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In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) were prepared by the green synthesis method and loaded inside niosomes as a drug release system and their physicochemical and biological properties were determined. Zn-NPs were prepared by the eco-friendly green strategy, the structure, and morphological properties were studied and loaded into niosomes. Subsequently, different formulations of niosomes containing Zn-NPs were prepared and the optimal formulation was used for biological studies. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to investigate the morphology and size of nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–Vis were used to confirm the synthesis of Zn-NPs. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) determined the elemental analysis of the Zn-NPs synthesis solution and the crystalline structure of Zn-NPs was analysed by XRD (X-Ray diffraction). Furthermore, Zn-NPs were loaded inside the niosomes, and their structural characteristics, entrapment efficiency (EE%), the release profile of Zn-NPs, and their stability also were assessed. Moreover, its antimicrobial properties against some microbial pathogens, its effect on the expression of biofilm genes, and its anticancer activity on the breast cancer cell lines were also determined. To study the cytocompatibility, exposure of niosomes against normal HEK-293 cells was carried out. In addition, the impact of niosomes on the expression of genes involved in the apoptosis (Bcl2, Casp3, Casp9, Bax) at the mRNA level was measured. Our findings revealed that the Zn-NPs have a round shape and an average size of 27.60 nm. Meanwhile, UV–Vis, FTIR, and XRD results confirmed the synthesis of Zn-NPs. Also, the EE% and the size of the optimized niosomal formulation were 31.26% and 256.6 ± 12 nm, respectively. The release profile showed that within 24 h, 26% of Zn-NPs were released from niosomes, while in the same period, 99% of free Zn-NPs were released, which indicates the slow release of Zn-NPs from niosomes. Antimicrobial effects exhibited that niosomes containing Zn-NPs had more significant antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects than Zn-NPs alone, the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects increased 2 to 4 times. Cytotoxic effects indicated that when Zn-NPs are loaded into niosomes, the anticancer activity increases compared to Zn-NPs alone and has low cytotoxicity on cancer cells. Niosomes containing ZnNPs increased the apoptosis-related gene expression level and reduced the Bcl2 genes. In general, the results show that niosomes can increase the biological effects of free Zn-NPs and therefore can be a suitable carrier for targeted delivery of Zn-NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lately, children's daily consumption of some products, such as cereals and candies, has been rising, which provides a compelling rationale for determining any metallic substances that may be present. Monitoring the concentration of certain metals, like nickel, in these products is necessary due to medical issues in humans when consumed regularly. So, in this work, a novel and highly selective carbon paste as a Ni(II) ion-selective sensor was prepared and investigated using ceramic magnesium aluminum spinel nanoparticles as the ionophore and tritolyl phosphate (TOCP) as a plasticizer. A modified co-precipitation method was used to synthesize the spinel nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope with EDAX, transmission electron microscope, and BET surface area were used to determine the phase composition, microstructure, pores size, particle size, and surface area of the synthesized nanoparticles. The spinel nanoparticle was found to have a nano crystallite size with a cubic crystal system, a particle size ranging from 17.2 to 51.52 nm, mesoporous nature (average pore size = 8.72 nm), and a large surface area (61.75 m2/g). The composition ratio of graphite carbon as a base: TOCP as binder: spinal as ionophore was 67.3:30.0:2.7 (wt%) based on potentiometric detections over concentrations from 5.0 × 10−8 to 1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1 with LOD of 5.0 × 10−8 mol L−1. A measurement of 29.22 ± 0.12 mV decade−1 over pH 2.0–7.0 was made for the Nernstian slope. This sensor demonstrated good repeatability over nine weeks and a rapid response of 8 s. A good selectivity was shown for Ni(II) ions across many interferents, tri-, di-, and monovalent cations. The Ni(II) content in spiked real samples, including cocaine, sweets, coca, chocolate, carbonated drinks, cereals, and packages, were measured. The results obtained indicated no significant difference between the proposed potentiometric method and the officially reported ICP method according to the F- and t-test data. In addition to utilizing ANOVA statistical analysis, validation procedures have been implemented, and the results exceed the ICP-MS methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to modify the surface characteristics of cerium oxide (ceria, CeO 2) nanoparticles using different surface modification strategies for improved CeO 2 nanoparticle dispersion and suspension stability. Analysis and discussion were conducted on the two surface modification processes used by a cationic surfactant like hexadecyl cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and a silane agent like tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Untreated CeO 2 was used as reference material. The dispersion effect of surface-modified CeO 2 nanoparticles at different pHs was determined by zeta potential measurements. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Particle size analysis (PSA), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis (BET), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to confirm the efficacy of the surface modification of CeO 2 nanoparticles. First, the results obtained in this experimental work demonstrate that both advanced modifications greatly enhance the dispersion and suspension stability of surface-modified CeO 2 nanoparticles in comparison with untreated CeO 2 nanoparticles. Second, it is also shown that the surface-modified CeO 2 nanoparticles obtained through a silanization surface process with TEOS silane agent had a better dispersion effect and dispersion stability than the surface-modified CeO 2 nanoparticles obtained by surface modification with CTAB cationic surfactant. These results can help better understand how advanced surface modifications can assist the application of well-dispersed CeO 2 nanoparticles in technological applications. [Display omitted] • Surface modification significantly improved the aqueous dispersion and stability of CeO 2 nanoparticles. • The modification improved the CeO 2 dispersion by increasing the spacing and negative charge. • CeO2 dispersion was optimal at a specific pH, with a significant effect of pH. • The modification strategy is crucial for the performance of CeO 2 in technological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ample amount of fruit waste is generated as agro-industrial waste, leading to significant nutritional, economic, and environmental challenges. Fruit peels are rich in many valuable bioactive compounds with the potential for developing nanoparticles. This study examined fresh juices of two citrus fruit peel wastes (Citrus sinensis: C. sinesis and Citrus limon: C. limon) for antioxidants and total protein. Then, we investigated their ability to produce silver nanoparticles, which were further analyzed for anti-microbial activity against thirteen pathogenic microbes. Both Citrus peel juices were rich in secondary metabolites. The formation of Ag nanoparticles was initially confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, with peaks at 400 nm for C. sinensis peel Ag nanoparticles and 430 nm for C. limon peel Ag nanoparticles. Further characterization was conducted using zeta sizer, zeta potential, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity was tested using the well diffusion method against 11 bacterial strains (five Gram-positive and six Gram-negative) and two fungal strains of Candida. TEM and SEM results revealed a spherical shape, with an average diameter of about 13 nm for C. sinensis and 21 nm for C. limon Ag. EDX confirmed the presence of silver in both nanoparticles. The FTIR spectrum of the extract indicated the presence of biomolecules, which facilitated the reduction and capping of the synthesized Ag nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles showed remarkable antimicrobial activity, but the nanoparticles from C. sinensis exhibited stronger antibacterial properties because of their smaller size. Citrus peel waste is a suitable medium for the eco-friendly production of silver nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a green synthesis methodology for making copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticle clusters in a cost-effective and simple way is reported. While cuprous sulfate pentahydrate is used as a source of copper, the outer layer of green peas (Pisum Sativum) is used as a source of phenol. Extracting the phenol from pea peels is a simple process that uses water as a solvent. Copper salt is reduced by the phenolic content that is so produced. Both physicochemical and microscopic characterization Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were performed on the particles. A variety of pea-peeling samples were used during the procedure's several executions to ensure reproducibility. The preparation process was appropriate, as the outcomes were identical. Analyses were also conducted on the produced particles' electrochemical activity as an application. A well-defined and organized redox reaction was seen at E' = +0.25 V against Ag/AgCl which were also shown to be highly electro-active. With the benchmarked redox mediator (5 mM ferricyanide), the particles also produced an outstanding redox peak at E1/2 = -0.01 V vs. Ag/AgCl. In a common reducing organic reaction, such as the reduction of p-nitro phenol to p-amino phenol, they were also found to be effective catalysts. Additionally, tests were conducted on the produced particles for their anti-bacterial and antifungal properties. Overall, a simple method for the formation of commercially viable CuO nanoparticle clusters is developed with the potential for diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni 1-x Ag x O nanoparticles (NPs) with x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08) were fabricated using the composite hydroxide mediated (CHM) method. The effects of Ag doping on the structural, magnetic, and antimicrobial characteristics of NiO NPs have been reported. The stretching mode of the Ni–O molecules was identified at 443 cm−1 in the Fourier transform infrared spectra. The aggregation of nanoparticles with different sizes and shapes is seen under transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The blocking temperature (T B) peak in zero-field cooled (ZFC) magnetization curves display the magnetization from the core of NPs. This peak is absent for the samples with x = 0.00 and 0.02 , which show instead a small net magnetization from the antiferromagnetic core of these NPs. However, a T B peak was found for the samples with x = 0.04 , 0.06 and 0.08 , at 22, 72, and 65 K, respectively, which indicates that the magnetization is induced from the AFM core of NiO NPs for higher Ag doping. With an increasing concentration of Ag in the NiO NPs, the net magnetization did increase and a maximum was found for x = 0.04 at 300 K. For a higher doping concentration of 8 % Ag, a sharp decrease in magnetization was observed. Furthermore, the efficacy and synergistic effect of Ag doping had been analyzed for the effective improvement of the antibacterial properties of NiO NPs. Pure and Ag-doped NiO NPs were exploited to assess their anti-microbial activity against Enterobacter sp., E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. pyrogens. The study revealed that anti-bacterial or anti-biofouling properties were introduced as an additional attribute to NiO NPs by incorporation of Ag ions due to its inherent nature as an antimicrobial agent and enhanced its capability to sterilize microbial pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to produce a film based on the mucilage of Paneerak flower modified with licorice root and copper sulfate nanoparticles. The D-optimal statistical scheme was used to study the antioxidant, antimicrobial, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal decomposition (DSC) properties of the films. The results showed that with the increase of licorice root and copper sulfate nanoparticles, the antioxidant activity of the film increased significantly (p<0.05). The results of the antimicrobial activity of the prepared films showed that the addition of licorice and copper sulfate nanoparticles caused the antimicrobial activity of the film against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that copper sulfate nanoparticles are physically combined with the mucilage polymer of Paneerak flower and it reduces the crystal structure.Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results confirm the physical presence of copper sulfate nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. FTIR results also showed weak electrostatic interactions between film components and composites. The results of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) show that the surface of the films containing copper sulfate nanoparticles and licorice root are more heterogeneous than the mucilage of Paneerak flower. Shirin-bian and copper sulfate nanoparticles were able to delay the thermal decomposition of the mucilage of Paneerak flower and increase the thermal stability of the mucilage film. Finally, based on the results, the addition of copper sulfate nanoparticles and licorice root to edible films based on the mucilage of paneerak flower improved antimicrobial, antioxidant, DSC and SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-doped anatase-TiO2 nanoparticles (LixTi1-xO2 NPs, x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20) could be synthesized by a simple sol–gel process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results displayed the tetragonal (space group: I41/amd) of polycrystalline TiO2 anatase phase. The spectroscopy results of Raman and FT-IR confirmed the anatase phase of TiO2 through the specific modes of metal oxides vibration in the crystalline TiO2. Surfaces micrographs by scanning electron microscope (SEM) of agglomerated LixTi1-xO2 NPs showed a spongy like morphology. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) illustrated a cuboidal shape of dispersed NPs with particle size distributed in a narrow range 5–10 nm. Bruanauer Emmett-Teller (BET) results showed the increased surface area of LixTi1−xO2 NPs with increasing Li content. LixTi1-xO2 NPs (x = 0.05–0.20) working electrodes illustrated a pseudocapacitive behavior with excellent electrochemical properties through the whole cycles of GCD test. Interestingly, Li0.1Ti0.9O2 NPs electrode illustrated a high performance in terms of maximum specific capacitance 822 F g−1 at 1.5 A g−1 in 0.5 M Li2SO4 electrolyte, with excellent capacitive retention 92.6% after 5000 cycles GCD test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles of zinc selenide (ZnSe) were produced by an innovative, uncomplicated, and extremely rapid process that took no longer than a few seconds. For the production of zinc ions, zinc chloride was utilized, and selenium was used for the production of selenium ions. The effect of Zn to Se ions ratio on optical properties has been examined. The prepared nanoparticles were tested and characterized by using transmission electron microscope TEM, scanning electron microscope SEM and UV–Visible spectroscopy. The morphological results revealed that the ZnSe has a spherical shape with mean diameter around 15 nm and the band gap of the ZnSe increases with increasing the Zn content in the sample. The prepared materials were tested as antibacterial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report presents the preparation and characterization of a new composite containing Prussian blue analogues nanoparticles and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP). Nanoparticles of nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCFe) and nickel hexacyanochromate (NiHCCr) were synthesized by the citrate-assisted co-precipitation method. Basic characterization revealed uniform cubic particles with an average size of 238 nm (NiHCFe) and 80 nm (NiHCCr). In the next step, these nanocubes were incorporated into composite fibres using electrospinning technique. The resulting fibres exhibited distinctive colours, and scanning electron microscope imaging showed differences in fibre morphology between NiHCFe/PVP and NiHCCr/PVP composites. The obtained results indicate the successful synthesis and characterization of Prussian blue analogue nanoparticles, as well as their integration into composite fibres, opening up possibilities for diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were prepared by chemical coprecipitation method using ferric chloride (FeCl3) and heptahydrate ferrous sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O) salts employing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a precipitant. To determine the size, shape, and chemical makeup of the produced magnetite nanoparticles, the generated powders were examined by transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, and X-ray diffractometer. It was found that the magnetite powder had made a face-centered cubic crystal structure and spherical-like particle form with particle diameters of about 30 nm. The magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles were evaluated using a vibrating sample magnetometer. The obtained superparamagnetic properties of the produced nanoparticles, with saturation magnetization and coercivity of 50.75 emu/g and 30.09 Oe, respectively, allow them for applications in drug delivery, MRI contrast agent, catalysis, degradation of antibiotics, antibacterial activity, removal of heavy metals and organic dyes, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles were synthesized by using piper betle leaf extract. The UV absorption spectrophotometer analysis of piper betle leaf extract and metal compounds showed absorbance spectra in the range of 300-350 nm. The UV-Vis spectroscopy shows surface Plasmon resonance of CeO2 nanoparticles at 310 nm indicating the particles are poly dispersed. The FT-IR measurements were carried out to identify the formation of Cerium oxide nanoparticles and possible molecules such as OH, C=C, C=O, and aromatic compounds. The FT-IR analysis played a vital role in displaying the nanoparticles which showed strong absorbance in the range 671.05cm-1 for Cerium oxide nanoparticles. The diffraction peaks and planes of ions are indexed. From the 'X' ray diffraction studies, the size of the Cerium oxide nanoparticles is 27 nm as calculated by using Debye Scherrer's equation. The size, shape, and structure of nanoparticles were also analyzed by scanning electron microscope which shows an almost spherical shape of nanoparticles aggregation. This Eco-Friendly synthesis method has many advantages over chemical methods because it reduces the use of toxic metals in the synthetic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) are just one of the attractive graphene-based nanomaterials that are rapidly emerging and have sparked the interest of many industries. These small stacks of platelet-shaped graphene sheets have a unique size and morphology that quickly disperse into other materials such as polymers, resulting in higher-value composite materials with improved thermal, conductivity, and mechanical capabilities. A detailed analysis of reinforced High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) using different sizes (2, 15, 25 μm) and compositions (8, 10, 15 wt.%) of Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP) has been conducted. The microstructure of the HDPE/GNP nanocomposites was extensively examined during the melt blending and injection moulding processes. Based on the results, the nanocomposites with different sizes of GNP exhibited dissimilar behaviour with different compositions. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) results indicated a homogeneous dispersion for GNP in melt mixing. Moreover, thermogravimetric (TG) data demonstrate that increasing filler showed a slight increase in the material's thermal stability. The use of GNP improved mechanical properties, as evidenced by the increases in Young's modulus of yield strength from around 100 MPa to over 400 MPa. This study provides a practical reference for the industrial preparation of polymer-based graphene nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, textured ceramics were successfully obtained using press-compaction-assisted binder jetting for the first time. A mixture of alumina nanoplatelets and nanoparticles was used as the feedstock powder (the nanoplatelets served as templates for epitaxial grain growth during sintering while the nanoparticles were consumed by the grain growth). The nanoplatelet fraction in the mixture was varied from 0 wt% to 50 wt%. Green samples were prepared with a lab-designed press-compaction-assisted binder jetting machine. The green samples were then sintered in a furnace and their sintered densities were measured. A scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer were used to investigate the degree of texture in the sintered samples. Finally, the biaxial flexural strength of the sintered samples was measured. As the nanoplatelet fraction increased, the sintered density decreased, but the degree of texture increased. Interestingly, the biaxial flexural strength of the sintered samples with 5 wt% or 10 wt% nanoplatelets was higher than those without nanoplatelets, suggesting the increased degree of texture has a stronger effect on the mechanical response than the reduced sintered density under these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the durability performance of marine concrete incorporated with nano–SiO2 and nano–Al2O3 under the joint effect of dry–wet cycles, Cl− erosion, and carbonation. Free Cl− content and carbonation depth were used as durability evaluation indexes of concrete with nanoparticles under the joint effect of the three factors. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), backscattered electrons (BSE), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the morphology and phase composition of the concrete. The test results showed that the free Cl− content and carbonation depth of the concrete were significantly reduced after incorporating nanomaterials, indicating that nanomaterials improved the resistance of the concrete to Cl− erosion and carbonation under the joint effect of dry–wet cycles, Cl− erosion, and carbonation. Compared with plain concrete at 56 cycles, both nanomaterials showed the most significant improvement at a dosage of 1.8%, with a 20% and 37.5% reduction in free Cl− content and carbonation depth, respectively, for nano–SiO2 concrete, and 16.67% and 31.66% reduction, respectively, for nano–Al2O3 concrete. The improvement effect of nano–SiO2 was better than that of nano–Al2O3 , and the free Cl− content and carbonation depth of nano–SiO2 concrete were reduced by 3.33% and 5.84%, respectively, compared with those of nano–Al2O3 concrete at the optimal dosage. The microscopic test results showed that incorporating nanomaterials promoted the hydration process of cement and refined the pore structure of the concrete, improving the durability of the concrete under the joint effect of dry–wet cycles, Cl− erosion, and carbonation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A CeO2-doped plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) composite coating was prepared on the surface of Cu–Zn alloys by adding CeO2 nanoparticles into the mixed electrolytes of Na2SiO3·9H2O and sodium hydroxide. Surface microstructure and element composition of PEO coatings were studied by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Microstructure analysis showed that CeO2 nanoparticles were uniformly deposited on the sample surface, and most of the particles were embedded into PEO coatings. Ce element found in the EDS and XRD analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of CeO2 nanoparticles. Furthermore, with the addition of CeO2 nanoparticles, the coating porosity decreased gradually, while the thickness and surface roughness of PEO coatings decreased and then increased. Corrosion resistance of PEO coatings was investigated by using a potentiodynamic polarization test. The results show that the addition of CeO2 nanoparticles has significantly improved the corrosion resistance of PEO coatings. Especially, the corrosion current density of the PEO coating with 4 g/L CeO2 concentration is 3 orders of magnitude more than that of the bare alloy substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid breakdown anodizing method was used to produce (Bi, Bi2O3), (Pb, PbO2), and WO3 nanoparticles. These particles are utilized to fabricate gamma-ray shielding. The X-ray diffraction test displayed polycrystalline structures for all samples. Scanning electron microscope images illustrated the formation of (Bi, Bi2O3) and (Pb, PbO2) nanoplates and WO3 semi-sphere particles. Pressures of 318, 477, and 636 MPa were applied to reduce vacancies within the prepared powders and increase their densities. Cylindrical samples with a diameter of 14 mm and different thicknesses were formed. Utilizing gamma rays produced by sources like Am-241 (59.54 keV), Cs-137 (661.6 keV), Co-60 (1173 keV), and Co-60 (1332 keV), the shielding characteristics of the manufactured samples were studied. The linear attenuation coefficient, mass attenuation coefficient, and half-value layer were determined after the gamma flux was measured using a NaI(Tl) detector. The two attenuation coefficients were functions of the source energy, and they had the highest values for (Pb, PbO2) and the lowest for the WO3 sample. The atomic numbers of the elements used and the size of the voids inside the prepared powders played the greatest role in determining the values of the shielding parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To design more environmentally friendly, economical, and efficient demulsifiers for oily wastewater treatment, hydrophobic octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA)-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles (referred to as Fe3O4@ODPA) were prepared by condensation of hydroxyl groups between ODPA and Fe3O4 nanoparticles using the co-precipitation method. The prepared magnetite nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric/differential thermogravimetric (TG/DTG) analysis. The water contact angles (θW) of Fe3O4@ODPA nanoparticles were more than 120°, indicating hydrophobic nature, and the diameter of the obtained spherical-shaped magnetite nanoparticles was 12–15 nm. The ODPA coating amount (AO) (coating weight per gram Fe3O4) and specific surface area (SO) of Fe3O4@ODPA were 0.124–0.144 g·g−1 and 78.65–91.01 m2·g−1, respectively. To evaluate the demulsification ability, stability, and reusability, the magnetite nanoparticles were used to demulsify an n-hexane-in-water nanoemulsion. The effects of the magnetite nanoparticle dosage (CS), pH value of nanoemulsion, and NaCl or CaCl2 electrolytes on the demulsification efficiency (RO) were investigated. The RO of Fe3O4@ODPA samples was found to be higher than that of bare Fe3O4 samples (S0, ST, and SN) under all CS values. With the increase in CS, the RO of Fe3O4@ODPA samples initially increased and then approached equilibrium value at Cs = 80.0 g·L−1. A maximum RO of ~93% was achieved at CS = 100.0 g·L−1 for the Fe3O4@ODPA sample S2. The pH and two electrolytes had a minor effect on RO. The Fe3O4@ODPA nanoparticles maintained high RO even after being reused for demulsification 11 times. This indicates that the hydrophobic Fe3O4@ODPA samples can be used as an effective magnetite demulsifer for oil-in-water nanoemulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colonies of C. glabrata were described, which morphology of isolated on sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is of great importance since they are highly involved in various medical and biological applications. The current study aims to produce Penicillium chrysogenum - derived AgNPs to be used to treat Candida glabrata. Nanoparticles were formed, the results of which was observed through UV-visible spectrophotometry. Therefore, the surface morphology and particles size of AgNPs were assessed using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed that the average diameter of AgNPs was 18 nm which is appropriate to be used to deliver Penicillium chrysogenum to the Candida infected cells. The antifungal activity of AgNPs against C. glabrata was investigated in the serum of 15 mice. The mice were divided into four groups was examined after 21 days. A comet assay described procedure that sensitive measurement and permits reproducible of DNA repair and DNA damage using C. glabrara infection and treatment by Penicillium chrysogenum - derived AgNPs. This combination of assay with affected C. glabrara in DNA repaired and the extensive range of obtainable fungal molecular biology apparatuses can donate to light important devices of genome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproducible synthesis of boron nitride (BN) nano-onions by lamp ablation is reported, exclusively from hexagonal BN precursor powder in vacuum, in a one-pot procedure that is free of toxic or harmful reagents, uncomplicated, potentially scalable and rapid. A high-resolution Scanning Electron Microscope image shows a "forest" of such nano-onions as they evolve between precursor flakes. A Transmission Electron Microscope image illustrates the range of nano-onion sizes and shapes. A coarse schematic of the proposed formation mechanism is also shown. [Display omitted] We report the generation of boron nitride nano-onions (BNNOs) from pure hexagonal-BN crystallite powder in vacuum, via a one-pot, non-toxic, catalyst-free, rapid and potentially scalable high-temperature lamp ablation procedure. An array of characterization procedures revealed nanoparticle (a) shapes and sizes, morphing from polyhedral for diameters of order 101 nm to quasi-spherical at diameters of order 102 nm, and (b) composition, with a 1:1 B:N ratio while also confirming the absence of contaminants. A formation mechanism is proposed whereby BNNOs evolve from the initial thermal exfoliation of the bulk precursor powder into nano-platelets. They fold and close into hollow nano-cages that are more stable thermodynamically. Reactor temperatures were measured to be ∼ 1500–1600 K for experiments yielding the largest amounts of BNNOs. A relatively narrow range of ∼ 1300–1800 K can be established for viable BNNO generation. Structural modeling sheds light on the relative stability of the nanostructures as a function of shape, size and number of layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared by the sol–gel method and the structural, morphological, and optical properties were investigated at different sintering temperatures of 500, 600, 700, 800, and 900°C. A tetragonal structure of anatase, mixed (anatase–rutile), and rutile phases are observed in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Pure anatase phase formation occurred at 500°C, whereas anatase-to-rutile phase transformation began at 600°C, and reaching complete conversion to rutile at 800°C. The average crystallite size increased from 23 to 34 nm for anatase and 38 to 62 nm for the rutile when sintering temperature increased from 500 to 900°C. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) result presented the increase of grain size (25–100 nm) with increasing the sintering temperature. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra demonstrated the presence of TiO2 vibrational bonds in all samples. The optical bandgaps of the sintered TiO2 nanoparticles decreased with rising sintering temperature. Photoluminescence spectra exhibited three characteristic peaks centered at 380, 450, and 550 nm. The emission intensity increased with increasing the sintering temperature. The Mie analysis was also studied to calculate scattering cross-section, forward scattering, and asymmetry for different grain sizes. The results showed that by increasing the nanoparticle diameters, the peaks of all spectra are redshifted for larger grain sizes and cross-section peaks shift to high values. In this study, the sintering temperature is observed to have a strong influence on crystalline phase transformation, microstructure, and optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles. The TiO2 sample sintered at 900°C shows the best result to be used as luminescent material due to the low optical bandgap energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic degradation of methyl red dye using Mn(5%) doped CdS nanoparticles was studied. Mn doped CdS nanoparticles was synthesized by microwave assisted solvo thermal method where the chemicals used wereCadmium Acetate [(CH3COO)2Cd, H2O], Manganese Chloride [MnCl2.2H2O] and Sodium Sulfide [Na2S.xH2O]. X-Ray diffraction(XRD) analysis was carried out in order to analyze the structural dimensions of the synthesized nanoparticles and the average crystallite size has been calculated at the full width half maximum (FWHM) of the diffraction peaks using Debye-Scherer equation and it was found to be around2.3nm. FTIR spectra analysis was done in order to analyze different functional and vibrational groups present in the as synthesized sample of Mn doped CdSnanoparticles. The morphology of sample wasstudied by scanning electron microscope. The aqueous solution of methyl red[C15H15N3O2] has been prepared and was mixed with the as synthesized Mn doped CdSnanoparticles and was exposed for photocatalytic degradation using 100 W bulb. UV-visible spectra of the light irradiated methyl red solutions were studied at different interval of time and no red shift was observed with increase of exposure time. The intensity of the absorption peak was also found to be reduced with the increasing time interval. The photo degradation of methyl red dye was observed up to 90% at the exposure time of 90 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the impact of the direct and indirect mixing techniques on the dispersion and homogeneity of magnesium oxide (MgO) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) mixed with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). NPs were mixed with PMMA powder directly (non-ethanol-assisted) and indirectly (ethanol-assisted) with the aid of ethanol as solvent. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to evaluate the dispersion and homogeneity of MgO and Ag NPs within the PMMA-NPs nanocomposite matrix. Prepared discs of PMMA-MgO and PMMA-Ag nanocomposite were analyzed for dispersion and agglomeration by Stereo microscope. XRD showed that the average crystallite size of NPs within PMMA-NP nanocomposite powder was smaller in the case of ethanol-assisted mixing compared to non-ethanol-assisted mixing. Furthermore, EDX and SEM revealed good dispersion and homogeneity of both NPs on PMMA particles with ethanol-assisted mixing compared to the non-ethanol-assisted one. Again, the PMMA-MgO and PMMA-Ag nanocomposite discs were found to have better dispersion and no agglomeration with ethanol-assisted mixing when compared to the non-ethanol-assisted mixing technique. Ethanol-assisted mixing of MgO and Ag NPs with PMMA powder obtained better dispersion, better homogeneity, and no agglomeration of NPs within the PMMA-NP matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on investigating the possibility of using different ratios (5, 10, 15 mass%) of recycled alum sludge (RAS) as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), to contribute to solving the problems encountered by cement production as well as stockpiling of large quantities of water-treated sludge waste. MnFe2O4 spinel nanoparticles (NMFs) were used to elaborate the mechanical characteristics and durability of different OPC-RAS blends. The outcomes of compressive strength, bulk density, water absorption, and stability against firing tests fastened the suitability of utilization of RAS waste for replacing OPC (maximum limit 10%). The inclusion of different doses of NMFs nanoparticles (0.5, 1 and 2 mass %) within OPC–RAS pastes, motivates the configuration of hardened nanocomposites with improved physico-mechanical characteristics and stability against firing. Composite made from 90% OPC–10% RAS–0.5% NMFs presented the best characteristics and consider the optimal choice for general construction applications. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. affirmed the positive impact of NMFs particles, as they demonstrated the formation of enormous phases as ilvaite (CFSH), calcium silicate hydrates (CSHs), MnCSH, Nchwaningite [Mn2 SiO3(OH)2 H2O], [(Mn, Ca) Mn4O9⋅3H2O], calcium aluminosilicate hydrates (CASH), Glaucochroite [(Ca, Mn)2SiO4, and calcium ferrite hydrate (CFH). These hydrates boosted the robustness and degradation resistance of the hardened nanocomposites upon firing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we discuss the preparation of Li-doped ZnO nanostructures through combustion and report on their structural, morphological, optical, and electrocatalysis properties. X-ray diffraction analyses show that the samples have a structure crystallized into the usual hexagonal wurtzite ZnO structure according to the P63mc space group. The scanning electron microscope images conceal all samples' nanosphere bundles and aggregates. The reflectance spectra analysis showed that the direct bandgap values varied from 3.273 eV (for pure ZnO, i.e., ZnL1) to 3.256 eV (for high Li-doped ZnO). The measured capacitance concerning frequency has estimated the variation of dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and AC conductivity against AC electric field frequency. The dielectric constant variations and AC conductivity are analyzed and discussed by well-known models such as Koop's phenomenological theory and Jonscher's law. The Raman spectra have been recorded and examined for the prepared samples. Rhodamine B was electro-catalytically degraded in all prepared samples, with the fastest time for ZnL5 being 3 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural leather still represents great importance among the materials used by humans in modern times, although it is the oldest-known fiber used by humans. Adding new features to the leather, such as bacteria and fungi resistance, electrical conductivity and magnetic properties, is an ambitious goal for leather developers. In our study, production and characterization of anti-microbial sole leather coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles were achieved. For this purpose, the ZnONPs have been prepared through green synthesis and the prepared nanomaterial loaded on the sole leather by a padding mangle. The surface morphology of the nano coated sole leather was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Antimicrobial performance of the treated leather to some microorganisms was evaluated by applying the qualitative agar disc diffusion method. The SEM image of the treated leather samples showed successive leather coating, and the nanoparticles completely adhere to the leather surface. The nano-treated leather samples showed significant resistance to the tested bacteria and fungi. Results are promising for the utilization of zinc oxide nanoparticles as additives for sole leather coating. Accordingly, the study succeeded in producing a natural microorganism-resistant sole leather, which can be used in the production of healthy and microorganisms-resistant shoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to prepare experimental adhesive (EA) with ZrO2 nanoparticles (ZEA) and without it; and its interaction with dentin conditioned with photodynamic therapy (PDT), etch and rinse, and Er, Cr: YSGG laser (ECL). Methods consisted of the scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), shear bond strength (SBS) failure mode, and rheological property analysis. The methods were employed to assess bond integrity; the shape of ZrO2 NPs and interfacial dentin and adhesive interaction. Ninety premolar teeth were collected and pre-bonding, conditioning of dentin was performed utilizing phosphoric acid (H3PO4), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and ER-CR-YSGG laser (ECL). The teeth were set to form bonded specimens using two adhesives EA and ZEA. The microscopic imagery of ZrO2 revealed irregular-shaped, non-edged particles. EDX analysis revealed Zr to be 75.7% whereas, O2 by weight was 25.3%. The highest SBS was demonstrated in dentin conditioned with etch and rinse and ZEA (19.05 ± 0.13 MPa). Whereas, the lowest SBS was observed in dentin surface treated with PDT and EA (12.25 ± 0.14 MPa). Most of the reported failure modes were adhesive. Rheological analysis revealed that with increasing frequencies the viscosities of adhesives were reduced. The presence of 10% ZrO by weight in adhesive improves SBS of restoration and this improvement in bond values is statistically significant compared to EA. Bond values may be influenced by surface treatment of dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was aimed to assess the antidiabetic effect of orally administered Prosochit®-based nanoparticles of insulin in an animal model. Five batches of insulin-loaded nanoparticles were prepared as dry water-in-oil-in-water emulsions using different emulsifiers (prosopis gum, Prosochit® 201, Prosochit® 101, Prosochit® 102, and chitosan) for the outer emulsion. Unloaded Prosochit® 101-based nanoparticles were also formulated. The morphology and size distribution of the nanoparticles were studied using a scanning electron microscope and Zetasizer. Forty alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats were divided into eight groups. The different groups were administered daily with different formulations (unloaded nanoparticles, the 5 loaded nanoparticles equivalent to 50 IU insulin per kg, purified water, and Actrapid) for 14 days. Blood glucose level was monitored and determined over 24 h. Fasting blood sugar was also taken on days 3, 5, 7, and 14. A graph of the percent blood glucose level relative to time 0 h was plotted against time. The particles showed a water-in-oil-in-water constitution. Both the drug-loaded and the unloaded Prosochit®-based nanoparticles were of nano dimension. There was a significant difference (p < 0.0001) in the antidiabetic effects of all insulin-loaded nanoparticles compared with the negative control. There was no significant difference across the insulin-loaded nanoparticles of prosopis gum, Prosochit® 201, Prosochit® 102, and chitosan while the insulin-loaded Prosochit® 101 nanoparticles showed the best activity, which is comparable to subcutaneous insulin, reducing blood glucose levels to 32.20 ± 3.79%. All the oral Prosochit®-based insulin nanoparticles are characterized by appreciable antidiabetic activity with the activity of Prosochit® 101-based nanoformulation being comparable to that of the subcutaneous insulin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn-doped CuFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were eco-friendly synthesized using plant extract. These nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). SEM image showed spherical NPs with size range less than 30 nm. In the EDS diagram, the elements of zinc, copper, iron, and oxygen are shown. The cytotoxicity and anticancer properties of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 NPs were evaluated on macrophage normal cells and A549 lung cancer cells. The cytotoxic effects of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 and CuFe2O4 NPs on A549 cancer cell lines were analyzed. The Zn-doped CuFe2O4 and CuFe2O4 NPs demonstrated IC50 values 95.8 and 278.4 µg/mL on A549 cancer cell, respectively. Additionally, Zn-doped CuFe2O4 and CuFe2O4 NPs had IC80 values of 8.31 and 16.1 µg/mL on A549 cancer cell, respectively. Notably, doping Zn on CuFe2O4 NPs displayed better cytotoxic effects on A549 cancer cells compared with the CuFe2O4 NPs alone. Also spinel nanocrystals of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 (~ 13 nm) had a minimum toxicity (CC50 = 136.6 µg/mL) on macrophages J774 Cell Line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, inorganic oxide MgO nanoparticles-doped polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films were made from a mixture of the prepolymer, SLC1717 liquid crystal, and MgO nanoparticles by the polymerization induced phase separation (PIPS) process. To observe the effect of MgO concentration, PDLC was dispersed with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 wt.% MgO. Electro-optical properties of the films have been investigated using LCD parameter meter and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at room temperature. It is established that MgO nanoparticles affect the microstructure of PDLC films significantly because of the formed agglomerates of MgO nanoparticles. Results show an improvement in the electro-optical properties and a decrease in the driving voltage for doped systems with MgO nanoparticles. When the doping amount of MgO is 0.8 wt.%, the threshold voltage (Vth) is reduced to about 7.5 V. Therefore, MgO-doped PDLC is expected to become an excellent choice in the field of energy-saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater of industries, which is polluted with different dyes is becoming a severe issue, which should be tackled on priority bases such as to provide an eco-friendly environment. In addition to this, in search of an efficient green synthesized capacitive electrode material, we have synthesized cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4) nano-materials by employing green chili and sunflower seeds extracts. The as synthesized samples are labeled as Co-P, Co-GC and Co-SF. The successful fabrication of these samples was tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Xray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). These tests have explored successful fabrication of Co 3 O 4 -based samples comprised on nanoparticles (NPs) in the range of 35–45 nm. Optical properties were studied by UV–vis spectroscope and Co-SF sample has exhibited lowest energy band gap i.e 2.41 eV. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis has explored that Co 3 O 4 NPs prepared by sunflower extracts have offered lowest recombination rate. Among of Co-P, Co-GC and Co-SF photocatalysts, Co-SF has shown excellent photodegradation activity, which is 90% against a water pollutant name as methylene blue (MB) under UV–Vis light. This sample also has shown a good catalytic stability i.e 80.7%. Moreover, for electrochemical performance analysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) tests were also performed. Among of Co-P, Co-GC and Co-SF samples, Co-SF sample has offered 1080.32 F/g specific capacitance and 86.70% capacitance retention at higher scan rate i.e 10 A/g. Additionally, this optimized sample has also maintained 83.51% capacitance even after 5000 GCD cycles performed at 1 A/g, and good conductive nature. These extraordinary results have provided new platform for water purification and energy storage appliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft reliner and glaze are materials used over full or partial dental prosthesis to prevent excessive pressure on the supporting tissues. They are also indicated as supportive treatment for dental stomatitis, especially when modified by the addition of medications. The objective of the work was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of silver-coated silica nanoparticles in a glaze and a soft reliner. The nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized, and tested by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for C. albicans SC5314. Then, the nanoparticles were incorporated to a glaze and a soft reliner, which were called nanocomposites. Then, the nanocomposites were divided into six groups (n = 12): CG: glaze/reliner; CR: reliner; G1: glaze + 1% nanoparticles/reliner; G2: glaze + 2.5% nanoparticles/reliner; R1: reliner + 1%; R2: reliner + 2.5%. The nanocomposites were characterized by a goniometer and by a scanning electron microscope. The antibiofilm test was performed against C. albicans SC5314. According to the MIC results, the non-functionalized nanoparticles reduced fungal growth at 1000 μg/mL and the functionalized nanoparticles at 2000 μg/mL. The functionalized nanoparticle had a superior dispersion being selected for the antibiofilm test. There was a reduction of 64% in CFU/specimen count for the glaze, not statistically significant (p = 0.244). For the soft reliner, there was an increase in CFU/specimen with the presence of nanoparticles, still not statistically significant (p = 0.264). In conclusion, it is necessary to conduct new studies to increase the release of silver, thus improving nanoparticles' antifungal potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles was reflected a powerful antimicrobial agents newly exclusively after growing incidence of diseases related with biofilm and multi-drug resistant pathogens which essential required to find a different path to eliminate that's challenge. So the aim of present study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles through biological method using bacteria Eschriesca coli. Biological silver nanoparticles were described by several techniques. The UV-visible spectrophotometric indicated absorbance peak at 246 to 356 nm, Fourier Transformer Infrared analysis (FTIR) revealed that carboxylic groups and poly phenolic groups are enclosed on the surface of both silver nanoparticles creating stabilized nanoparticles, and by scanning electron microscope (SEM), which shown that the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were spherical in size 26.22 to 31.44 nm. Optimization of silver nanoparticle biosynthesis by E. coli was performed for parameters (temperature and pH and concentration of silver nitrate solution) and the results discovered that temperature 60°C, pH 7 and 3 M silver nitrate concentration were the optimum conditions for silver Nano particles biosynthesis by E. coli isolated from clinical samples of Thi - Qar (Nassryah) city-south Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram-positive bacteria considered one of the leading causes of community and hospital-acquired illnesses or public health concerns. Antibiotic resistance in this microorganism is one of the greatest issues in global health care. The use of metal nanoparticles and their oxides is one of the potential approaches to combating bacteria resistance to antibiotics. The antibacterial properties of ZnO NPs against enterotoxigenic S. aureus were studied. ZnO NPs were tested in vitro by agar diffusion test. They resulted in 26 and 22 mm zones of inhibition for a size of 20 nm and a concentration of 20 mM against 105 and 107 CFU/mL S. aureus, respectively. The MIC of ZnO NPs of various sizes, 20 and 50 nm, with 105 CFU/mL was 2.5 and 5 mM, respectively. MIC with 107 CFU/mL was five mM for 20 and 50 nm ZnO NPs. Further, the highest growth reduction percentage, 98.99% in the counts of S. aureus was achieved by ZnO NPs of size 20 nm and concentration of 10 mM. Moreover, the obtained ELISA results indicated a significantly decreased concentration of enterotoxin A with all concentrations and sizes of ZnO NPs. PCR analysis showed a significant effect on sea gene in response to ZnO NPs treatments leading to loss of the gene, unlike the unaffected nuc gene. Moreover, morphological changes and cell shape distortion were detected by scanning electron microscope for bacterial cells treated with ZnO NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, hydrothermal synthesis of NiO nanoparticles in aqueous solutions at higher temperatures was used. An investigation of its optical and electrical capabilities might be done in many ways. As a result, the size and structure of NiO nanoparticles were characterised using a scanning electron microscope. A powder X-ray diffractometer was used to measure experimentally the crystallite grain size and dislocation density, which were computed using the Scherer formula. The functional groups of the title nanoparticles were easily distinguishable in the FTIR spectrum. After optical absorption analyses, NiO nanoparticles were shown to have optimised UV-Visible transmittance. The density functional theory (B3LYP) was used to compute the bonding of molecular properties of NiO in the ground state using the basis sets 6-311+G (d, p) and 6-311++G (d, p). There is evidence of charge transfer in molecules based on the computed molecular electrostatic potential (MESP), Thermodynamic properties, HOMO and LUMO energies determined. The scientific applications of this NiO nanomaterial would be well served by this material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilms are matrix-enclosed communities of bacteria that are highly resistant to antibiotics. Adding nanomaterials with antibacterial activity to the implant surfaces may be a great solution against biofilm formation. Due to its potent and widespread antibacterial effect, silver nanoparticles were considered the most potent agent with different biological activities. In the present investigation, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were newly synthesized as antibiofilm agents using sugarcane process byproduct (molasses) and named Mo-capped AgNPs. The synthesized nanoparticles showed promising antimicrobial activity against S. aureus ATCC 6538 and C. albicans DAY185. Statistically designed optimization through response surface methodology was evaluated for maximum activity and better physical characteristics, namely the nanoparticles' size and polydispersity index (PDI), and it was revealed that molasses concentration was the main effective factor. Minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of Mo-capped AgNPs against S. aureus ATCC 6538 and C. albicans DAY185 was 16 and 32 µg/mL, respectively. Scanning electron microscope study of Mo-capped AgNP-treated biofilm revealed that AgNPs penetrated the preformed biofilm and eradicated the microbial cells. The optimally synthesized Mo-capped AgNPs were spherically shaped, and the average size diameter ranged between 29 and 88 nm with high proportions of Ag+ element (78.0%) recorded. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated the importance of molasses ingredients in capping and stabilizing the produced silver nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, self-assembled ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via a hydrothermal method utilizing an aqueous extract of mentha pepperita L (peppermint) leaves. The effect of parameters, including the amount of extract, reaction time, and pH was investigated on the structure and morphology of synthesized nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the formation of pure well-crystallized ZnO nanoparticles using a zinc nitrate solution (50 mM) and peppermint extract in a volume ratio of 6:1 at pH of 8 and 12. However, the morphology and crystallite size of the particles were different in pH of 8 and 12. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed the modification of the ZnO surface with peppermint extract components. Analysis of N 2 adsorption and desorption cycles showed the increment of surface area by about 5 times using peppermint extract. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed the formation of a self-assembled sphere structure using peppermint extract. Mechanism of dissolution-precipitation was proposed for green hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles, based on XRD and SEM results at various reaction times. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (reaction time of 24 h and pH of 8) were used to remove methylene blue (MB) dye from an aqueous solution, and adsorption and photocatalytic process were studied. The mass of the dye adsorbed per mass of the adsorbent, q t , grew up by increasing the initial dye concentration. Conversely, the photocatalytic degradation percent decreased. In addition, the final adsorption capacity in 50 mL of 30 ppm dye solution was almost the same in 0.01 and 0.05 g of ZnO, although it was smaller in 0.1 g of ZnO. The maximum degradation efficiency was derived by using 0.05 g ZnO. Self-assembled structure, high capacity of adsorption, and excellent photocatalytic properties were unique characteristics of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at the characterisation of red and orange glass tesserae from the 4th-century Roman villa of Noheda (Spain). Due to the limited number of analyses available for such ancient materials, many questions remain unanswered about the production processes in the Roman period. Six samples were chosen for their hue variations, including two samples showing banded patterns of red and orange. Differences in copper speciation were investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and compared with colour and compositional variations obtained by EPMA. The shapes and sizes of colouring crystals could be investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscope imaging. The brown-red colour is due to metallic copper nano-particles and corresponds to a low-copper and low-lead group usually described in the literature. The orange samples and bands are coloured by copper oxide C u 2 O nanoparticles with remaining Cu+ in the glass and have greater contents of Cu. Compositional analyses reveal that the same base glass is used in the red and orange bands with additions of Cu, Sn, Pb and probable Fe. Furthermore, based on our results and on the literature review, a high-copper low-lead group of glasses highlights the variability of compositions observed in cuprite colours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mucoadhesive nasal gel provide a good platform of drug delivery to the nasal mucosa. We aimed to detect the histologic effect of mucoadhesive loaded antibiotic to the nasal mucosa of the rabbits by light microscope and scanning electron microscope to detect the ultra-structure changes. Methods: A total of 36 adult male rabbits divided into 3 groups. Vehicle control group (A): Non-diseased, receives intranasal mucoadhesive gel. group (B): Non-diseased, receives intranasal Neomycin-loaded mucoadhesive gel. group (C): Non-diseased, receives intranasal ciprofloxacin loaded mucoadhesive gel. Part of the nasal mucosa was stained by Toluidine blue for scanning light microscopy. Other part of the Nasal mucosa was immediately fixed in 1.5% gluteraldehyde in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) for 2 h at room temperature, and determination of morphological properties and microscopic ultra-structure was performed. Results: There is statistically insignificant difference of histological changes in inflammatory cells of Ciprofloxacin group also surface mucosa showing deciliation of wide area of the epithelial cells and nasal mucosa showing necrobiosis of numerous epithelial cells. Congestion is significantly higher in Neomycin group (46.1%), than Ciprofloxacin group (7.7%). Conclusion: Antibiotic loaded mucoadhesive gel showed minimal damage with preserved integrity of the nasal mucosa, so it could be considered safe vehicle for delivering topical antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticle agglomeration reduces the modification effect of nanocomposites, and there is a need to investigate a technique for evaluating the overall particle dispersion within the material, which in turn ensures the modification effect of the material. In this paper, a non-destructive testing technique for nanoparticle dispersion based on nonlinear ultrasonic (NLUS) is proposed to rapidly assess the overall nanoparticle dispersion within a material. An interfacial mismatch model describing different degrees of nanoparticle agglomeration was firstly developed, and then the nonlinear acoustic response of the nanoparticle-dielectric system was quantitatively solved, and the theoretical model was validated in conjunction with NLUS tests. The experimental results show that agglomerated interfaces are the source of the nonlinear response of nanodielectrics and that the microscopically generated nonlinear effects can be equivalently accumulated to the mesoscopic domain, with the error in the theoretically calculated values of the two being less than 5%; The NLUS technique eliminates the need for cumbersome steps such as particle size counting, and its small number of rapid detection results are close to the statistical convergence of the particle size of the 250 particles accumulated in the imaging image of the scanning electron microscope, with an error of between 3% ∼ and 13%. With a single inspection area of 339 mm3, the NLUS technology significantly reduces evaluation time and cost while expanding the inspection area, offering the combined advantages of speed, wide field of view, and non-destructiveness. [Display omitted] • NLUS can assess the particle agglomeration degree quantitatively, rapidly, and nondestructively. • Agglomerated interface is the source of the nanodielectric nonlinearity. • The micro-regional nonlinear response can be equivalently accumulated to the mesoscopic domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to highlight a phenomenon that more or less permanently damages emulsion paint layers, the surfaces of which remain sufficiently permeable for dust particles to become permanently anchored there; when the particles are nanometric, this can cause a permanent change in appearance. Based on scientific documents, empirical observations, laboratory analyses, case studies, and reconstructions of characteristic pictorial layers, this paper aims to highlight the medium- and long-term risks that alter these surfaces, in order to realize strategies for better prevention. The physico-chemical nature of these vulnerable materials will be discussed first, followed by the dust's involvement; finally, the topic will be illustrated through concrete examples, with photos taken using digital, 4 K optical, and Scanning Electron Microscope equipment (SEM), in order to show how the problem of dust particle accumulation impacts even the most contemporary works of art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on the electrochemical synthesis of polymer-inorganic semiconductor hybrid consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and titania nanoparticles (TiO2). The P3HT–TiO2 hybrid was prepared by electropolymerization of the 3HT monomer in a dichloromethane-tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (CH2Cl2/TBAP) solution containing titania nanoparticles (TiO2). The hybrid material was electrodeposited on indium-tin oxide (ITO) substrates via cyclic voltammetry method. It was illustrated from scanning electron microscope observation that the incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticle within P3HT matrix created an interconnected network structure, which has improved interfacial transport charges. Furthermore, the potentiodynamic results revealed that the electropolymerization process of P3HT in the presence of TiO2 was easier and occurred at an early value of 1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) with a noticeable increase in current density. The impedance results showed lower charge-transfer resistance and higher capacitance values for the P3HT–TiO2 hybrid (Rct = 7 Ω cm−2, CPE = 5.196 μF cm–2) compared to pure P3HT (Rct = 37 Ω cm−2, CPE = 1.959 μF cm–2), demonstrating the better conductivity and charge storage capacity for the P3HT–TiO2 hybrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our study, the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with double-layer thin films were fabricated. The active bottom layer of the structure was mainly made of the commercially available titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. TiO2 hollow microspheres (THS) were doped into the TiO2 composite material and used as the scattering top layer. The THS prepared by the one-pot hydrothermal method was composed of irregularly arranged nanoparticles. Meanwhile, we also characterized the synthesized hollow TiO2 microspheres by both the scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and the X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Besides, we produced DSSCs with different weight percentages (0.5wt%, 1wt%, and 2wt%) of THS photoanodes. The DSSCs based on pure TiO2 showed the short-circuit current (JSC) of 8.33 mA/cm2 and the photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.75%. The DSSCs manufactured using 1wt%-THS photoanode had JSC of 12.02 mA/cm2 and a PCE of 5.01%. When compared with the JSC and PCE based on pure TiO2 DSSCs, a significant improvement in the structure was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite materials are materials that are made of two or more materials that remain separate and differ on a macroscopic level while forming a single component so as to produce a composite material that has different mechanical properties and characteristics from the material it forms. Particle composite materials consist of particles held together by a matrix. In this study, an epoxy resin matrix was used with Polymesoda erosa clam shell nanopowder filler. Nano-sized fillers have many advantages over macro-sized ones. The nano-sized particles will have a high surface area, thereby increasing the mechanical strength of the material. The powdered nanoparticles produced will be analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Based on the results of SEM and TEM, the nanopowder of clamshell has a size below 100 nm. The FTIR results of the powdered shellfish showed the presence of carbonate bonds C-O, C=O, and Ca-O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-lubricants offer improved tribological properties in many applications, such as machines and engines. The presence of nanoparticles in the lubricating oil affects its wear, friction, thermal, chemical and physical properties in many ways. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a promising lubricant additive for enhanced engine efficiency. This article reports the effect of 10 W-30 pure base engine oil suspended TiO2 nanoparticles. Four different volume concentrations (0.01%, 0.025%, 0.050% and 0.075%) of TiO2 nanoparticles in the base lubricating oil are used for the analysis. The tribological tests were performed at ambient temperature as well as at 75 °C using a four ball tribometer. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Alicona Inginite Focus G5 microscope were used to analyze the worn surface. The results show that the surface-modified TiO2 nanoparticles can remarkably improve the load-carrying capacity, the friction reducing, and anti-wear abilities of the additive oil. The diameter of the wear trace and the coefficient of friction are the tribological properties analyzed for the nano-lubricant prepared at different volume concentration (VC). It was found that the diameter of the wear scar and the coefficient of friction increase with increasing VC of TiO2 nanoparticles in the lubricating oil. The main objective of the paper is to present the recent progress and, consequently, to develop a comprehensive understanding of the tribological behavior of engine oil mixed with TiO2 nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of magnetic nanocomposite of cefotax against MRSA. A total of 190 samples were collected from milk, farm personnel and different environmental components from the dairy farm under the study to isolate S. aureus. Cefotax based magnetic nanoparticles was synthetized by the adsorption method and marked using Fourier-transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), then it was characterized using Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope (SEM and TEM). The obtained results revealed that number of positive samples of S. aureus isolation were 63 (33.1%), mainly from feed manger followed by milk machine swabs (60.0 and 53.3%, respectively) at X2 = 48.83 and P < 0.001. Obtained isolates were identified biochemically and by using molecular assays (PCR), also mec A gene responsible for resistance to cefotax was detected. Testing the sensitivity of 63 isolates of S. aureus showed variable degree of resistance to different tested antibiotics and significant sensitivity to cefotax based magnetic nanoparticles at P < 0.05. It was concluded that dairy environment might act a potential source for transmission of MRSA between human and animal populations. In addition, cefotax based magnetic nanoparticles verified an extreme antimicrobial efficacy against MRSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to prepare experimental adhesive (EA) with ZrO2 nanoparticles (ZEA) and without it; and its interaction with dentin conditioned with photodynamic therapy (PDT), etch and rinse, and Er, Cr: YSGG laser (ECL). Methods consisted of the scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), shear bond strength (SBS) failure mode, and rheological property analysis. The methods were employed to assess bond integrity; the shape of ZrO2 NPs and interfacial dentin and adhesive interaction. Ninety premolar teeth were collected and pre-bonding, conditioning of dentin was performed utilizing phosphoric acid (H3PO4), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and ER-CR-YSGG laser (ECL). The teeth were set to form bonded specimens using two adhesives EA and ZEA. The microscopic imagery of ZrO2 revealed irregular-shaped, non-edged particles. EDX analysis revealed Zr to be 75.7% whereas, O2 by weight was 25.3%. The highest SBS was demonstrated in dentin conditioned with etch and rinse and ZEA (19.05 ± 0.13 MPa). Whereas, the lowest SBS was observed in dentin surface treated with PDT and EA (12.25 ± 0.14 MPa). Most of the reported failure modes were adhesive. Rheological analysis revealed that with increasing frequencies the viscosities of adhesives were reduced. The presence of 10% ZrO by weight in adhesive improves SBS of restoration and this improvement in bond values is statistically significant compared to EA. Bond values may be influenced by surface treatment of dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to evaluate of silica and alumina nanocomposites in consolidation and protection of archaeological glass from early Islamic period in Egypt. Archaeological glass is exposed to deterioration by moisture, as water is considered one of the most dangerous damage factors that attack glass artifacts. This results in many aspects of deterioration including weeping glass, cracks, dulling, formation of weathering crusts, salt growing, and corroded surfaces. From this standpoint, materials which are used in the consolidation and protection of those glass artifacts must have the property of hydrophobicity in order to protect them from the harmful effects of water. In the last decade, polymer-nanoparticle composites have attracted great interest in the field of culture heritage conservation due to their unique multifunctional properties resulting from the high surface area and chemical activity of the nanoparticles dispersed in the polymers. In this study, Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and alumina oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles are added to silicon based polymer (poly alkyl siloxane) (Silres BS-290) in order to improve their physiochemical and mechanical properties. This produced a significant improvement in the ability of the polymers to consolidate and protect archaeological glass. The treated samples are exposed to artificial ageing to test the efficiency of the consolidation materials. The properties of untreated, treated and aged glass samples were evaluated by TEM, stereo microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), colormetric measurements, static water contact angle, density and hardness tests (physical and mechanical properities). Results showed that the treated sample with SiO2/Al2O3/Poly siloxane nanocomposites are good candidates for consolidation and protection of glass objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, nontoxic origin-mediated synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles acquires further recognition because of the key role of bioapplications. The plant Cissus quadrangularis is one most prominent herbs used in the treatment of diabetes, asthma, tissue regeneration, etc. In this study, we tested the process of copper oxide nanoparticle synthesis and their role in many functions from Cissus quadrangularis. The synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles uses plant extract and characterization by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), atomic force microscope (AFM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed for their biomedical applications such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activity and antiproteinase action. The results show that the C. quadrangularis plant-mediated nanoparticles may be used in many biomedical applications related to arthritis, diabetes, and the production of various antimicrobial products in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to estimate the effect of cobalt nanoparticles (Co NPs) with different concentrations against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria. Three isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive), Proteus spp. (gram-negative), and Escherichia coli (gram-negative) bacteria were extracted from various clinical examples utilizing routine methods on bacteriological culture media. The antibacterial sensitivity of commercial antibiotics such as Ciprofloxacin, Cefotaxime, Gentamycin, and Amoxicillin was broken down on a Muller Hinton agar plate and evaluated using the disk diffusion method. The study results demonstrated the antibacterial effect of the Co NPs against the bacterial isolates with three different concentrations utilized in the study. The results indicated that the Co NPs showed the highest antibacterial activity when utilizing 100 μg/ml against Escherichia coli followed by Proteus spp and Staphylococcus aureus with zones of inhibition measured as 22.2±0.1 mm, 20.3±0.15 mm, and 15.8±0.1 mm; respectively. Co NPs at a 100 μg/mL concentration showed higher inhibition zones than several common antibiotics except for Ciprofloxacin, which demonstrated better antibacterial activity against the bacterial isolates employed in this study. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)and X-Ray diffraction (XRD)studies confirmed that Cobalt nanoparticles (Co NPs) were synthesized from cobalt sulphate solution with a size ranging from 40 nm to 60 nm. The nanoparticles showed a crystalline structure with a round shape and smooth surface. The antibacterial resistance of Co NPs against three common bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus spp, and Escherichia coli was assessed in this study. The optimum concentration of the Co NPs was identified as 100 μg/ml, which could provide a similar or higher antibacterial effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]