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This study used a plant-based antimicrobial agent (Trachyspermum ammi or Ajowan essential oil) to develop a water-based coating emulsion with polyvinyl alcohol as a binder. The emulsion was spray-coated onto the packaging paper to achieve antimicrobial properties and prevent disease transmission during the e-commerce supply chain. The coated papers were studied for their morphological, chemical, mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial behaviors. The presence of Ajowan oil on coated paper was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and surface morphology. In parallel, the time-bound release of volatile Ajowan oil from the coated papers was demonstrated when stored in a controlled environment using UV–vis spectroscopy. Both bending stiffness and tear strength significantly increased for coated papers due to the presence of polyvinyl alcohol in the coating, whereas the high concentration of oil resulted slight decrease in tensile and burst strength of coated papers. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of coated paper was checked against S. aureus and E. coli at different concentrations of Ajowan oil in coating and was found to be effective for 10 days. The coated papers also showed remarkable antimicrobial activity when tested against all unknown microbes on bare human hands. [Display omitted] • A water-based antimicrobial coating emulsion was developed for paper packaging. • Ajowan essential oil was utilized as an antimicrobial agent with PVA as a binder. • The coated paper showed antimicrobial properties against E. coli and S. aureus. • The coated paper showed antimicrobial activity against unknown microbes in human hands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates four paper-based materials designed for short-time wrapping of meat products by determining morpho-structure, capillary-hydroscopic, barrier and antibacterial properties, wettability and migration into food simulants. The paper-based materials are coded as RO, SP, IT and SLO. RO and SLO samples exhibit the best barrier properties against water vapors. The low solubility and contact angles of RO, IT and SLO in A simulant (distilled water) make them suitable for aqueous food storage. The extremely high solubility of SP and SLO in simulant B (acetic acid) shows that wax and hydrophobized starch, respectively are carried by the acidic media, thus these agents are unlikely to coat the paper designed to package acidic food. SLO inhibits E. coli, Salmonella enterica, Lysteria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fluorescens. Polyethylene coated on RO and IT surface and wax impregnated on SP have a lower antimicrobial activity in comparison with hydrophobized starch coated on SLO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A functional biopolymer-coated paper was prepared by coating a ternary blend of the alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, and carrageenan with grapefruit seed extract (GSE) for the substitute use of synthetic polymer-coated paper. The microstructure of the surface and cross-section of the coated paper analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) indicated that the biopolymer was compatible with the base paper and filled the pores of the porous fiber to make a smooth-surfaced coating paper. The properties of the biopolymer-coated paper, such as water and oil resistance, water vapor barrier, surface hydrophobicity, and mechanical properties, increased significantly compared with not only the base paper but also commercially used PE-coated paper. The blended biopolymer coating material exhibited strong antibacterial activity against food-borne pathogenic bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli , which were destroyed completely within 3 and 9 h, respectively. The packaging test for a minced fish cake packed with the biopolymer-coated paper showed the complete destruction of surface inoculated bacteria in 6–9 days. The biopolymer-coated paper showed a high potential for disposable food packaging applications to increase the shelf-life of packaged food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver-clay nanohybrids based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with montmorillonit (MMT) and milled MMT, shortly AgMMTnano and AgMMTmilled, have been prepared to improve the performance of antibacterial properties of paper. The results obtained by dynamic light scattering indicated the presence of silver particles in the nanometer range, which have a great accumulation tendency. The results of AAS and ICP-AES tests showed that nanosilver amount in the AgMMTmilled was doubled compared to the AgMMTnano, but according to the EDX results, the amount of nanosilver in paper treated with the former was less than in the latter. FE-SEM images showed that the dimensions of deposited nanosilver on the surface of clay were smaller than in case of AgNPs alone. Papers treated with nanohybrids had better antibacterial properties compared to that prepared by naked nanosilver. It was also found that the antibacterial property of papers treated with AgMMTnano were more stable during three-stage tests compared to those with AgMMTmilled. Nanohybrids with Ag conc. more than 15 ppm, especially hybrids with Ag conc. of 50 ppm, result in a significant improvement in antibacterial properties of paper. It can be concluded that silver-clay nanohybrid with a 25-ppm concentration of nanosilver could be the best and most economic antibacterial component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of a foam-formed cellulose filter paper with high wet strength was carried out for application as a drinking water filter. The wet strength and antimicrobial activity of cellulose foam paper against several bacteria species ( Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441 (Gram +ve), B. cereus NCDC 240 (Gram +ve), Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCDC 105 (Gram −ve), Klebsiella pneumonia NCDC 138 (Gram −ve), and Escherichia coli MTCC 40 (Gram −ve)) were investigated. The morphology and structure of the cellulose foam paper were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of our study confirmed that glutaraldehyde solution or 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) added to cellulose foam paper pretreated with cationic polyacrylamide (C-PAM) provided very high and stable wet strength performance together with excellent antimicrobial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and others receiving antiretrovirals are at risk for medication errors during hospitalization and at transitions of care. These errors may result in adverse effects or viral resistance, limiting future treatment options. A range of interventions is described in the literature to decrease the occurrence or duration of medication errors, including review of electronic health records, clinical checklists at care transitions, and daily review of medication lists. To reduce the risk of medication-related errors, antiretroviral stewardship programs (ARVSPs) are needed to enhance patient safety. This call to action, endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the HIV Medicine Association, and the American Academy of HIV Medicine, is modeled upon the success of antimicrobial stewardship programs now mandated by the Joint Commission. Herein, we propose definitions of ARVSPs, suggest resources for ARVSP leadership, and provide a summary of published, successful strategies for ARVSP that healthcare facilities may use to develop locally appropriate programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Influence of two efficient compounds of essential oils on paper protection were tested. • Five different paper were selected for the accelerated ageing process. • Cellulose degree of polymerization, content of saccharides, tear index and fibres length distribution were analysed. • Protecting impact of applied compounds has a greater importance in their application before the ageing process. • The most protecting effect at wood pulp papers and papers from sulphate deciduous pulp was observed. The most common negative influences on lignocellulosic materials from biological point of view include invading of microorganisms, which have in humid environments of porous materials favourable conditions for growth and reproduction. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of selected compounds present in essential oils- EOs (linalyl acetate-LA and citral-C) and the accelerated ageing process on the chemical (cellulose degree of polymerization, content of saccharides), mechanical (tensile index) and physical (fibres length distribution) properties of papers. LA and C were evaluated as the compounds with the highest antimicrobial activity and therefore, they were applied into the paper mass in form of their vapours. Paper samples were prepared from five types of material. Chemical changes were evaluated by wet chemical methods, size exclusion chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, mechanical property according to ISO 1924-2 standard and morphological properties of fibres by using Fiber Tester equipment. In the view of followed properties, the protecting impact of these EOs efficient compounds has a greater importance in their application before the ageing process itself, especially at wood pulp papers and papers produced from sulphate deciduous pulp. The contents of both holocellulose and a cellulose degree of polymerization were significantly correlated with the tensile index of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory viral infections often mimic the symptoms of infections caused by bacteria; however, restricted and targeted administration of antibiotics is needed to combat growing antimicrobial resistance. This is particularly relevant in low-income settings. In this work, we describe the use of isothermal amplification of viral DNA at 37 °C coupled to a paper-based vertical flow microarray (VFM) setup that utilizes a colorimetric detection of amplicons using functionalized gold nanoparticles. Two oligonucleotide probes, one in-house designed and one known adenoviral probe were tested and validated for microarray detection down to 50 nM using a synthetic target template. Furthermore, primers were shown to function in a recombinase polymerase amplification reaction using both synthetic template and viral DNA. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate adenoviral detection with four different adenoviral species associated with respiratory infections using the paper-based VFM format. The presented assay was validated with selected adenoviral species using the in-house probe, enabling detection at 1 ng of starting material with intra- and inter-assay %CV of ≤ 9% and ≤ 13%. Finally, we validate our overall method using clinical samples. Based on the results, the combination of recombinase polymerase amplification, paper microarray analysis, and nanoparticle-based colorimetric detection could thus be a useful strategy towards rapid and affordable multiplexed viral diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the latest advancements in aerogel technology for antimicrobial therapy, revealing their interesting capacity that could improve the current medical approaches for antimicrobial treatments. Aerogels are attractive matrices because they can have an antimicrobial effect on their own, but they can also provide efficient delivery of antimicrobial compounds. Their interesting properties, such as high porosity, ultra-lightweight, and large surface area, make them suitable for such applications. The fundamentals of aerogels and mechanisms of action are discussed. The paper also highlights aerogels' importance in addressing current pressing challenges related to infection management, like the limited drug delivery alternatives and growing resistance to antimicrobial agents. It also covers the potential applications of aerogels in antimicrobial therapy and their possible limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes disposable plasma generators made from metallized paper. The fabricated plasma generators with layered and patterned sheets of paper provide a simple and flexible format for dielectric barrier discharge to create atmospheric plasma without an applied vacuum. The porosity of paper allows gas to permeate its bulk volume and fuel plasma, while plasma-induced forced convection cools the substrate. When electrically driven with oscillating peak-to-peak potentials of ±1 to ±10 kV, the paper-based devices produced both volume and surface plasmas capable of killing microbes. The plasma sanitizers deactivated greater than 99% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and greater than 99.9% of Escherichia coli cells with 30 s of noncontact treatment. Characterization of plasma generated from the sanitizers revealed a detectable level of UV-C (1.9 nW·cm-2·nm-1), modest surface temperature (60 °C with 60 s of activation), and a high level of ozone (13 ppm with 60 s of activation). These results deliver insights into themechanisms and suitability of paper-based substrates for active antimicrobial sanitization with scalable, flexible sheets. In addition, this work shows how paper-based generators are conformable to curved surfaces, appropriate for kirigami-like "stretchy" structures, compatible with user interfaces, and suitable for sanitization of microbes aerosolized onto a surface. In general, these disposable plasma generators represent progress toward biodegradable devices based on flexible renewable materials, which may impact the future design of protective garments, skin-like sensors for robots or prosthetics, and user interfaces in contaminated environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to rapidly identify and quantitate, over a wide range of concentrations, anthocyanins in food and therapeutic products is important to ensuring their presence at medicinally significant levels. Sensitive, yet mild, analysis conditions are required given their susceptibility to degradation and transformation. Paper spray ionization has been used to detect and quantify the levels of anthocyanin levels in extracts of fresh and dried elderberries and elderberry stems, as well as 3 commercially available nutraceutical formulations. The component cyanidin glucosides, including cyanidin-3-sambubioside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin-3- sambubioside-5-glucoside and the aglycone cyanidin, were readily detected in a range of sources. Quantitation was achieved by establishing a calibration plot from dilutions of a stock solution of cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside containing malvidin-3,5-diglucoside as an internal standard at a fixed concentration. The same standard was used to quantify the anthocyanin content in the fruit and nutraceutical formulations. Wide 5-fold variations in anthocyanin concentration were detected in the nutraceutical formulations from different suppliers ranging from 1050 to 5430 mg/100 g. These concentrations compared with 500 to 2370 mg/100 g measured in the dried stems and fruit, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) method for rapid and reliable analysis of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) in compound eye drops and body surface disinfectant was developed. The sample was dropped onto triangular filter paper, and high voltage (3.5 kV) was applied to form an electrospray. This method can provide the composition of benzalkonium chloride in samples without pretreatment, solvent or chromatographic separation, and the analysis time is only 10 s. The primary homologues C 12 -BAC, C 14 -BAC and C 16 -BAC of benzalkonium chloride were quantitatively analyzed using PS-MS. Samples were subjected to simple dilution and quantified using the internal standard method. Ion trap mass spectrometry was scanned using SIM mode. The linear ranges of C 12 -BAC, C 14 -BAC and C 16 -BAC were 1–100 μg mL −1 ; the linear regression coefficients were 0.998–0.999; the detection limits (LODs) were 0.1 μg mL −1 ; the limit of quantifications (LOQs) was <1 μg mL −1 , and the method validation indicated that the method precision and accuracy were good. Compared with HPLC-UV methods, there was no significant difference in the quantitative determination of the actual samples, but the analysis time for PS-MS is shorter (2 min). In addition, reagent consumption in PS-MS is small, and no chromatographic separation is needed, suggesting that PS-MS is especially suitable for high-throughput analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of Asarum sieboldii extracts as an environmental-friendly fumigant to mitigate the aging of Korean paper cultural heritage made of traditional paper called Hanji was examined. As results, antimicrobial activity of A . sieboldii extracts against Aspergillus versicolor on Hanji is observed at the concentration exceeding 25 mg. As the short-term change of Hanji property right after treatment of A . sieboldii extracts exceeding 25 mg, it is observed that the physical and optical properties of initial Hanji decreased with the increases of the extracts concentration. In terms of the long-term change by artificial aging test, however, the aging rate of Hanji samples treated by A . sieboldii extracts is similar to that of non-treated Hanji samples. It means that A . sieboldii extracts do not degrade the stability of Hanji property. Overall, these results demonstrate that A . sieboldii extracts may have the potential as a fumigant to the Korean paper cultural heritage due to their antimicrobial effectiveness and long-term permanence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The superhydrophobic paper containing CMC, HAP and ZnO was prepared by a novel and facile method with eco-environmental and modifier-free process. The superhydrophobic property is effectively controlled by different amount of ZnO, which might be effect of surface roughness of the paper. Except for the common performances, such as self-cleaning property, chemical durability and mechanical abrasion durability, the excellent thermal stability and anti-bacterial properties will dramatically extend the practical applications of the paper. In addition, such paper still maintains its superhydrophobicity after flammable oil adsorption-combustion, further validating its excellent fire-resistant property. The combination of superhydrophobicity and flame retardancy can largely enhance the durability of the paper. These characteristics make the multifunctional paper a better candidate than the commercial paper, which may be a breakthrough in paper-making industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guanidinylated chitosan (GCS) was prepared by grafting guanidine oligomers onto chitosan under microwave irradiation. The structure of GCS characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR verified the covalent bonding between the guanidine oligomers and chitosan; the effects of molar ratio, reaction temperature, and time were investigated and the degree of substitution of GCS reached a maximum of 25.5% under optimized conditions in this work. The resulting GCS showed significantly enhanced antimicrobial activities. The results obtained from the dynamic UV absorption of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the deactivation of E. coli by GCS was due to the destructing of the cell membrane and the prompt release of cytoplasm from the bacterial cells. The adsorption of GCS onto cellulose fibers and the antimicrobial efficiency of the hygiene papers with GCS were also investigated. Microwave irradiation as a green assisted method was applied to promote this reaction. This facile approach allowed chitosan to be guanidinylated without tedious preparation procedures and thus broadened its application as a biocompatible antimicrobial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guanidinylated chitosan (GCS) was prepared by grafting guanidine oligomers onto chitosan under microwave irradiation. The structure of GCS characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR verified the covalent bonding between the guanidine oligomers and chitosan; the effects of molar ratio, reaction temperature, and time were investigated and the degree of substitution of GCS reached a maximum of 25.5% under optimized conditions in this work. The resulting GCS showed significantly enhanced antimicrobial activities. The results obtained from the dynamic UV absorption of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the deactivation of E. coli by GCS was due to the destructing of the cell membrane and the prompt release of cytoplasm from the bacterial cells. The adsorption of GCS onto cellulose fibers and the antimicrobial efficiency of the hygiene papers with GCS were also investigated. Microwave irradiation as a green assisted method was applied to promote this reaction. This facile approach allowed chitosan to be guanidinylated without tedious preparation procedures and thus broadened its application as a biocompatible antimicrobial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationally designed self-assemble, functional 3D architecture of graphene nano-meshes with unique plasmonic resonance metal nanoparticles can be excellent nanohybrid Raman scattering (SERS) substrate in spotting the low levels of environmental organic pollutants. In this study, graphene nano-mesh-Ag-ZnO metal (GNMM) nanohybrid was prepared by self-assembled hydrothermal reduction of graphene oxide (GO) followed by thermal annealing of site-localized metal-salts as a highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. The crumpled graphene nano-meshes decorated with Ag-ZnO nanoparticles created SERS hot spots (holes) that manifested high SERS sensitivity to model organic pollutants such as methyl orange (MO), rhodamine 6G (Rh-6G) and paraquat (PQ) with detection limit as low as 10 −11 , 10 −13 and 10 −14  M, respectively. A maximum enhancement factor (EF) of 1.97 × 10 11 was obtained with PQ molecules on synthesized GNMM substrate. The enhancement in signal can be supported through charge transfer mechanism that induced strong enhancement of the local electric field on free available graphene nano-mesh edges abundant with hotspots. This novel nanohybrid SERS substrate realized self-cleaning by photocatalytic degradation of model organic Rh-6G molecules adsorbed on the nanohybrid paper and shows reusability during the detection process. Meanwhile, GNMM nanohybrid also possesses highly effective antimicrobial activities for Escherichia coli . The detection of organic pollutants by GNMM nanohybrid SERS substrate has several advantages such as low cost, easy and simple preparation method, sensitive detection and reusability that can be potentially applied for detection of variety of environmental pollutants and antimicrobial agent applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immobilized silver nano-particles (Ag NPs) possess excellent antimicrobial properties due to their unique surface characteristics. In this paper, immobilized silver nano-particles were synthesized in the presence of chitin nano-crystals (CNC) based on the Tollens mechanism (reduction of silver ion by aldehydes in the chitosan oligosaccharides (COS)) under microwave-assisted conditions. The prepared Ag NPs-loaded CNC nano-composites were then applied onto the paper surface via coating for the preparation of antibacterial paper. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed that the Ag NPs were immobilized onto the CNC. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results further revealed that the spherical Ag NPs (5–12 nm) were well dispersed on the surface of CNC. The coated paper made from the Ag NPs-loaded CNC nano-composites exhibited a high effectiveness of the antibacterial activity against E. coli or S. aureus . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic paper sheets were prepared by addition of different ratios of TiO 2 /Sodium alginate (TSA) nanocomposite. The modified paper sheets were characterized by XRD, TGA. Their morphology was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Photocatalytic activity of modified paper has been studied by analysis of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of waste-water. The results confirmed the mineralization of the waste-water and enhanced removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) by increasing the amount of photocatalyst in the paper. Moreover, the results also confirmed that presence of sodium alginate as biopolymer increased adhesion of nanoparticles to paper fibers and reduced the harmful effect of the photocatalyst on them. The paper sheets containing 7% as well as 15% TSA showed high photocatalytic activity and anti-bacterial effect against Salmonella typhimurium higher than standard antibiotic beside other microorganisms such as Candida albicans. The maximum antimicrobial effect was found in case of specimen loaded with 15% TSA. Moreover, it was found that by adding 20% TSA to the paper matrix, the properties of the paper composite collapse. The obtained results confirm the possible utilization of the modified paper in both hygienic and food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food spoilage caused by foodborne microorganisms will not only cause significant economic losses, but also the toxins produced by some microorganisms will also pose a serious threat to human health. Essential oil (EOs) has significant antimicrobial activity, but its application in the field of food preservation is limited because of its volatile, insoluble in water and sensitive to light and heat. Therefore, in order to solve these problems effectively, this paper first analyzed the antibacterial effect of EOs as an antimicrobial agent on foodborne bacteria and its mechanism. Then, the application strategies of EOs as a sustained-release antimicrobial agent in food preservation were reviewed. On this basis, the release mechanism and application cases of EOs in different antibacterial composites were analyzed. The purpose of this paper is to provide technical support and solutions for the preparation of new antibacterial packaging materials based on plant active components to ensure food safety and reduce food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Till a few decades ago, chemical pesticides proved to be a boon in reviving our country from the food crisis, but we soon came to know that these chemicals also have side effects, which is causing great harm to the living being and environment. To avoid these side effects the best substitutes are biopesticides, but the use of biopesticides is much less as compared to chemical pesticides. There are many reason for this, one of the main reason is the lack of their resources, so it is necessary that new resources of the biopesticides should be discovered. For this review article we have collected research papers from 2010 to 2022. All these research papers collected are based on antimicrobial activities, chemical analysis etc. of weed plants extracts. We have tabulated some important information related to the weed plants used in these research articles. All research papers gathered from the authentic sources. Through this review article, we want to highlight "Weed Plants" as a resource for biopesticides formulation. After reviewing all the selected research articles, it comes to the fore that weed plants have the potential to be a good source for biopesticides formulation in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper sheets made from bagasse pulp have been modified using nanocellulose (NC) obtained from the same raw material. Modification of paper sheets have been carried out either through loading of paper with different concentrations of NC and antibacterial agent, Chitosan (Ch) during making sheets, or by surface coating of the paper. Crystals of NC extracted using concentrated sulfuric acid from bagasse pulp were found to have crystallinity index (CrI) 90%. Morphology of obtained NC has been confirmed by TEM and images revealed formation of NC crystals with large size distribution ranges from 4 to 60 nm. Mechanical properties and air permeability of paper sheets loaded with different ratios of NC and Ch have been investigated. The results showed that presence of NC did not negatively affect the obtained modified paper sheets, while air permeability decreased with adding 8% NC to paper matrix. On the other hand, surface coverage of paper sheets with NC greatly reduced air permeability. Antimicrobial investigations carried out by optical density method indicated that presence of Ch in the paper sheets as an additive or in a coating formulation enhanced paper resistance to different microorganisms especially those causing food poisoning. The current study confirms that the modified paper can have potential application in food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the ability of a bacterial species to resist the action of an antimicrobial drug, has been on the rise due to the widespread use of antimicrobial agents. Per the World Health Organization, AMR has an estimated annual cost of USD 34 billion in the US and is predicted to be the number one cause of death worldwide by 2050. One way AMR bacteria can spread, and by which individuals can contract AMR infections, is through contaminated water. Monitoring AMR bacteria in the environment currently requires that samples be transported to a central laboratory for slow and labor intensive tests. We have developed an inexpensive assay using paper-based analytical devices (PADs) that can test for the presence of β-lactamase-mediated resistance. To demonstrate viability, the PAD was used to detect β-lactam resistance in wastewater and sewage and identified resistance in individual bacterial species isolated from environmental water sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current work was to develop and study a paper additive system that endows recycled paper fibers with strong mechanical and antimicrobial properties. Five different types of modifying agents including succinic acid, carboxymethyladipic acid, butanetetracarboxylic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) were reacted with soy flour. Approximately 2% modified soy flour additive by mass relative to a old corrugated container (OCC) pulp slurry was mixed before generating a two-dimensional hand sheet for physical testing. DTPA-modified soy-flour-treated OCC pulp displayed better tensile relative to the results from the use of other modifying agents. Soy flour was treated with different DTPA concentrations, times, temperatures, and pH values to determine the optimal modification reaction conditions. Afterward, the DTPA-soy flour was complexed with chitosan to decrease the biodecomposition of soy protein, improve its incorporation into an OCC matrix, and increase interfiber bonding. The optimal conditions were found to be 20% DTPA, 120 °C, 3 h, and pH 10. Last, a low dosage of DTPA-soy flour/chitosan-OCC pulp was found to kill ∼95% of tested bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the ability of a bacterial species to resist the action of an antimicrobial drug, has been on the rise due to the widespread use of antimicrobial agents. Per the World Health Organization, AMR has an estimated annual cost of USD 34 billion in the US and is predicted to be the number one cause of death worldwide by 2050. One way AMR bacteria can spread, and by which individuals can contract AMR infections, is through contaminated water. Monitoring AMR bacteria in the environment currently requires that samples be transported to a central laboratory for slow and labor intensive tests. We have developed an inexpensive assay using paper-based analytical devices (PADs) that can test for the presence of β-lactamase-mediated resistance. To demonstrate viability, the PAD was used to detect β-lactam resistance in wastewater and sewage and identified resistance in individual bacterial species isolated from environmental water sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This Position Paper aims to review and discuss the available data on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antibacterials, antifungals and antivirals in critically ill adult patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). This Position Paper also provides a practical guide on how TDM can be applied in routine clinical practice to improve therapeutic outcomes in critically ill adult patients.Methods: Literature review and analysis were performed by Panel Members nominated by the endorsing organisations, European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic and Critically Ill Patient Study Groups of European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), International Association for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology (IATDMCT) and International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC). Panel members made recommendations for whether TDM should be applied clinically for different antimicrobials/classes.Results: TDM-guided dosing has been shown to be clinically beneficial for aminoglycosides, voriconazole and ribavirin. For most common antibiotics and antifungals in the ICU, a clear therapeutic range has been established, and for these agents, routine TDM in critically ill patients appears meritorious. For the antivirals, research is needed to identify therapeutic targets and determine whether antiviral TDM is indeed meritorious in this patient population. The Panel Members recommend routine TDM to be performed for aminoglycosides, beta-lactam antibiotics, linezolid, teicoplanin, vancomycin and voriconazole in critically ill patients.Conclusion: Although TDM should be the standard of care for most antimicrobials in every ICU, important barriers need to be addressed before routine TDM can be widely employed worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper items from historical archives and libraries are frequently colonized by biodeteriogens, the management of which is a major concern. Essential oil Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) of thymol, carvacrol and eugenol, with high levels of antimicrobial and insect repellent activity, were stabilized within crystalline networks of β-cyclodextrins and phenazine-based cocrystals, as a new tool for the control of paper-degrading agents. These formulations were obtained via solvent-free methodologies and resulted as easy handling powders, suitable for the treatment of paper items by indirect contact. Their antimicrobial activity was evaluated on the following species isolated from a book depository at Forte Belvedere (Florence, IT): Alternaria alternata , Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Trichoderma orientale , Metschnikowia sp., and Bacillus sp. Both formulates displayed a significant antimicrobial activity in vitro , with cocrystals showing higher efficacy than β-cyclodextrins. The formulates were also tested against the pest Lasioderma serricorne , towards which the cocrystals entrapping carvacrol and thymol exhibited repellent activity. Overall, the phenazine-carvacrol cocrystal was the best-performing formulate, also giving favourable outcomes in terms of antifungal activity in an on-paper in vitro experiment designed to reproduce on a small-scale the critical conditions of an infested archive. These promising results pave the way towards further experimentations of VOC-based solid formulates, to shed light on such products applicability for the preservation of paper items. [Display omitted] • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) trapped into β-cyclodextrins and cocrystals. • Solid formulates of thymol, carvacrol and eugenol to combat paper biodeteriogens. • Powdery formulates releasing VOCs with high antimicrobial activity. • VOC-based formulates showing insect repellent activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beeswax and carnauba wax latex particles grafted with antimicrobial agents polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride and polyhexanide were prepared by coupling reaction using N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride as a coupling reagent. As a bifunctional agent for the surface treatment of paper the modified bio-wax latex improved the property of water-vapor resistance and antimicrobial activities of paper significantly after coating. Compared with the control sample the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the paper with coating weight of 12 g/m2was reduced significantly from 2788.8 g/m2/d to 222.0 g/m2/d (BW-Gly-PHGH) thus demonstrating excellent water vapor barrier performance. The shaking flask method was utilized to investigate the antimicrobial activity againstE. coli. The results showed that antimicrobial performance was improved substantially when the amount of added modified bio-wax particles was higher than 20 mg/g fiber. The bacterial inhibition ring test indicated that the antimicrobial mode of the modified bio-wax particles was likely based on the contact mode. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were incorporated in PLA (Polylactic Acid) coating layer for antimicrobial packaging application. The SEM images show that the nanoparticles were homogenously distributed across the surface thanks to its surface modification. The antimicrobial assay indicates that the active material was effective in inactivating E. coli and S. aureus . Furthermore, E. coli was found to be more susceptible to this type of agent, showing 3.14 log reduction for 0.5 wt% agent loading in the PLA coating layer. This result was compared across the publications using the same type of agent for treating both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. The discrepancy between the results can be explained by an important fact that ZnO nanoparticle has multiple action mechanisms, and different antimicrobial testing methods may activate only part of the action mechanisms. In addition, nano-enabled packaging material for food contact application and its market prospect were analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the effects of incorporating the commercially available phenylurea-based antimicrobial agent S89 to pre-vulcanised natural rubber latex (NRL). The physical properties of the dipped film derived from the S89 incorporated into pre-vulcanised NRL such as antimicrobial efficacy, wettability properties, surface characteristics, surface morphology and tensile strength were further evaluated. The antibacterial activity of S89 in NRL films was tested using the agar disc diffusion method and S89 had been demonstrated to suppress and prevent bacterial growth even at low loading levels. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of S89 was obtained by fitting the inhibition zone diameter and loading of S89 using two mathematical diffusion models, free and dissipative models. In this work, the dissipative model is shown to be the best-described diffusion model for S89. The leaching behaviour of S89 in an artificial sweat was investigated where the leachate of S89 is observed after 20 min of immersion at a very low concentration (0.039 ug/mL). Interestingly, NRL films incorporated with S89 displayed better wettability properties on air facing (AF) surface indicating that the AF surface of the film had been altered to be more hydrophilic. Nonetheless, there were no changes observed to the former facing (FF) surface. In addition, the polarity of the surface was also reduced which corresponds to the contact angle results. Further analysis of the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) surface morphology on the NRL film incorporated with S89 exhibited sufficient miscibility and homogeneity during latex compounding with no agglomeration observed on both surfaces (air and former) and at the cross-sectional surface. Meanwhile, comparative tensile strength (of more than 20Mpa) of NRL films incorporated with S89 was observed for low dosage at 1 phr and 3 phr. In conclusion, antimicrobial natural rubber (NR) films for glove application with satisfactory tensile properties, adequate wettability properties, non-agglomerated surface morphology and good antimicrobial properties were achieved by employing a low loading of S89 in the NRL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Microbial infections and the cancer are the biggest health concerns now days. It has been reported that 19.3 million new cancer cases and approximately 10 million deaths occurred due to cancer. The pyrimidine and their derivatives have been investigated a lot by the researchers due to their versatile chemotherapeutic effects. The unmet demand for the new antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapeutic agents and the versatile pharmacological applications of pyrimidine derivatives prompted us to perform the synthesis and biological assessment of some novel 3-(substitued)-6-(substituted)pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-phenylthiazolidin-4-one. Methods: As a part of or investigation to find out some novel antimicrobial and anticancer agents, in this paper we focused on the synthesis of some novel 3-(substitued)-6-(substituted)pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-phenylthiazolidin-4-one derivatives. Additionally, the compounds were screened virtually for the drug likeness properties and characterized by FT-IR and NMR. Antimicrobial and anticancer studies were performed using the methods of disc diffusion, macro dilution and MTT assay. Results and Discussion: The virtual screening results revealed that all the compounds were found under the zone of inhibition for an active drug molecule. It was observed that the analytical data strongly supported the structure of the aimed compounds. Among all the synthesized compounds, the compounds (IX–XII), (XIV–XVI) were possessed very good antimicrobial effects. Some of these members represented even better antimicrobial potential against some specific pathogens. The compound (XII) was observed to be the most active compound of the series against almost all bacterial pathogens. The MTT findings revealed that the compounds (III), (IX), (X), (XII) were possessed similar IC50 to the reference drug doxorubicin. Conclusions: The antimicrobial and anticancer findings were promising and it was believed that further studies with these compounds aiming in vivo analysis will be helpful in producing the novel antimicrobial and anticancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azo-Chitosan-dimethylaniline polymer derivatives are promising polymers for biological applications. In this paper, chitosan reacted with 4-nitrosodimethylaniline to form azo-chitosan-dimethylaniline polymer (Chs-DAN) as the novel polymer via condensation reaction. Chs-DAN modificated by doping it with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and insertion it into betacyclodextrine cycle (βCD) to give Chitosan-dimethylaniline/ZnO (Chs-DAN/ZnO NPs) and Chitosan-dimethylaniline/βCD (Chs-DAN/βCD). The generated polymers were confirmed by using XRD, FTIR and SEM analysis. Gram + ve and Gram − ve antimicrobial as well as antifungal activities have been evidenced for all samples. The antimicrobial analysis showed that the synthesized chitosan derivatives (Chs-DAN, Chs-DAN/βCD, Chs-DAN/ZnO NPs) exhibited noticeable antimicrobial and antifungal activities as compared to pure samples (Chs, DAN, ZnO NPs, βCD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for new drugs to treat human infections is a global health concern. Diseases like tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis, amoebiasis, and AIDS remain significant problems, especially in developing countries like Mexico. Despite existing treatments, issues such as resistance and adverse effects drive the search for new alternatives. Herein, we introduce the NUATEI research consortium, made up of experts from the Institute of Biomedical Research at UNAM, who identify and obtain natural and synthetic compounds and test their effects against human pathogens using in vitro and in vivo models. The consortium has evaluated hundreds of natural extracts and compounds against the pathogens causing tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis, amoebiasis, and AIDS, rendering promising results, including a patent with potential for preclinical studies. This paper presents the rationale behind the formation of this consortium, as well as its objectives and strategies, emphasizing the importance of natural and synthetic products as sources of antimicrobial compounds and the relevance of the diseases studied. Finally, we briefly describe the methods of the evaluation of the compounds in each biological model and the main achievements. The potential of the consortium to screen numerous compounds and identify new therapeutic agents is highlighted, demonstrating its significant contribution to addressing these infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrazones display an interesting profile of biological activities, which includes mainly antimicrobial and antiproliferative properties. Hydrazones also play an important role in the synthesis of heterocyclic rings and in coordination chemistry. Currently, the synthesis of complexes of hydrazones with transition metals is quite frequently reported in the scientific literature. The interest in this topic is largely due to diverse biological activities of the metal complexes of hydrazones that in some cases are much more effective than hydrazones themselves. This review focuses on the complexes of hydrazones with transition metals which display antibacterial, antitubercular, antifungal and anticancer activities. In the following subchapters devoted to a given activity, an attempt has been made to present the most active complexes of hydrazones, their trends in their activity and application in medicinal chemistry. The paper presents the literature data from 2009 to 2023. This review constitutes a useful guide for the researchers who intend to synthesize and investigate complexes of hydrazones in terms of their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lytic enzymes, or lysins for short, break down peptidoglycan and interrupt the continuity of the cell wall, which, in turn, causes osmotic lysis of the bacterium. Their ability to destroy bacteria from within makes them promising antimicrobial agents that can be used as alternatives or supplements to antibiotics. In this paper, we bri efly summarize basic terms and concepts used to describe lysin sequences and delineate major lysin groups. More importantly, we describe the domain repertoire found in lysins and critically review bioinformatic tools or databases which are used in studies of these enzymes (with particular emphasis on the repositories of Hidden Markov models). Finally, we present a novel comprehensive, meticulously curated set of lysin-related family and domain models, sort them into clusters that reflect major families, and demonstrate that the selected models can be used to efficiently search for new lysins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was oxidized to form dialdehyde CMC (DCMC). [•] Guanidine hydrochloride (GH) was grafted onto the DCMC to obtain DCMC-GH. [•] The coating of DCMC-GH onto paper resulted in the improvement of paper strength. [•] The DCMC-GH-coated paper exhibited excellent antimicrobial activities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In vitro bioefficacies of the different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were tested against three bacteria using paper disc and micro-dilution broth method. Nine different cationic AMPs viz. D4E1, PEP11, ESF1, ESF4, ESF5, ESF6, ESF12, ESF13 and ESF17 exhibiting variable amino acid compositions and charges, were used for the present investigation. Among the various AMPs tested against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (Xap), Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum (Xam), the peptide D4E1 (net charge + 8) was the most effective AMP against all the three Xanthomonas sp. followed by PEP11, ESF12 and ESF1 having net charge +4. The peptide ESF13 was not effective against all the three bacteria while ESF4 was not effective against Xap and Xac whereas ESF6 was also not effective against Xac. AntiMicrobial peptides when tested in vitro through micro-dilution broth method showed that the inhibition growth per cent against Xap was greater than 90% (MIC90) for D4E1, PEP11, ESF17, ESF5 and ESF12. For Xac, D4E1, PEP11, ESF17, ESF5, ESF6, ESF1 and ESF12 showed the inhibition growth percent greater than 90% (MIC90). For Xam, the inhibition growth per cent was seen greater than 90% (MIC90) for D4E1, PEP11, ESF17, ESF1 and ESF12. The most promising peptide D4E1 exhibited better stability against endogenous proteases which recorded only 10.08 % hemolysis at a very high i.e.100 μM concentration. The D4E1 peptides appears to be a promising candidate to be explanted through gene manipulation to control bacterial blight of pomegranate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Lactobacillus acidophilus is lactic acid bacteria that produce bacteriocins. Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides or proteins that exhibit activity against closely related bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 bacteriocin against Staphylococcus aureus. Material and Methods. We used four different phenotypic methods for antimicrobial activities against two standard strains: methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC 33591 and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) ATCC 25923. The methods were (1) agar well diffusion, (2) overlay soft agar, (3) paper disk, and (4) modification of punch hole. The ammonium sulfate method was used to concentrate crude bacteriocin, and ultrafiltration and dialysis tubes were used to remove ammonium sulfate from the bacteriocins. Each method was repeated in triplicate. Result. L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 showed antimicrobial activity against both MRSA and MSSA standard strains only by the overlay soft agar method and not by the agar well diffusion, punch hole modification, and paper disk methods. No antimicrobial effects were observed in crude bacteriocins concentrated. Conclusion. The growth inhibition of S. aureus in overlay soft agar method may be due to the production of bacteriocin-like substances. The overlay soft agar method is a qualitative test, so there is a need for further study to optimize the conditions for the production of bacteriocin-like substances in the culture supernatant and precise comparison between the inhibitory activity and pheromone secretion of different strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toward our goal of scalable, antimicrobialmaterials based on photodynamicinactivation, paper sheets comprised of photosensitizer-conjugatedcellulose fibers were prepared using porphyrin and BODIPY photosensitizers,and characterized by spectroscopic (infrared, UV–vis diffusereflectance, inductively coupled plasma optical emission) and physical(gel permeation chromatography, elemental, and thermal gravimetricanalyses) methods. Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC-2913), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium(ATCC-2320), Acinetobacter baumannii(ATCC-19606), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(ATCC-9027), and Klebsiella pneumoniae(ATCC-2146). Our best resultswere achieved with a cationic porphyrin–paper conjugate, Por(+)-paper, with inactivation uponillumination (30 min, 65 ± 5 mW/cm2, 400–700nm) of all bacterial strains studied by 99.99+% (4 log units), regardlessof taxonomic classification. Por(+)-paper also inactivated dengue-1 virus (>99.995%), influenzaA (∼99.5%), and human adenovirus-5 (∼99%). These resultsdemonstrate the potential of cellulose materials to serve as scalablescaffolds for anti-infective or self-sterilizing materials againstboth bacteria and viruses when employing a photodynamic inactivationmode of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Zataria multiflora and Iranian and European Cumin were evaluated, first as pure extracts and later as active agents incorporated in paper, manufactured at laboratory scale as an active packaging material. Two different procedures were used for quantifying the antioxidant properties and microbiological studies versus Staphylococcus aureus , Listeria innocua, Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and Escherichia coli were carried out. All bacteria were inhibited when exposed to the atmosphere generated from 4% to 6% (w/w) of Zataria essential oil in the active coating. Zataria showed the best antioxidant properties. The compounds responsible for the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties are analyzed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we fabricated a starch-based flexible coating for food packaging papers with excellent hydrophobicity and antimicrobial properties. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) and XRD (X-ray diffraction) spectra revealed the homogeneous dispersion of the ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) in the composite film within 5% ZnO NP dosage. SEM (scanning electron microscope) and AFM (atomic force microscope) micrographs confirmed the increased roughness on the composite film with the increased dosages of ZnO NPs. Hydrophobic characteristics showed that dramatic enhancement was obtained in the values and stabilities of DCAs (dynamic contact angles) in the resultant film and coated paper. TG (thermogravimetry) results demonstrated the increased thermal stabilities of the composite films. Significantly, a decreased water vapor transmission rate was observed in the coated paper. When 20% guanidine-based starch and 2% CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose) was added, a flexible coating with excellent antimicrobial activity towards Escherichia coli can be obtained. Furthermore, the migration of ZnO NPs into the food simulants was well below the overall migration legislative limit. The resultant starch-based flexible composite film and coated paper established an effective approach to develop a green-based material for food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The open abdomen (OA) procedure is a significant surgical advance, as part of damage control techniques in severe abdominal trauma. Its application can be adapted to the advantage of patients with severe abdominal sepsis, however its precise role in these patients is still not clear. In severe abdominal sepsis the OA may allow early identification and draining of any residual infection, control any persistent source of infection, and remove more effectively infected or cytokine-loaded peritoneal fluid, preventing abdominal compartment syndrome and deferring definitive intervention and anastomosis until the patient is appropriately resuscitated and hemodynamically stable and thus better able to heal. However, the OA may require multiple returns to the operating room and may be associated with significant complications, including enteroatmospheric fistulas, loss of abdominal wall domain and large hernias. Surgeons should be aware of the pathophysiology of severe intra-abdominal sepsis and always keep in mind the option of using open abdomen to be able to use it in the right patient at the right time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Rambutan peel (RP), an agricultural by‐product from rambutan trading, contains the red pigment anthocyanin. This research explores developing a colouring agent from RP, utilising cardamom oil (CM) to enhance colour stability, improve antimicrobial functionality, and create a new high‐value red colouring agent from fruit waste. A colouring agent was produced by placing 50 g of RP inside a 1 L glass box, and varying amounts of CM (5 μL, 25 μL, 50 μL, and 100 μL) on filter paper were placed inside the box lid. The box was sealed and left closed for 8 h to allow CM vapour to release onto the surface of RP before being dried at 30 °C and ground into powder. The antibacterial impact of CM‐treated RP on Staphylococcus aureus was assessed using the nutrient broth. The CM‐treated RP powder was used as a food colouring agent in shrimp paste to evaluate the shelf life of shrimp paste during storage at 30 °C. Results revealed that treated RP with 25 μL of CM showed the best red colour appearance in the dried powder. RP with 25 μL of CM exhibited time killing against S. aureus (approximately 4 log10cfu g−1) after being added to the medium for 6 h, disrupting the cell membrane integrity of S. aureus and leading to cell lysis. RP treated with 25 μL of CM also prevented darkening in shrimp paste, maintaining higher values for L* and a*, resulting in increased lightness and a more red appearance. It also inhibited pathogenic bacteria, extending shelf life, and preserving colour stability for 14 days, compared to the control's 7 days. These insights provide valuable guidance for the sustainable utilisation of agricultural waste in the food colouring industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world now needs new antimicrobial drugs because many infections are resistant to existing treatments. Many microbial infections pose a significant global health challenge and a critical need for new, effective treatment. Soft corals are being explored for their potential as sources of new antimicrobial drugs. The present study aimed to determine the antimicrobial, antifungal, and antimycobacterial properties of the crude extract of coral Junceella delicata, collected from Madh island, Mumbai. The crude extract was prepared by adding an equal volume of methanol: dichloromethane (1:1) for 24 hours in the water bath at 45 °C. The sample was filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1 and was subjected to concentrate in a rotary vacuum evaporator at 45° C. Further, antimycobacterial drugs viz. Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide, Rifampicin, and Streptomycin were used to compare the activity with crude extract of the coral. It was observed that Coral J. delicata extract showed a zone of inhibition against all the bacterial strains viz., Klebsiella pneumonia (15 mm), Escherichia coli (15 mm), Salmonella typhi (14 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (09 mm), Sarcina lutea (15 mm), Streptococcus pyogenes (12 mm), Corynebacterium diphtheria (27 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (28 mm), whereas antifungal activity was observed in Penicillium sp.(10 mm), Candida albicans (14 mm) and no activity was observed in Aspergillus sp. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strain showed sensitivity at (25µg/ml of coral extract, nearly close to the standard antituberculosis drug pyrazinamide (3.2µg/ml). The above results indicated that the crude extract of J. delicata had antibacterial activity nearly against the standard antituberculosis drug Pyrazinamide. The study suggests the crude extract of coral J. delicata can be used as an antimicrobial agent to cure different diseases, including tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As per the increasing demand for new sustainable materials and methodologies, green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles has drawn the attention of many researchers. However, compared to certain other metal oxides, there has been comparatively less attention towards green synthesis of Ruthenium oxide Nanoparticles (RuNPs). In this paper, RuNPs were synthesized using plant extract of Iris Kashmiriana (found in the high-altitude region of Kashmir in India) and characterized by FT-IR, SEM, EDX, and XRD. Particles were synthesized in the dimensions of 25–30 nm. FT-IR peaks in this 3348 cm-1 infrared spectrum range confirmed Ru-O symmetric stretching while crystalline structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. By displaying a zone of inhibition for erythromycin, the synthesized ruthenium oxide nanoparticles exhibit potent antibacterial action against four different pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,4 Dihydropyridines are one of the most used scaffolds in drug development. The present paper describes the autocatalytic four-component reactions of heterocyclic aldehydes, malononitrile, and piperidine, leading to novel 2-amino-1,4-dihydro-6-[pyridin-1(4H)-yl]-4-(hetero-2/3-yl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile derivatives in good yields. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by IR and 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. 4-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-substituted 1,4-dihydropyridine exhibited good radical scavenging activity, while its thiophen-2-yl-substituted analog proved to be potent antimicrobial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current paper, nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) was successfully applied as a sustainable effective and recoverable catalyst for the preparation of 2-amino-4H pyran derivatives 2-11 via one-pot, threecomponent reaction of 4-formylphenyl-4-methyl benzenesulfonate (1) with malononitrile and active methylene compounds in green solvent water and ethanol in ratio (3:1) in excellent yield (95-98%) and shorter reaction time (5-8 min). The structures of the pyran derivatives were elucidated by elemental and spectral analyses such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and DEPT 135 spectra. Moreover, the characterization of the catalyst after and before the reaction were studied using X-ray diffraction (X-RD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), EDX techniques and IR-spectra. It has been indicated that catalyst has the same efficiency. The application of this protocol has many advantages such as eco-friendly, inexpensive, simple protocol and easy recovery of the catalyst. Overall products are designed, synthesized and studied for their anti-microbial evaluation. It has been found that is compounds 2, 3, 7 and 10 are the most active against antibacterial compression with the stander drug Ampicillin. On the other hand, Compounds 2, 3, 8, and 11 displayed the most promising antifungal activities with Amphotericin B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]