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The paper studies the particularities of the educational policies of the Popular Unity. To answer this question, the context has been recreated and the main issues and conflict of these policies are explored. This objective is original because most of the investigations on this regard have studied the logic of the groups that fought to govern the country, have highlighted the differences between the educational projects of past governments or have evidenced the controversies surrounding the Unified National School. To achieve this answer, the study carried out an exhaustive review of the main primary and secondary sources in this matter [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the writing of the military Francisco Isidoro Resquín, whose trajectory in the Paraguayan Army was marked by several positions. "La Guerra del Paraguay contra La Triple Alianza", the book describing his memoirs and different events in which he participated, is the object and one of the sources discussed to understand the explanatory and justifying formulation of General Resquín's action after the end of the war. Considering the specialized bibliography on the war and other sources, it is possible to perceive Resquín's role in the conflict, particularly in the organization of the punishments against war prisoners. The book aimed at safeguarding the author's image, while it tried to justify the conflict. Francisco Resquín was a complex and misallocated character among the so-called Paraguayan heroes in the War against the Triple Alliance. Thus, his oeuvre, including its internal structure, became an important record to understand the internal relations inside the Paraguayan forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to point out the limits of 'radical change' thesis in Marx's thought. According to this view, there would be a 'unilinear' and teleological conception of history in his period of youth. However, for some authors, at some point in his theoretical evolution from 1850's, Marx would break with this position and formulated a multilinear view of history. From a critical revision, it is intended to point the limits of this thesis from the analysis of Marx's theory of history that was already in consolidation in the 1840's. More precisely, in the texts The german ideology (1845-46) and Poverty of philosophy (1847), we can see that Marx's theoretical works of the mid-1840's is precisely against a philosophy of history, pointing limitations for the idea of 'radical change' in the theory of history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of recovering the historical memory in biographical and autobiographical writtings is no longer restricted to an exclusive field of research. Authors such as Georges Bataille, John Hersey and Beatriz Sarlo scrutinize the correlations between History and memory in the literature, evaluating ethical matters and issues of social nature. In the light of this studies, this paper comments some excerpts of Assombrações do Recife Velho (1955), work of the sociologist Gilberto Freyre and Baú de ossos (1972), first volume of Pedro Nava's memoirs. The objective is to expose how fictional and historical elements are articulated in both works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examines the character, functioning and changes therein of the state security apparatus, the socialist "arcana imperii," in pre-1989 Bulgaria. Building on Foucault's notion of 'governance' and on his formulation of power as both productive and repressive, the paper aims to analyze the political strong arm of the regime as a knowledge management institution. The importance of surveillance for modern politics and the dynamics of secrecy are discussed as structured by technologies of exclusion, obstruction, and revelation. State security is contextualized through the perspective of the 20th century revolutionary objective to engineer the new socialist subject [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to debate the historian's problems regarding private archives and exiles. It deals with the difficulties of reconstructing the political roots of the exiles in their host countries and analyses the ways the historian must work in order to reconstruct the networks among the exiles. The article is based on research about the Portuguese Republican exiles in Spain and Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies based on the principles of Historic Education have focused their analyses on the strategies of historic learning in school context, with the assumption that the intervention in learning quality requires a systematic knowledge of historical ideas of students and teachers. In this perspective, this paper presents partial results of a survey on ideas of young High School students on the subject of History. The investigation is part of a broader research project entitled: "The historical thinking of young students from schools in the Midwest region of Parana State", developed by the Graduate Program in Education, of the state university of Midwest (UNICENTRO), Irati-PR campus. The results indicate that the ideals of young students prioritize the understanding of History as the totality of human actions in time and space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper developed an investigation about the trajectory of Portuguese merchant Antônio José de Araújo (1791-1851) in municipality of Morretes, between 1804 and 1849. In this framework, the purpose of this study is to highlight the forms of social domination exercised by Portuguese who inhabited municipalities of south coast of Province of São Paulo in the first half of nineteenth century. Thus, it is shown that the control of the credit market was crucial for traders formed a dependent entourage. Sometimes these dependents were familiar from their creditors. It was impractical to small traders achieve withdraw from these retinues [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC/1995-2002) played a significant role in the consolidation of policies directed to the countryside and the agrarian reform process in Brazil. The aim of this paper was to reflect on the profile and stresses involved in agrarian reform policy of the FHC government, and the ramifications of this policy in light of the number of settled families and areas obtained for agrarian reform in Brazil. It was used as source texts of researchers who studied the ways and waywardness of the Brazilian agrarian reform and data from the "Fight for Land Database" (DATALUTA/NERA/Unesp/Presidente Prudente). It is understood that during the FHC government, despite the number of settled families and obtained areas have considerably advanced when compared to previous governments, agrarian reform was treated marginally, and the government sometimes denied the struggles and the leadership role of social movements in the countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses from the theoretical point of view of the French Discourse Analysis why, in some regions of the Brazilian Northeast, some people avoid pronouncing the word macaco (monkey) and choose to use other words instead, such as de%essete (seventeen). The hypothesis put forward is that this cultural-discursive practice, understood here as a form of interdiction, occurs basically in up-country regions where the memory of cangaço (banditry) still is markedly diluted in daily life. From the analysis of discourses present on a daily basis, this paper aimed at providing a more accurate understanding of a Brazilian socio-cultural particularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the political activities of María de Molina (1265-1321), regent of the Castilian throne after the death of her husband, King Sancho IV, in 1295, during the minority of his son Ferdinand IV, from 1295 to 1301, as well as during the minority of her grandson Alfonso XI, 1212 to 1325. In these almost twenty six years conducting the reign policy, Molina de María constitutes the main bastion of resistance and negotiations about the realm matters against the major nobility faction's interests, which took advantage over the weakness of royal power to increase political relevance and dividends. No less important was his activity on foreign policy effecting various agreements with other kingdoms and with the papacy in the purpose to achieve support for sequence of his lineage to the command of the Castilian crown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses from the theoretical point of view of the French Discourse Analysis why, in some regions of the Brazilian Northeast, some people avoid pronouncing the word macaco (monkey) and choose to use other words instead, such as dezessete (seventeen). The hypothesis put forward is that this cultural-discursive practice, understood here as a form of interdiction, occurs basically in up-country regions where the memory of cangaço (banditry) still is markedly diluted in daily life. From the analysis of discourses present on a daily basis, this paper aimed at providing a more accurate understanding of a Brazilian socio-cultural particularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the political activities of María de Molina (1265-1321), regent of the Castilian throne after the death of her husband, King Sancho IV, in 1295, during the minority of his son Ferdinand IV, from 1295 to 1301, as well as during the minority of her grandson Alfonso XI, 1212 to 1325. In these almost twenty six years conducting the reign policy, Molina de María constitutes the main bastion of resistance and negotiations about the realm matters against the major nobility faction's interests, which took advantage over the weakness of royal power to increase political relevance and dividends. No less important was his activity on foreign policy effecting various agreements with other kingdoms and with the papacy in the purpose to achieve support for sequence of his lineage to the command of the Castilian crown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is aim of this paper investigate and analyze the renegotiation of identification codes and religious belonging undertaken by the descendants of Orthodox Ukrainians, in southern Brazil, in the contexts of their arrival in the country in the period between 1960 and 1975, before the new proposals to live religion and culture. The aim is to understand to what extent customary cultural practices had to be retrofitted to the new scenario building and observe what strategies established to facilitate interaction with the reception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents and discusses original ideas defended by the Brazilian and critical thinker and art Mário Pedrosa in his books Option Imperialist and the Brazilian Option, launched in 1966 during the dictatorship, about the prospects for an economic planning of the country at odds with the market economy. To this end the article recalls the criticism of development economists in the 1960s, a brief presentation of the initial theoretical debates about the deployment of a planned economy in the USSR in the 1920s and the reforms implemented in the 1960s by the Soviet planned economy. The author examined defended the concrete possibilities and characteristics common to a higher synthesis between the great Soviet trusts and the big monopolies of the US economy. Under this basis, finally, Original Ideas proposals are submitted to what the author calls "transition economy" in Brazil, which should incorporate the development of a broad democratic process of building the priorities for future planned economy in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify the characteristics of the Physical Education classes at the state school Nilza Oliveira Pipino in Sinop-MT, reported in the daily lesson planners between 1979 and 2009. There was a historical research of documental type, identifying the main descriptions in the daily lesson planners of Physical Education. It was verified that there was progress in the development of classes, but this one was lower than to the conceptual evolution of the area because of apparent disharmony between new proposals and debates and what occurred during the established historical period. It was possible to identify tecnicists remnants in the practices described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ancestors of the Xukuru of Ororubá, Fulni-ô and Wassú, and other indigenous peoples in the northeastern region of Brazil participated in the War against Paraguay. What do documents and registers inform us on the subject? What did these populations report on the War? What is the meaning of indigenous memories on the conflict? Recent studies on the "great war" bring about a novel interpretation by going beyond the traditional points of the war, by describing the battles and the biography of war heroes. Current approach tries to understand the different phases of the conflict and the different social groups involved. Current paper discusses the indigenous history and memories on the War against Paraguay within current debates on the conflict, for a better comprehension of indigenous history in contemporary Northeast of Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The military demobilization of allied troops stationed in Paraguay and the festivities and commemorations at the end of the War of the Triple Alliance were controversial subjects and occur in the documents produced by foreign embassies and by the press in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. The discussion formed the imagination of journalists and political disputes between liberals and conservatives in Brazil, between 1869 and 1870. Current paper simultaneously uses contemporary official documents and newspapers to demonstrate how the theme was forwarded by the government and by the press to Brazilian society. It will also be a great help for the writing of the history of the War against Paraguay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper analyzes the textbook called Pequena História da Educação by Sisters Francisca Peeters and Augusta de Cooman (1936), which was widely used in Training Colleges in Brazil. The concept of History, Education and Childhood in the textbook are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper attempts to establish a dialogue between Physics and History and shows that temporality and historicity provide a new aspect to reality and, consequently, on its knowledge. The idea of temporality within the perspective of the Physical and chemical scientist Ilya Prigogine is analyzed and related to the concept of historical time by the philosopher and historian Reinhart Koselleck. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper analyzes criminal court suits in which individuals were accused of murder perpetuated to solve personal conflicts. The social and cultural standards in the solution of conflicts are debated, coupled to the social norms that imbued and interfered in the judgments, within the limits of current research, or rather Brazilian society in mid-20th century. The doctrine of one of the main jurists in the country, analyzing the discrepancies in the 1940 Penal Code, is investigated, or rather, crimes against life and property. Events are investigated where the legitimation of the homicidal act occurred as from social conditions of the people involved and those with psychic and moral conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper problematizes the interpretations that frazine punks of São Paulo produced at the start of the New Republic. The images of José Sarney which were constructed and represented in magazines of the mid 1980s, such as Violência Gratuita, Holocausto, Falange Anarquista, Chantagem Ocasional, Revolta do Subúrbio, N.C Punk e Pânico, are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of the Brazilian republic triggered political agents within the religious sphere to analyze the 1891 Constitution. The Protestant political insertion increased and one may trace the catalyzing elements of its political activities, even though most segments kept aloof from politics. They merely manifested themselves when religious issues on religious freedom were involved. The 1950 political context brought to the fore new concerns on the religious polarization. Foregrounded on the conflict theory of Lewis Coser, current paper discusses the construction of these two subjects that heralded the social and religious projects of the republican period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper analyzes the life and works of the cultural agent Cornélio Pires whose activities involved the conservation of the caipira culture, disseminating it through publications, recordings, sound tracks, spectacles (scenes, music, guitar and musical groups) and propagating it on the radio. Contrastingly to the intense transformations in São Paulo, representations of plantations and life in the hinterland were emerging. They are actually different scenes in which the people of the Brazilian interior are sometimes praised and at other times criticized. Within this context, the life, works and artistic productions of Cornélia Pires are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper deals with the several ways in celebrating Carnival by the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century, analyzed from different sources such as newspapers of the period and musicals. The Carnival songs are focused, coupled to a description of the effort of educated people and authorities in attempting to regulate, discipline and homogenize the Carnival feasts in Rio de Janeiro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History is an extremely important aspect in Hegel's philosophical system. Although this is clear in his mature texts, one may ask whether the origins of such interest would be restricted to them only. Current paper deals with the question whether Hegel was already interested in history in his early years. His texts at the time of the Gymnasium in Stuttgart, such as his Diary and some of the reviews written by the young student, may be considered as his early works, which is not to say that at that moment Hegel would have already had a good idea of the systematic characteristics of history. History, however, belonged to the roll of interests of the young Hegel. The young Hegel reveals in his early writings, even if some interpreters consider those texts apocryphal, a special attention to contemporary events, considering them as the result of intended human activity. His initial education and thought formation were strongly marked by the history bias, when in his speech on graduation day in Stuttgart he stressed the benefits of education for the world. He sees himself and his contemporaries within the historical process and characterized by the being of his time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the great transitions enjoys, in these days, a considerable degree of low status in the field of History. Maybe it's not hard to see the reasons of such absurd contradiction - at least if we consider that the essence of the subject in question lies in the study of the changes and transformations! Postmodernism, denial of the knowability or even the existence of the real, micro-history, fascination for the immobility, the continuities and the resistance to change, a more or less dense 'description', prevalent, are hegemonic tendencies in the historiographical field that help us to understand the feeling, almost widespread nowadays, that the attempted framing of the transition processes is an extemporaneous task, a surpassed demand! I propose, in this paper, in the context of Iberian's High Middle Ages, the analysis of the transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages in its fundamental structuring elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of history education, past and present, often resembles a history of contestation, in which rival and polarized understandings of the meanings of 'history' and 'history education' vie for dominance (Nakou and Barca, 2010). A common polarity in debates on history curricula is the opposition between 'knowledge' and 'skill', an opposition that has had considerable currency in recent curriculum reform processes in England which have emphasised 'core knowledge' (DfE, 2013). Drawing on examples of classroom practice (Chapman, 2003; Woodcock, 2005; Buxton, 2003) and on systematic research and theorizing (Shemilt, 1983; Lee and Shemilt, 2009) this paper aims to destabilize such binary talk and to explore the ways in which 'first order' knowledge and understanding about the past and 'second order' or metahistorical knowledge and understanding of how the discipline of history works are both logically inter-related and inseparable in practical terms. The notion of historical 'enquiry' (Counsell, 2011) is explored as a pedagogic tool for the simultaneous development of these inter-related dimensions of historical thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to disclose part of the results of History's Field Institutional Program of Scholarship in Teaching Initiation (PIBID). The Project is being developed in four public schools from Regional Education Nucleo of Ivaiporã/PR, a town that has an State University of Maringá (UEM) campus. The study is another effort to analyze Pibid's contribution in formation of History grade's undergraduates, also brings the possibility to comprehend theoretical, politics and ideological grounding that is underlying in the legislation and in programmatic subjects in schools curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The killing of animals for human consumption in the early 19th century was done in a rudimentary form and without any government control. Concern on the rationalization and modernization of urban spaces started to take priority. A greater intervention of sanitary authorities within social dynamics implied in the revision of several aspects on the different moments of meat production, such as conditions for breeding and killing of animals in abattoirs, new requirements on the hygiene of abattoirs, the need for centralization and control by the municipal authorities for abattoirs, control of laborers in abattoirs and the gradual displacement of abattoirs far from urban space and from the sight of the population within ethical concerns on the death of animals. Current paper analyzes the initial phase of this transforming process of abattoirs taking as example the specific case of the municipal abattoir in Ponta Grossa PR Brazil in 1888. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper traces the historiographical pathway of the French philosopher Michel Foucault. The review of his main works and of the writings of his commentators shows the critique that the author makes on the writing of history: the interrogation of evidences of anthropological beliefs, the configuration of investigations that give priority to conditions of the rise of discourses and practices -- Archeology and Genealogy, refusal of the unilateral aspect and the importance of the discontinuous and unforeseeable stance of historical narrative, invisible to grand narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]