-arch bridges' structural-influenced lines and identify damage of their arch ribs and suspenders, two analytical solutions are derived and established in this paper for the thrust-influenced lines of parabola and catenary two-hinged arches with a tie beam. A new method and an index for identifying damage of arch ribs and suspenders of tied-arch bridges are proposed. The results of numerical simulation in this paper verified that the proposed analytical solution has good analytical accuracy in practice on those two-hinged nonflat arches. With the use of equivalent thrust-influenced line difference curvature, the effectiveness of damage identification and the verification method were verified on the tie beam, suspender, and arch rib of plane tie arch structure as well as the suspender and arch rib of tied-arch bridges in this research. Furthermore, combining with grey relation analysis, the noise immunity of the proposed index method can be verified. Also, thrust-influenced line recognition based on VMD (variational mode decomposition) is introduced, and a practical process of bridge health assessment based on the quasistatic-influenced line loading of three-axle heavy vehicles is established. Theoretical analysis and numerical verification show that the calculated error of the analytic solution of two-hinged arches with a rise-span ratio greater than 1/8 is less than 9.57%, and the error decreases with the increase of the rise-span ratio. Therefore, it can be applied to the calculation and analysis of tied-arch bridges with a rise-span ratio range between 1/4 and 1/5. With the equivalent thrust-influenced line index proposed in this paper, the damage of suspenders and arch ribs of tied-arch bridges can be accurately located. It has been found that the proposed method is more effective to identify the damage of suspenders than the damage of arch ribs does, showing good noise immunity. In summary, this research has provided theoretical support for arch bridge design and evaluation. Combining with existing bridge-monitoring methods, the new bridge damage identification method proposed in this paper has the prospect of realizing the normal health status assessment of existing tied-arch bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gordie Howe International Bridge project is providing a new modern border crossing between Windsor, ON, Canada and Detroit, MI, USA. The centrepiece of the project is a 2.5 km long cable-stayed bridge with 853 m main span over the Detroit River and 220 m tall towers on both sides of the river. In addition to the bridge, the project includes ports of entry on both sides of the border and a new freeway interchange with Interstate-75 in Detroit. The project was procured as a public–private partnership that allowed the proponents to propose either a suspension or cable-stayed bridge, with the ultimate selection creating the longest cable-stayed bridge in North America. The paper outlines the need for the new border crossing and results of the environmental assessment process, as well as describing the project evolution from planning through procurement and into detailed design. The scoping of the bridge design parameters is discussed, including: comprehensive geotechnical investigation; load study to develop project-specific live loading; the approach for durability requirements to achieve a service life of 125 years; special considerations for security; wind engineering; and compliance with both Canadian and US design codes. The paper also discusses the approach to achieving an aesthetically pleasing bridge design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parametric modeling and generative deep learning for bridge design Given the significant environmental impact of the construction industry, the analysis and, above all, optimization of the sustainability of structures while maintaining established levels of reliability are becoming increasingly important. While there are initial tools for life cycle analysis in the building sector, these are not directly transferable to bridge structures. This paper introduces a deep learning‐based approach to explore and model the design space of parametric bridge models and their performance evaluations, illustrating its application for multi‐objective optimization of reinforced concrete frame bridges. Initially, data is synthetically generated using a parametric bridge model and coupling analysis software, followed by training a conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) as a metamodel. In the context of conceptual bridge design, the CVAE serves as an efficient co‐pilot for both forward and inverse analysis. The sensitivity analysis performed with the CVAE reveals relationships between design parameters and/or performance metrics, highlighting optimization potentials. The integrated framework presented here has the potential to realize efficient bridge design, particularly focusing on sustainability and structural safety criteria, and can be easily extended to other parametric inquiries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent development of aero‐structural optimization methods provides a powerful tool to achieve cost‐effective and safe designs for wind‐sensitive structures. However, pursuing holistic formulations involves adopting many design variables and constraints, which increases the computational burden preventing the application of nonlinear methods for accurately assessing aeroelastic responses. This paper proposes a sequential aero‐structural optimization (SASO) method to improve the efficiency of holistic wind‐resistant design optimization of wind‐sensitive structures. The original problem is uncoupled into two standalone optimization problems: a structural size optimization and an aeroelastic shape optimization, linked by an adaptive mapping surrogate and an outer loop. This strategy permits the design‐space dimensionality reduction and avoids the computation of multiple sensitivities with low influence on the design decisions. A long‐span bridge is successfully optimized. The convergence is drastically accelerated by minimizing the number of aeroelastic evaluations, opening the way to implement nonlinear aeroelastic performance‐based design optimization frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In bridge engineering, the use of precast post‐tensioned segmental (PPS) piers is increasingly expanding due to the Accelerated Bridge Construction viewpoint. Recent experimental and numerical researches have studied general seismic performance and nonlinear behavior of PPS piers without much attention to segment arrangements or joint openings. The aim of this paper is to utilize innovative segment arrangements to reduce the residual deformation, without reducing the energy dissipation capacity of PPS piers with internal energy dissipation (ED) bars. For this purpose, nonlinear rocking dynamics of a multiple‐block assembly of tied rigid rocking blocks equipped with ED bars at joints are firstly developed so that uplift moment for each joint is derived to obtain the threshold joint opening height (height above which no joint opens). Then, nonlinear static, quasi‐static, and dynamic analyses are conducted on different segment arrangements of finite element models of PPS piers. It is proposed to place more segments within the threshold joint opening height by using unequal segments so that the total rotation is shared among critical joints (joints that open), and the nonlinear extent of ED bars at the bottom joint is reduced, resulting in the reduced residual deformation. It is also proposed to place a lower ratio of ED bars at the critical intermediate joints or place ED bars of a lower yield stress there so that the intermediate joints can be more effective even with small rotations. Results indicate that using the proposed segment arrangement, enhances both seismic and post‐earthquake performance of PPS piers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs probability methods to evaluate the fire safety performance of prestressed steel–concrete beam bridges based on simulation experimental research. Firstly, fire simulation experimental sample analysis was conducted on actual small box girder bridges to assess the structural response of prestressed steel–concrete structures to fire, as is in line with engineering practice. Next, we constructed a reliability analysis model to investigate the fire resistance performance of prestressed steel–concrete beam bridges. Combining reliability theory with the finite element method, we established a reliability analysis method for the fire resistance performance of prestressed steel–concrete beam bridges. Subsequently, we proposed a safety factor evaluation model for the fire resistance performance of prestressed steel–concrete beam bridges and then established a safety factor evaluation method for the fire resistance performance of prestressed steel–concrete beam bridges based on reliability back analysis. Finally, based on the analysis of the post-fire structural response in the specific case of a steel–concrete continuous beam bridge project moving from conditions of being simply supported to continuously prestressed, a structural resistance sample of the prestressed steel–concrete beam bridge was generated via the uniform design method, and statistical analysis was conducted. Subsequently, probability methods were used to evaluate the safety of the prestressed steel–concrete beam bridge after a fire. Through analysis, we concluded that the duration of the fire had a significant impact on the structural performance of prestressed steel–concrete beam bridges and that the randomness of parameters had a significant impact on the safety reserve of prestressed steel–concrete beam bridges following the fire. Going forward, it is necessary to pay attention to this factor in specific engineering practices and strengthen the monitoring and statistical analysis of structural random characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metro systems provide an efficient, convenient, and expeditious way to travel around crowded routes. Because these systems are established in cities, residential buildings close to metro viaducts are significantly affected by structure-borne noise (SBN). Although most previous studies developed SBN prediction with a focus on the accuracy and computational efficiency of a specific bridge type, only limited studies on parameters for the SBN on bridges were carried out. Thus, eliminating SBN is still a challenging task for both the design and operation phases of bridge design. Therefore, this study integrates simplified experiments with numerical analyses to evaluate the influential parameters on the structure-borne noise level (SBNL) for two types of bridge girders, that is, the double-box pre-stressed concrete girder and the double-box steel girder. The present study also proposes an optimization method for reducing the SBNL in the bridge design and operation phases and identifies the sources of SBN for these two types of bridges. In this paper, the solutions to mitigating SBN are first reviewed and briefly introduced. Theories associated with SBN are then derived and experimentally verified using a concrete or steel plate with a unit area. A hybrid evaluation method is developed to integrate transient finite-element simulation with experimental results, and the main sources (e.g., plate thickness, train speed, fastener stiffness, and track irregularity) that induce SBN are examined by this hybrid method. Consequently, the approach to resolving the SBN problem can be optimally determined. As demonstrated in the results from the hybrid evaluation method, the track condition dominates the SBNL for both types of bridges, and the relationship between train speed and plate eigenfrequency should be carefully investigated to avoid the effect of plate resonance. The pre-stressed concrete box girder is the recommended bridge type for use in urban areas from the viewpoint of minimizing the SBNL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As bridge structures become older and older, they are subject to wear and tear due to ageing, weather conditions or environmental effects, as well as due to surprise structural modifications substantially affecting the condition of the structures. Therefore, the condition assessment of bridge structures is a must for the safety and absence of risk. The condition assessment of bridge structures is also necessary for the maintenance and repair of existing structures having been in service for more than 30 years, in order to avoid breakdowns and save human lives. This paper states the condition assessment performed with the use of various nondestructive test methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use case‐based utility analysis of acquisition technologies in bridge construction BIM‐based project management is currently still under development in infrastructure and engineering, especially in bridge construction. Particularly in the execution phase, only research has been done on how information may be acquired digitally and automatically at the construction site. Automated data acquisition may greatly facilitate the acquisition of relevant data and information during the construction phase, it may increase safety and make more efficient use of personnel at a construction site, reduce workloads and ensure a short‐cycle information provision, thus optimizing costs. Basically, each data acquisition should serve a specific use case and be triggered according to the lean philosophy and the pull principle. So far, there is no standard or recommendation for the decision‐making process, which acquisition technology should be used for which use case in order to generate the greatest benefit. In this paper, a use case based utility analysis for data acquisition technologies in bridge construction is presented. Blind spots of previous research are addressed to ensure a structured and transparent decision‐making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UHPFRC Precast Segments for Sustainable and Resource‐Efficient Concrete Bridge Construction Many of the concrete bridges currently in use in Germany are in a deficient condition due to their age or design. However, increased traffic loads also highly contribute to the fact that many of the existing bridges will have to be replaced in the medium term. Due to the many advantages of concrete structures, it can be assumed that concrete bridges will continue to be designed and built in the future. In the light of the increasing consequences of climate change and the pressing need to reduce CO2 emissions also in the building industry as well, there is an urgent need for research into climate‐ and resource‐friendly as well as sustainable but also economical concrete construction methods. A promising approach to fast, effective and resource‐optimized as well as CO2‐efficient construction is the use of high‐performance materials such as UHPFRC in combination with precast segmental construction. In this paper, starting from a monolithic box girder bridge made of normal strength concrete, numerical calculations are used to investigate how much material can be saved in segmented box girder bridges by varying the concrete compressive strength (normal and high‐strength concrete as well as UHPFRC). The life cycle assessment subsequently carried out on this basis for life cycle phases A1 to A3 showed that, when the material is fully utilized, the use of UHPFRC leads to very resource‐efficient and sustainable structures compared with normal‐ and high‐strength concretes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is related to a research project focused on tools for an evaluation and preservation of the historical value and function of arch and vaulted road bridges. It deals with the beginning of use of concrete vaulted and arch bridges in the area of the Czech Republic from the first structures built at the end of the 19th century up to the time just before the WWII. The paper includes examples of built structures as well as a general summary and development of the used technical solutions. Important part of the paper is a proposal of criterions for evaluation of their structural and historical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge graphs (KGs) are crucial in documenting bridge maintenance expertise. However, existing KG schemas lack integration of bridge design and practical inspection insights. Meanwhile, traditional methods for node feature initialization, relying on meticulous manual encoding or word embeddings, are inadequate for real-world maintenance textual data. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a bridge maintenance-oriented KG (BMKG) schema and approaches for graph data mining, including node-layer classification and link prediction. These methods leverage large language model (LLM)-based text encoding combined with GraphSAGE, demonstrating excellent performance in semantic enrichment and KG completion on deficient BMKGs. Additionally, ablation studies reveal the superiority of the pre-trained BERT text encoder and the L2 distance pairwise scoring calculator. Furthermore, a practical implementation framework integrating these approaches is developed for routine bridge maintenance, which can facilitate various practical applications, such as maintenance planning, and has the potential to enhance the efficiency of engineers' documentation work. • This paper introduces a hierarchical knowledge graph schema based on real-world bridge maintenance reports. • A node-layer classification approach is proposed for semantic enrichment by employing GraphSAGE and LLM-based text encoding. • A link prediction approach is proposed for graph completion by leveraging GraphSAGE and contrastive learning. • An implementation framework integrating the above schema and approaches is designed for practical bridge maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for buildings and infrastructures requires optimal construction schedules under real-world complexities. This paper presents an automated scheduling optimization method for large construction projects, considering real-world constraints and the need for rescheduling. A Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) model with a Valid Action Sampling (VAS) mechanism is proposed to optimize schedules. The method integrates a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) for feature extraction and includes a reward shaping mechanism to expedite convergence. The proposed method outperforms traditional methods with reduced project duration and runtime in both scheduling and rescheduling cases. This advancement benefits construction managers seeking efficient and flexible project management. The findings inspire future research into broader and more practical construction scheduling solutions utilizing DRL. • This paper considers the precedence and resource constraints in bridge construction and aims to shorten the duration. • Deep reinforcement learning can generate optimal construction schedules without constraint violations. • Proposed valid action sampling mechanism enhances the performance of the reinforcement learning. • Reward shaping is introduced, and it boosts the convergence of the neural network in model training. • Deep reinforcement learning is compared with classic methods and shows better performance in real case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive weight and a growing number of permit vehicles can cause an accelerated bridge damage. Therefore, there is a need to better control operation of heavy permit vehicles. This paper presents an approach to assess bridge life consumption by permit loads. An economic lifetime of a bridge is considered in terms of the number of load cycles to failure so that the structure has to be replaced. Each passage of a truck causes one or more load cycles and thus reduces or consumes a part of the total remaining fatigue life. An incremental consumption equation is derived, and it allows to convert fatigue damage to dollar damage by considering the bridge construction cost, traffic volume, and bridge parameters. The incremental consumption covers only weight exceeding the legal limits. This consumption approach is presented for representative average values and the individual consumption approach with the GIS system using Florida as an example. A developed approach can help state agencies to establish a rational and fair permit fee structure. The methodology is transparent and can be used by any state utilizing the available databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ÖBB trough bridges with UHPFRC‐composite slab In the railway system of the Austrian Railway Association there are a lot of single span steel bridges with short span (<20 m) and without ballast bed. One of these bridges was the Auenbachbrücke, situated on the railway track Zeltweg–St. Paul in the Lavanttal (Kärnten, Austria), which should be replaced by a modern bridge structure with ballast bed. The main task in the design of the bridge construction was to maintain the existing top of the rails as well as the bottom height of the construction due to flood prevention issues. This task could be solved by using a steel trough bridge with transversal orientated UHPFRC‐composite slab, as shear connection crown dowels were used. In the present paper, the bridge construction is presented and the statically calculation as well as the corresponding testing are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precast segmental construction can shorten the construction time of the bridge and reduce the impacts on traffic and environment. Thus, this approach has been widely used in many countries. The relevant literature suggests that in the existing segmental precast bridges, nearly all of the centerlines of the girders are aligned with the centerline of the bridge piers. This paper introduces a wide urban viaduct comprising twin separate box girder cells using segmental prefabrication. To save space under the bridge, the bridge has only one row of piers and long cantilever crossbeams are set at the top of each pier. Additionally, the centerline of the girder and the centerline of the pier do not overlap. To prevent eccentric loading and improve the construction speed, two bridge erection gantries are used for synchronous construction. This study is a pioneering attempt at bridge construction with a precast segmental twin‐deck box girder bridge simultaneously erected with double gantries. To investigate the stress state of the whole system (crossbeam, gantries, and box girder segments) during construction and demonstrate the feasibility of the construction method, a real bridge was used. The test results provide a reference for the design and construction of similar projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the good balance between notable mechanical properties and a reasonable cost, high‐performance fiber reinforced concrete (HPFRC) is not widely employed in the construction of bridges. This work is part of a larger research addressed at exploring the potential of this material for replacing standard concrete in the construction sector. Specifically, this paper focuses on the use of HPFRC to build precast simply supported I‐girders for road bridges. This work investigates the influence of several design variables on the material consumption to identify the key features that can lead to possible material savings. The variables, explored through a parametric analysis, are: (i) the concrete class (C80/95, C100/115, and C120/140); (ii) the number of beams to form the deck (from 3 to 5); (iii) the girder span‐to‐depth ratio (17, 20, and 23); (iv) the bridge span (L) (20, 40 and 60 m). One specific case of study is described in detail, and then the same procedure is applied to all the case studies. In addition, the effect of different hypotheses and formulations for the bending and shear verifications are analyzed. The results shed light on the relevance that these variables play in the final solution and how they affect the dimensioning of these elements. As main finding, this work proves that the use of HPFRC represent a material‐efficient solution for slender and long‐span precast I‐girders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development and utilization of energy by human beings, the preparation of high-efficiency energy storage materials has become a current hot spot. This article mainly studies the mechanical properties of high temperature resistant energy storage dielectric materials and radiation scintillation detection composite materials in bridge construction. In this paper, the dispersion conditions of PBI on carbon nanomaterials were optimized, and PBI derivatives with different chemical structures were synthesized to enhance the interface force between them and carbon nanomaterials. By means of physical blending and chemical reaction grafting, the non-covalent modification or covalent modification of the surface of CNTs and graphene by the polymer was realized. In this paper, FTIR can be used to characterize the molecular structure and segment conformation (crystal phase) of PVDF-based polymers. The attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode of the E55 + FRA106 instrument was used to directly test the polymer film. In this paper, MCNP is used to simulate the interaction between Y-rays and crystal, and the structure of the detector probe is designed, including the selection of crystal material, the design of crystal size, and the requirements of structural packaging. A self-made plastic light cone is used for the coupling between the scintillator and the transmission fiber. With the increase of TPU content, the breakdown strength of the composite film showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. TPUs with three hardnesses all showed the highest breakdown field strength at a content of 3 vol%. The results show that changing the direct connection between the scintillator and the PMT to the light guide connection can effectively improve the light collection efficiency of the detection system. Under the simulation conditions in this article, the increase is about 30%, which is considerable and has a certain energy resolution capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The axial force transfer ratio of steel–concrete joints in hybrid box girder bridges is crucial for bridge design. However, the current standard oversimplifies the transfer ratio distribution coefficients, and both model tests and finite element analysis are time- and labor-intensive. This article proposes a simplified calculation model based on the deformation coordination theory to estimate the transfer ratio of the axial force between the bearing plate and shear connectors of the steel–concrete joint under compression bending conditions. Additionally, a large-scale model (1/5 scale) is established, and the mechanical properties of the steel–concrete joint section under compression-bending conditions are experimentally tested. A three-dimensional finite element model is developed and verified using the obtained test data. Results confirm the favorable mechanical properties and ample safety reserve of the SCJ, with all components remaining within the elastic stage under 1.6 times design conditions. By comparing the axial force transfer ratios obtained from the simplified calculation model and the finite element model, a small difference is observed, validating the reliability of the simplified calculation model. This paper provides a straightforward and efficient method for the design and evaluation of steel–concrete joints in hybrid box girder bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between the 2006 and 2014 editions of CSA S6, significant changes were made to the simplified method of analysis (SMA) for all girder bridges, including transverse wood deck on wood girder bridges. The load-distribution predictions became more conservative, resulting in both load-limit posting of existing bridges and increased cost for bridge construction, repair, and replacement. In this paper, we examine the load distribution for the timber bridge inventory in NS. Finite-element models are developed and rigorously validated; a parametric study, consisting of 204 bridges, is performed; current SMA equations are evaluated; and new equations for the truck-load distribution width are derived. The new equations bring SMA predictions of the longitudinal bending moment for transverse wood deck on wood girder bridges into line with currently expected safety-index levels. Corrected bias factors and coefficients of variation for live-load analysis/evaluation in conjunction with CSA S6 are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinforced concrete and steel structures are commonly used in bridge construction; thus, researchers have conducted relatively comprehensive analyses of their dynamic responses and damage mechanisms under blast loads. However, for a new type of I-shaped steel‒concrete composite structure with various structural performance advantages, there remains a lack of effective experiments and analyses of damage modes. In this paper, three I-shaped steel‒concrete composite specimens are designed and fabricated, and explosion experiments under different explosion scenarios are performed. The experimental results show that under the support of an I-shaped steel plate, the structure has a strong ability to withstand the blast load. The concrete damage area on the rear blast surface is small, and the I-shaped steel plate does not yield under a small explosive equivalent. Based on the experimental results, the dynamic response and failure behavior of the I-shaped steel‒concrete composite structure are numerically evaluated using Autodyn explicit dynamic analysis software. By considering different working conditions and by taking the deformation and damaged areas of the structure as the damage index, the key explosion resistance factors of the structure under contact explosion are studied. Some important structural parameters greatly influence the explosion resistance of the structure, including the thickness of the I-shaped steel plate; however, increasing the strength of concrete does not significantly improve the explosion resistance of the composite structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports on the computation of the hydrodynamic loads on a full-scale caisson at high Reynolds number in the presence of vortex shedding. The objective was to obtain reliable predictions of the resulting mean and fluctuating forces to guide the design of an actual caisson in the absence of relevant experimental data. A further objective was to investigate the effectiveness of alternative methods for the control of vortex shedding that can be implemented in practice. Two such methods were evaluated: (1) by rounding the corners of the rectangular-sectioned caisson, and (2) by the placement of a splitter plate in the separated wake region. The computations, which were performed using the OpenFOAM open-source software, were for a fixed caisson and hence did not account for motions due to vortex-induced vibrations. The effects of turbulence were accounted for by performing large-eddy simulations, and by using two-equation eddy-viscosity closures, one of which was specifically adapted to account for the interactions between the periodic vortex shedding and the random turbulence. The numerical accuracy was checked using the grid convergence index method, and the computations were extensively validated against data from relevant benchmark flows. The recommendations of this research were implemented in the design of a full-scale caisson that has since been deployed in a bridge construction project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety of pier foundations is an important issue in bridge construction, where local bridge scour is a major cause of bridge damage worldwide, exacerbated by ice sheets. This paper offers a live bed scour experimental investigation that assesses the impacts of the new anti-scour device guide pillar of different sizes on geometric properties of scour, downflow velocity distribution, and turbulence intensity around the pier under different flow velocities and roughnesses, and to select the optimum installation position and size of the guide pillar. The results demonstrate that the guide pillar has a considerable effect on the scour hole and downflow around the pier, and the maximum reduction rate of scour depth is 59.3% in the optimal installation position (2 d). By arranging distributed thin-film pressure sensors on the pier and measuring the pressure distribution on the facing water surface of the pier and the position of the center of gravity, this paper analyzes the distribution characteristics of the water flow force on the pier and the impact resistance of the guide pillar to the pier scour. The study found that the guide pillar reduces the water flow force by 61.3% without considering the effect of hydrostatic pressure. • Designed an anti-scouring device with a good anti-punching effect and high stability - guide pillar. • The first attempt to apply thin-film pressure sensors to bridge piers to monitor water flow force. • Thin film pressure sensor has good applicability, and it can be tried to continue to be applied in this field. • The effect of anti-scouring devices on local bridge scour at different flow velocities and different roughness rates was investigated. • The guide pillar has a strong anti-impact ability, and the water flow force can be reduced by 61.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Local splitting of bridge girders due to prestressing needs to be always addressed. • Strategy of comprehensive analysis of bridge global and local response is proposed. • Efficiency of the Concrete Damage Plasticity law is confirmed. • Importance of local analyzes of post-tensioned bridges is strongly emphasized. The cracking of a post-tensioned T-beam superstructure, which was built using the incremental launching method, is analyzed in the paper. The problem is studied in detail, as specific damage was observed in the form of longitudinal cracks, especially in the mid-height zone of the girder at the interface of two assembly sections. The paper is a case study. A detailed inspection is done and non-destructive testing results of the girders are briefly discussed. The attention is especially focused on advanced and comprehensive numerical simulations of the bridge mechanical behavior. Linear and nonlinear static calculations are performed employing the Finite Element Method at global and local levels of precision, enabling deep insight into the bridge response during all the stages of bridge construction and after it is opened to traffic. The crack propagation process in local analyses is described by the application of the Concrete Damage Plasticity law, the parameters of which were carefully chosen. The predicted damage patterns closely resemble those observed at the site. The results reveal, that the girder damage process was initiated when centric prestressing was applied, because vertical reinforcement of the assembly section front-end surface was not designed. However, the damage did not compromise the safety of the bridge. Finally, the repair methods employed are described and also a discussion is presented on how to prevent the occurrence of such cracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducts a comparative study into the hydrodynamic loads and bearing reaction forces between T-deck and box-deck bridges under freak waves. Initially, a high-fidelity numerical flume is established and validated to accurately simulate the freak wave-bridge interaction. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis distinguishes the hydrodynamic characteristics associated with equivalent-sized freak waves, Stokes fifth-order waves, and solitary waves. Utilizing the developed numerical flume, the detailed comparisons of hydrodynamic loads on T-deck and box-deck bridges under freak waves are conducted, considering various focus locations, wave height to significant wave height ratios (α 2), and wave crest to wave height ratios (α 3). The study then delves into the seaward and landward bearing reactions for both bridge types. Additionally, the ultimate resistance envelope for a tension-compression bearing is explored through a finite element model, and the safety evaluation of the bearings under freak waves is carried out. Key findings reveal that (a) freak waves pose a more significant threat to structures than the other two wave types; (b) strengthening the seaward bearing for the box-deck and the landward bearing for the T-deck is recommended in the bridge design under the impact of freak waves; and (c) the ultimate resistance capacity envelope efficiently evaluates the bearing capacity when encountering freak waves with the working conditions used in this paper. • The force induced by freak wave, Stokes-5th order wave, and solitary wave is compared. • Hydrodynamic distinctions between T-deck and box-deck under freak waves is examined. • The bearing reaction force under varying parameters of freak waves is analyzed. • An ultimate resistance envelope is obtained for a tension-compression bearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimensioning tools for stiffened and unstiffened buckling plates according to DIN EN 1993‐1‐5 – part 1: unstiffened buckling plates In Germany, stiffened buckling plates in bridge construction must be verified using the reduced stress method (MRS) according to DIN EN 1993‐1‐5. Unstiffened buckling panels, on the other hand, may be verified either according to the method of effective widths or according to the method of reduced stresses. To shorten the time‐consuming verification of the standardised verification formats for pre‐dimensioning, which is particularly prevalent for stiffened buckling fields, part 1 of this paper develops and presents diagrams for unstiffened buckling fields based on the MRS by reformulating the buckling verification, which enable fast pre‐dimensioning. With the diagrams, the dimensioning of plate thicknesses or stiffener spacings can be carried out in a few simple and comprehensible steps. The diagrams are selected based on the geometry parameters a, b and t or the applicable boundary conditions. For stiffened buckling panels, the maximum permissible distances of the longitudinal stiffeners or the required main plate thickness can be determined. In the second part of this paper, diagrams for the dimensioning of longitudinal stiffeners via the determination of minimum stiffnesses are presented. The minimum stiffnesses are derived from the geometry of the linear buckling shapes of simply stiffened buckling fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of evaluations on the redistribution of internal forces from the span to the support area using nonlinear finite element calculations. The motivation is the internalization of bridges, particularly the reconstruction of single‐span beams arranged in a row to a continuous beam system. When integralizing a bridge, it can be assumed that the existing bridge is designed according to standards, which are no longer valid. If the integralized bridge is loaded and designed according to the new standard, the problem may be that the existing structure has insufficient reinforcement. For single‐span bridges, the flexural reinforcement in the span may be considered critical. The degree of reinforcement in the support area can then be adjusted individually, which offers the possibility of transferring internal forces from the span to the support area if they cannot be fully absorbed by the existing reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigated the notion of a linear Diophantine fuzzy set (LDFS) by using the concept of a score function to build the LDF-score left (right) ideals and LDF-score (0,2)-ideals in an AG-groupoid. We used these newly developed LDF-score ideals to characterize an AG-groupoid. We then use the proposed structure in multiattribute decision-making by considering bridge design selection and artificial intelligence-based chatbot selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wan Jiang Bridge in China was damaged by ship impact and subsequently restored. This paper presents a detailed evaluation of the residual service life (RSL) of the bridge using the reliability analysis method of the Joint Committee on Structural Safety, based on the structural load-bearing capacity (LBC) of the bridge and the design load. Data were collected from bridge design codes, field loading tests and finite-element (FE) analysis. The LBC was initially calculated and subsequently revised using specific coefficients. Using FE analysis, the bending moment on the control section of the bridge was determined under the most unfavourable loading conditions and the ultimate LBC of the bridge was checked. Subsequently, static and dynamic loading tests on the restored bridge were conducted, with the load and capacity determined for the control section based on FE analysis. The loads considered were dead load, vehicle load and crowd load. A time-dependent reliability index was developed for the restored bridge using the probability distributions of capacity and design load variables, and the RSL was determined. This case study, predicting the RSL of the bridge based on a multitude of data, should be valuable for future bridge maintenance and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hunger for a better, more effective, more economic, easier for construction, and overall more sustainable bridge design is enormous nowadays. One of the solutions for the problems described is a steel-concrete composite structure with embedded continuous shear connectors. Such structure uses advantages of both materials (concrete in compression and steel in tension) while lowering the overall height of the structure and time of the construction. This paper presents a new design of the connector of twin dowel type, with clothoid dowel, where two dowel connectors are welded longitudinally by flanges to create one twin connector. Its geometrical attributes are closely described and the design origin is explained. The study of the proposed shear connector consists of experimental and numerical part. In experimental study, the experiments performed—four push-out tests—and their setup, instrumentation and material characteristics are described and their results in a form of load-slip curves are presented and analyzed. In numerical study the finite element model developed in ABAQUS software is presented with a detailed description of the modeling process. In results and discussions the results of the numerical study are compared with results from the experimental study and the resistance of the proposed shear connector is briefly compared to shear connectors from chosen studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the reach of the Yellow River in the Sanshenggong reservoir reach as an example, the method for determining the design navigable water level in the upstream reach of the hydro-junction on the Yellow River is studied so as to provide a basis for the design of bridges on the reach and the evaluation of the impact of navigable conditions. The target reach of this study is the reach of the Yellow River with sluice dams in the plain low head reservoir reach, where the incoming flow at all levels and the peak discharge in the design return period differs greatly. The paper first analyzes the measured large-section data near the bridge site after the flood seasons in 1998, 2012 and 2018, calculates the backwater of the reservoir reach, and selects appropriate calculation sections from the perspective of safety. The maximum navigable water level is determined by analyzing the combination of a 10 -year flood with the water level before the dam in the corresponding flood season and the combination of normal pool level before the dam with the corresponding inflow flow at all levels, and the minimum navigable water level is determined by the combination of incoming flow with multi-year guarantee rate with the corresponding draw down water level before the dam and the combination of minimum operating water level before the dam with the corresponding incoming flow at all levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural development in bridge engineering along with efficiency have got much attention in few decades. Leading to the development, Optimization of structure established on mathematical analysis emerged mostly employed strategies for productive and sustainable design in the bridge engineering. Despite the widespread knowledge, there has yet to be a rigorous examination of recent structural optimization exploration development. Thus, the primary objectives of this paper are to critically review previous structural optimization research, provide a detailed examination of optimization goals and outline recent research field limitations and provide guidelines for future research proposal in the field of bridge engineering structural optimization. This article begins by outlining the relevance of efficiency and sustainability in the bridge construction, aswell as the work done required for this review. Suitable papers are gathered and followed by a statistical analysis of the selected publications. Following that, the selected papers are evaluated in terms of the optimization targets as well as their spatial patterns. Structure's optimization four key steps, includingmodeling, optimization techniques, formulation of optimizationconcernsandcomputational tools, are also researchedandexaminedindepth. Finally, researchgaps in contemporary works are identified, as well as suggested guidance for future works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]