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This report presents an investigation into the use of carbon paper electrodes prepared from chitosan-adhered graphene magnetite nanoparticles for the analysis of Cr(VI). The preparation and storage of carbon paper electrodes is a simple process, and these electrodes are easier to replace than electrodes modified by more conventional methods. The electrochemical detection of Cr(VI) using square wave adsorption cathodic dissolution voltammetry (SWAdCSV) with high selectivity and sensitivity, as well as the optimum conditions for the preparation of the electrodes and the electrode parameters affecting the SWAdCSV signal, were the main points of focus of the investigation. Cr(VI) was detected linearly in the range of 4-40 μg L-1 with a detection limit of 2.84 μg L-1. The electrode output precision, calculated as %RSD, was 7.16% (n = 6), and this was the measurement used for the detection of Cr(VI) in standard and test samples with recoveries between 89% and 114%. The results were consistent with those obtained using the standard UV-Vis spectrophotometric method with a paired t-test at 95% confidence level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-enzymatic electrochemical blood glucose sensors often suffer from issues such as requiring an alkaline environment, limited monitoring range, and poor anti-interference properties. Carbon substrates have been demonstrated to improve the performance of non-enzymatic sensors, but complex and energy-consuming manufacturing processes restrict their use. Herein, a simple and green approach for the preparation of 3D porous Au/Au-Pt networks (PAAPNs) is proposed using tissue paper for recycling as the nanomaterial substrate to deposit Au-Pt bimetallic nanoparticles. The unique structure of the PAAPNs sensor allows for low-potential operation (-1.0 V) with a wide monitoring range (-0.25 to 36 mM) in a neutral environment. Moreover, the sensor exhibited excellent selectivity (<10% response of interference) even without the use of an anti-interference outer membrane. Further investigation using density functional theory (DFT) simulation revealed the synergistic effect between Au and Pt in promoting glucose oxidation. Overall, this work provides a simple and low-carbon footprint method for creating carbon substrates from tissue paper for recycling, offering new opportunities for fabricating novel value-added nanomaterials for medical sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and mild stimulus-responsive fluorescent supramolecular polymer network was constructed from a pillararene-based multi-functional monomer through multiple noncovalent interactions and used as a rewritable paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safe, accurate, and reliable analysis of urinary biomarkers is clinically important for early detection and monitoring of the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), as it has become one of the world's most prevalent non-communicable diseases. However, current technologies for measuring urinary biomarkers are either time-consuming and limited to well-equipped hospitals or lack the necessary sensitivity for quantitative analysis and post a health risk to frontline practitioners. Here we report a robust paper-based dual functional biosensor, which is integrated with the clinical urine sampling vial, for the simultaneous and quantitative analysis of pH and glucose in urine. The pH sensor was fabricated by electrochemically depositing IrOx onto a paper substrate using optimised parameters, which enabled an ultrahigh sensitivity of 71.58 mV pH-1. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was used in combination with an electrochemically deposited Prussian blue layer for the detection of glucose, and its performance was enhanced by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), chitosan, and graphite composites, achieving a sensitivity of 1.5 μA mM-1. This dual function biosensor was validated using clinical urine samples, where a correlation coefficient of 0.96 for pH and 0.98 for glucose detection was achieved with commercial methods as references. More importantly, the urine sampling vial was kept sealed throughout the sample-to-result process, which minimised the health risk to frontline practitioners and simplified the diagnostic procedures. This diagnostic platform, therefore, holds high promise as a rapid, accurate, safe, and user-friendly point-of-care (POC) technology for the analysis of urinary biomarkers in frontline clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces distance-based paper analytical devices (dPADs) integrated with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and carbon dots (CDs) for simultaneous quantification of cytokine biomarkers, namely C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in human biological samples for diagnosis of cytokine syndrome. Using fluorescent CDs and MIP technology, the dPAD exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity. Detection is based on fluorescence quenching of CDs achieved through the interaction of the target analytes with the MIP layer on the paper substrate. Quantitative analysis is easily accomplished by measuring the distance length of quenched fluorescence with a traditional ruler and naked eye readout enabling rapid diagnosis of cytokine syndrome and the underlying infection. Our sensor demonstrated linear ranges of 2.50-24.0 pg mL-1 (R2 = 0.9974), 0.25-3.20 pg mL-1 (R2 = 0.9985), and 1.50-16.0 pg mL-1 (R2 = 0.9966) with detection limits (LODs) of 2.50, 0.25, and 1.50 pg mL-1 for CRP, TNF-a, and IL-6, respectively. This sensor also demonstrated remarkable selectivity compared to a sensor employing a non-imprinted polymer (NIP), and precision with the highest relative standard deviation (RSD) of 5.14%. The sensor is more accessible compared to prior methods relying on expensive reagents and instruments and complex fabrication methods. Furthermore, the assay provided notable accuracy for monitoring these biomarkers in various human samples with recovery percentages ranging between 99.22% and 103.58%. By integrating microfluidic systems, nanosensing, and MIPs technology, our developed dPADs hold significant potential as a cost-effective and user-friendly analytical method for point-of-care diagnostics (POC) of cytokine-related disorders. This concept can be further extended to developing diagnostic devices for other biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based electrochemical sensors have the characteristics of flexibility, biocompatibility, environmental protection, low cost, wide availability, and hydropathy, which make them very suitable for the development and application of biological detection. This work proposes electrospun cellulose acetate nanofiber (CA NF)-decorated paper-based screen-printed (PBSP) electrode electrochemical sensors. The CA NFs were directly collected on the PBSP electrode through an electrospinning technique at an optimized voltage of 16 kV for 10 min. The sensor was functionalized with different bio-sensitive materials for detecting different targets, and its sensing capability was evaluated by CV, DPV, and chronoamperometry methods. The test results demonstrated that the CA NFs enhanced the detection sensitivity of the PBSP electrode, and the sensor showed good stability, repeatability, and specificity (p < 0.01, N = 3). The electrochemical sensing of the CA NF-decorated PBSP electrode exhibited a short detection duration of ∼5–7 min and detection ranges of 1 nmol mL−1–100 μmol mL−1, 100 fg mL−1–10 μg mL−1, and 1.5 × 102–106 CFU mL−1 and limits of detection of 0.71 nmol mL−1, 89.1 fg mL−1, and 30 CFU mL−1 for glucose, Ag85B protein, and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. These CA NF-decorated PBSP sensors can be used as a general electrochemical tool to detect, for example, organic substances, proteins, and bacteria, which are expected to achieve point-of-care testing of pathogenic microorganisms and have wide application prospects in biomedicine, clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based ratiometric fluorescence sensors are normally prepared using two or more types of fluorescent materials on a paper chip for simple, low-cost and fast detection. However, the choice of multi-step and one-step modifications on the paper chip affects the analytical performance. Herein, a novel paper-based dual-emission ratiometric fluorescence sensor was designed for the selective detection of tetracycline (TC). Carbon dots (CDs) modified with Eu3+ were combined with a sealed paper-based microfluidic chip by two methods: one-step grafting of CDs-Eu3+ on paper and step-by-step grafting of CDs and Eu3+ on paper. The analytical performance was studied and optimized respectively. The red fluorescence of Eu3+ at 450 nm is enhanced and the blue fluorescence of CDs at 617 nm is quenched by energy transfer in the presence of TC. Under optimal conditions, TC is selectively determined in the linear range from 0.1 μM to 100 μM with a detection limit of 0.03 μM by the step-by-step grafting method. In addition, the sealed paper chip could effectively prevent pollution and volatilization from the reagent. This technique has been used to analyze TC in seafood aquaculture water with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective enrichment of La(III) by green material as an industrial raw material is of great research interest. In this study, the selective interaction between P and La(III) was utilized, and waste paper (WP) modified with phytic acid (PA) was used to adsorb La(III) from water using a simple one-pot method. The adsorption capacity was 237.23 mg g−1 (30 °C, pH = 5, initial concentration of 200 mg L−1). The equilibrium isotherm fitted the Langmuir isotherm model well. The adsorption equilibrium was reached after 15 min. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that the adsorption mechanism of the material towards La(III) is single-layer chemisorption. It selectively adsorbed La(III) from four coexisting substances (Pb, Ni, Cu, and Co). After six cycles, the adsorption efficiency of the adsorbent material remained at 60%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing a one-pot Schiff-base condensation approach, the derivative "cholyl hydrazide Schiff base of phenothiazine" (ChHSB-PTZ) based on cholic acid has been synthesized and characterized via standard procedures. ChHSB-PTZ demonstrates exceptional sensitivity towards Sn(II) metal ion detection through fluorescence "turn-off" behavior based on chelation-enhanced fluorescence quenching (CHEQ) even in the presence of various cations and anions. Through modified Stern–Volmer and Stern–Volmer graph analyses, the binding constant (Ka) and limit of detection (LOD) were found to be 2.8 × 1010 M−1 and 2.2 nM, respectively. A 1 : 1 stoichiometry between ChHSB-PTZ and the Sn(II) metal ion was found via Job's plot. Moreover, the distribution of electronic states in the ChHSB-PTZ Schiff base and the sensing mechanism (CHEQ) were clarified through the use of 1H NMR titration spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. ChHSB-PTZ test paper strips are developed as an essential tool to improve the analytical applicability of the device and enable the rapid, accurate, and affordable detection of Sn(II) metal ions in environmental analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new analytical method for chronic kidney disease (CKD) detection utilizing paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) combined with machine learning is presented. The analytical protocol is rapid and simple, based on metabolic profile alterations in urine. Anonymized raw urine samples were deposited (10 μL each) onto pointed PS-MS sample strips. Without waiting for the sample to dry, 75 μL of acetonitrile and high voltage were applied to the strips, using high resolution mass spectrometry measurement (15 s per sample) with polarity switching to detect a wide range of metabolites. Random forest machine learning was used to classify the resulting data. The diagnostic performance for the potential diagnosis of CKD was evaluated for accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, achieving results >96% for the training data and >91% for validation and test data sets. Metabolites selected by the classification model as up- or down-regulated in healthy or CKD samples were tentatively identified and in agreement with previously reported literature. The potential utilization of this approach to discriminate albuminuria categories (normo, micro, and macroalbuminuria) was also demonstrated. This study indicates that PS-MS combined with machine learning has the potential to be used as a rapid and simple diagnostic tool for CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method utilizing fluorescent ratiometry is proposed for detecting putrescine and spermidine. The method involves the use of a fluorescent probe comprising a 2D halide perovskite synthesized from octadecylamine-iodine and PbI2via a grinding-sonicating technique, along with a Eu3+-complex. Upon excitation at 290 nm, the probe fluoresces at two distinguishable wavelengths. The addition of putrescine and spermidine significantly decreases the emission of the 2D halide perovskite at 496 nm, while the emission of the Eu3+-complex at 618 nm remains stable. The color changes of the probe depend on the concentration of putrescine and spermidine, and the assay offers linearity over a wide concentration range (30–4000 ng mL−1), a low detection limit (4 ng mL−1 for putrescine, and 7 ng mL−1 for spermidine), and a quick response time. Furthermore, a portable device based on a smartphone can be used to record the color change of the paper test strip using the prepared fluorescent materials. The fluorescence quenching mechanism of the probe is explained as dynamic quenching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a promising class of biomarkers for early detection of various cancers, including ovarian cancer. However, quantifying miRNAs in human blood samples is challenging owing to the issues of sensitivity and specificity. In this study, hsa-miR-200a-3p of the miR-200a sub-family, which is a biomarker of ovarian cancer, was used as the analyte to demonstrate the analytical capability of an integrated biosensing platform using an extremely sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanotag−nanoaggregate-embedded beads (NAEBs), magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), a pair of highly specific locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes, and a semi-automated paper-based electrowetting-on-dielectric (pEWOD) device to provide labor-less and thorough sample cleanup and recovery. A sandwich approach where NAEBs are modified by one LNA-1 probe and MNPs are modified by another LNA-2 probe was applied. Then, the target analyte miRNA-200a-3p was introduced to form a sandwich nanocomplex through hybridization with the pair of LNA probes. The pEWOD device was used to achieve short cleanup time and good recovery of the nanocomplex, bringing the total analysis time to less than 30 min. The detection limit of this approach can reach 0.26 fM through SERS detection. The versatility of this method without the need for RNA extraction from clinical samples is expected to have good potential in detecting other miRNAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regular and on-site monitoring of ions in drinking water is essential for safeguarding public health, ensuring high water quality, and preserving the ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems. Thus, developing a portable analytical device for the rapid, cost-effective, and visual on-site detection of multiple environmental pollutants is notably significant. In the present work, a novel ratiometric microfluidic paperbased analytical device (µPAD) was designed and developed for the simultaneous detection of Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions in water samples taking advantages from built-in masking zone. The µPAD was functionalized with a greenish-yellow fluorescent Zn-based metal-organic framework@tetracycline (FMOF-5@TC) nanocomposite, and the ratiometric design was based on the change in emission color from greenish yellow (FMOF-5@TC) to blue (FMOF-5). The µPAD consisted of one sample zone linked to two detection zones via two channels: the first channel was for the detection of both ions, while the second was intended for detecting only Cu2+ ions and comprised a built-in masking zone to remove Fe3+ ions prior to reaching the detection zone. The corresponding color changes were recorded with the aid of a smartphone and RGB calculations. The linear ranges were 0.1-80 µM for Cu2+ and 0.2-160 µM for Fe3+, with limits of detection of 0.027 and 0.019 µM, respectively. The simple µPAD design enabled the simultaneous detection of Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions in drinking water samples with excellent accuracy and precision, with spike recoveries of 81.28-96.36% and 83.01-102.33% for Cu2+ and Fe3+, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new CdII-based luminescent metal–organic framework (LMOF) with the formula {[Cd(BIBT)(NDC)]·solvents}n (JXUST-32, BIBT = 4,7-bi(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzo-[2,1,3]thiadiazole and H2NDC = 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid) was successfully synthesized by a solvothermal method. JXUST-32 shows a two-dimensional (4,4)-connected network and exhibits significant fluorescence red shift and slight enhancement for H2PO4− and CO32− sensing with detection limits of 0.11 and 0.12 μM, respectively. In addition, JXUST-32 has good thermal stability, chemical stability and recyclability. Significantly, JXUST-32 represents a fluorescence red-shift dual response MOF sensor for H2PO4− and CO32− detection and the analytes can be identified by the naked eye, aerosol jet printing filter paper, light-emitting diode beads and luminescent films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple protocols have been reported to fabricate paper-based analytical devices (PADs). However, some of these techniques must be revised because of the instrumentation required. This paper describes a versatile and globally affordable method to fabricate PADs using office paper as a substrate and a laser printing technique to define hydrophobic barriers on paper surfaces. To demonstrate the feasibility of the alternatives proposed in this study, the fabrication of devices for three types of detection commonly associated with using PADs was demonstrated: colorimetric detection, electrochemical detection, and mass spectrometry associated with a paper-spray ionization (PSI-MS) technique. Besides that, an evaluation of the type of paper used and chemical modifications required on the substrate surface are also presented in this report. Overall, the developed protocol was suitable for using office paper as a substrate, and the laser printing technique as an efficient fabrication method when using this substrate is accessible at a resource-limited point-of-need. Target analytes were used as a proof of concept for these detection techniques. Colorimetric detection was carried out for acetaminophen, iron, nitrate, and nitrite with limits of detection of 0.04 μg, 4.5 mg mL−1, 2.7 μmol L−1, and 6.8 μmol L−1, respectively. A limit of detection of 0.048 fg mL−1 was obtained for the electrochemical analysis of prostate-specific antigen. Colorimetric and electrochemical devices revealed satisfactory performance when office paper with a grammage of 90 g m−2 was employed. Methyldopa analysis was also carried out using PSI-MS, which showed a good response in the same paper weight and behavior compared to chromatographic paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a spin-disc paper-based device with 10 individual detection units containing electromagnetic modules controlling the sample incubation time before chemiluminescence (CL) signal detection. After the sample was added to the top paper chip and incubated with the enzyme, the electromagnet was turned off to allow contact between the top and bottom paper. The H2O2 generated by the sample flowed vertically to the bottom paper and initiated the oxidase of the luminol to generate the CL signal. After one detection the disc was automatically rotated to the next position to repeat the above detection. The advantage of using the device over the lateral flow and the in situ detection was firstly proved using the detection of H2O2 and the glucose/lactate sample with 5 minute incubation. The CL intensity was increased 300 times/1000 times as the glucose/lactate was incubated for 5 minutes compared to the non-incubated samples. Afterward, the device was employed to separately detect glucose and lactate diluted in PBS, artificial sweat, artificial saliva, and fresh cell culture media. Finally, the device was employed to detect the glucose and lactate in the media collected over the 24 hour culture of PC3 cells. The uptake and production rates of glucose and lactate were correspondingly determined as 0.328 ± 0.015 pmol h−1 per cell and 1.254 ± 0.053 pmol h−1 per cell, respectively. The reported device has wide application potential due to its capabilities in automatic detection of multiple samples with very high sensitivity and small sample volume (down to 0.5 μL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) play a pivotal role in intercellular communication, regulating gene expression in target cells, and hold significant promise as cancer biomarkers for early detection and screening. However, achieving precise and viable detection of exosomal miRNAs remains a challenge. This paper proposes an all-in-one detection strategy for breast cancer-derived exosomal miRNA-21 on a pen-based paper chip (PPC). The PPC is constructed using a modified automatic pen and lateral flow assay (LFA), which results in a cost-effective fabrication process. The user only needs to add the sample and trigger the top of the self-contained PPC after a period of time to complete the entire detection process. To enhance the sensitivity of exosomal miRNA testing, an enzyme-free catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA) is further introduced, enabling highly sensitive detection of miRNA-21 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 25 fmol. Additionally, the detection of miRNAs in differentially-expressed cells and clinical samples has also been successfully achieved with high specificity. Overall, the proposed PPC provides an effective tool for detecting early cancer, monitoring diseases, and establishing point of care testing (POCT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a fluidic platform that combines high-throughput with reconfigurability is essential for a wide range of cutting-edge applications, but achieving both capabilities simultaneously remains a significant challenge. Herein, we propose a novel and unique method for droplet manipulation via drawing surface charge graphics on electrode-free papers in a contactless way. We find that opposite charge graphics can be written and retained on the surface layer of porous insulating paper by a controlled charge depositing method. The retained charge graphics result in high-resolution patterning of electrostatic potential wells (EPWs) on the hydrophobic porous surface, allowing for digital and high-throughput droplet handling. Since the charge graphics can be written/projected dynamically and simultaneously in large areas, allowing for on-demand and real-time reconfiguration of EPWs, we are able to develop a charge-graphic fluidic platform with both high reconfigurability and high throughput. The advantages and application potential of the platform have been demonstrated in chemical detection and dynamically controllable fluidic networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast detection of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in water resources is of great environmental interest. Ideally, sustainable materials should be used in water quality monitoring technologies implemented for such purposes. In this regard, the application of bio-based materials aimed at the fabrication of analytical platforms has become of great importance. This research merges both endeavors by exploring the application of chitosan-coated paper, decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy studies of two distinct types of CECs dissolved in aqueous samples: an antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) and a pesticide (thiram). Our results indicate the superior SERS performance of biocoated substrates compared to their non-coated paper counterparts. The detection limits achieved for thiram and ciprofloxacin using the biocoated substrates were 0.024 ppm and 7.7 ppm, respectively. The efficient detection of both analytes is interpreted in terms of the role of the biopolymer in promoting AgNPs assemblies that result in local regions of enhanced SERS activity. Taking advantage of these observations, we use confocal Raman microscopy to obtain Raman images of the substrates using ciprofloxacin and thiram as molecular probes. We also demonstrate that these biobased substrates can be promising for on-site analysis when used in conjunction with portable Raman instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on surface biomolecular imprinting technology, a rotary microfluidic electrochemical paper-based chip (MIP-ePADs) was proposed for sensitive and selective detection of human interleukin 6 (IL-6) and procalcitonin (PCT). Compared with the traditional method, the sample can be added directly on the MIP-ePAD by rotating the working electrode, which avoids the loss of the liquid to be tested and greatly simplifies the process of electropolymerization imprinting and template elution. Our experimental results show that linear concentration ranges of IL-6 and PCT in the electrochemical molecularly imprinted microfluidic paper-based chip ranged from 0.01 to 5 ng mL−1, with their detection limits being 3.5 and 2.1 pg mL−1, respectively. For the detection of actual serum samples, there was no significant difference between the results of MIP-ePADs and the traditional electrochemiluminescence method used in hospitals, indicating that the paper-based chip can be used for stable and accurate analysis and detection. The chip greatly reduces the cost of clinical trials due to its advantages of easy preparation and low cost. The chip can be used for the analysis of non-antibody inflammation markers and can be widely used in home and hospital treatment detection. This method will not only play an important role in rapid detection, but also provide new ideas for the improvement of rapid detection technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a kind of organic basic compound containing nitrogen, biogenic amine is released from food spoilage and considered as an indicator for monitoring food freshness. Herein, an excellent dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent sensor for eight kinds of biogenic amines was established via the facile mixing of pH-responsive carbon dots and Rhodamine B. The developed sensor shows a rapid response (10 s), low limit of detection (0.733–3.943 μM) and a wide linear range (0–150 μM). More importantly, a portable fluorescent filter paper was prepared by simple dispersing the filter paper in a solution mixture of carbon dots and Rhodamine B. The obtained fluorescent filter paper based sensor showed an obvious color change in the presence of biogenic amine vapor derived from shrimp and mushroom. The results revealed that this sensor could realize the on-site and visual detection of biogenic amines in real food samples, making it suitable for potential application in food safety monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, portable and cost-effective paper-based analysis device is developed for quantitative determination of ascorbic acid (AA) based on the UV-induced oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). The method does not involve the introduction of any enzyme or external oxidants. More importantly, large equipment is not needed and only a 20 μL sample is needed for each analysis which only takes 8 min. The filter paper is pre-treated with TMB and it turns blue upon UV irradiation because TMB is a self-photosensitizer. The phenol hydroxyl groups of AA can inhibit photo-triggered oxidation resulting in a lighter blue color. The color signal is captured using a smartphone and analyzed using color analysis software. A series of factors that affect the performance of the device are investigated, including the concentration of TMB, buffer pH, channel selection, and irradiation time. The analytical performance is evaluated, and the results show that the method has a wide detection range of 0.05–1.0 mmol L−1 as well as a high selectivity and reproducibility. The proposed method is applied for assaying AA in beverage samples and a VC tablet, and the results correspond to those obtained using the UV method. The results of the recovery test of human serum indicate that the proposed method is feasible in biological samples. This device is easy to fabricate, and convenient to store and transport. It is a truly portable device which has great potential in the on-site assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albuminuria is a clinical condition associated with poor kidney function, diagnosed by determining the ratio of albumin to creatinine concentrations in patient urine samples. We present a high-throughput paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) method for simultaneous quantitation of urinary albumin and creatinine for potential diagnosis of albuminuria. Minimal (urine dilution) or no sample preparation is required. The analytical performance of the method was evaluated, achieving linear calibration curves (R2 > 0.99) with little inter-day variability in the slope (N = 5 days), exhibiting coefficient of variation (CV) of 8% and 3% for albumin and creatinine, respectively. LOD and LOQ for albumin were 2.1 and 7.0 mg L−1, and for creatinine were 0.01 and 0.03 mmol L−1, respectively. Intra- and inter-day (N = 5) precisions (%CV) and accuracies (%bias) were <10% and ±11%, respectively, for both analytes. The method was applied to determine albumin-to-creatinine ratios in anonymous human patient urine samples (N = 56), and a correlation of R2 = 0.9744 was achieved between the PS-MS results and validated clinical method results. This work demonstrates the utility of PS-MS to simultaneously quantify a large (albumin) and a small (creatinine) molecule directly in patient urine samples, and its potential as a tool for clinical albuminuria diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel, biodegradable substrate based, and cost-effective flexible electrochemical sensor was developed for the highly selective and sensitive detection of one of the major neurotransmitters, dopamine, which can be utilised as a disposable electrode for point-of-care diagnostic applications. The active material CuSnB decorated over cellulose paper exhibits good sensitivities of 3.92 μA μM−1 cm−2 with a limit of detection of 0.5 nM. Moreover, the flexible sensor demonstrated superior selectivity towards co-existing metabolites such as ascorbic acid, glucose, and uric acid, in addition to stability at various mechanical deformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naphthalenediimide derivative-absorbed papers, which were prepared by dropping chloroform solution, showed fluorescence under photoirradiation after exposure to vapors of small aromatic guests. The fluorescence intensity and maximum wavelength depended on the type of guest aromatic molecules, similar to the crystal. The naphthalenediimide derivative-absorbed papers showed vapochromic and mechanochromic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing new forms of flexible zinc–air (Zn–air) batteries is crucial to economic growth. Nevertheless, the absence of an oxygen evolution reaction catalyst with high catalytic efficiency and low-cost causes instability of Zn–air battery cycling and economic unviability, respectively. In this paper, a leaf-like N-doped carbon structure with CoS2 nanoparticles self-supported on carbon fiber paper (CoS2-CZ@CFP) was developed as an air electrode for Zn–air batteries, which not only uses nonprecious metal elements, but also has a self-supporting configuration, enhancing the contact between the catalyst and electrode while facilitating the transfer of electrons. Sulfur as the source gas was introduced into Co-doped metal–organic skeletons (Co-ZIFs) anchored on carbon fiber paper (CFP) for in situ vulcanizing transition metal Co, which successfully ensures the uniform distribution of sulfide particles in the carbon matrix, hence enriching active catalyst sites. The CoS2-CZ@CFP demonstrated an overpotential of 1.611 V at J = 50 mA cm−2, superior to RuO2@CFP (1.814 V). A Zn–air battery fabricated using the synthesized CoS2-CZ@CFP exhibited an extended life cycle of 117 h. This research paves the way for a novel method of designing self-supporting configurations of sulfides and carbon matrix composites as promising air electrodes applicable to Zn–air batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A robust superhydrophobic filter paper was developed through a coating technique, simple and facile, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and defensible, for wide portfolio applications. To develop super hydrophobic filter papers, the paper was coated with inorganic–organic hybrid nanocomposites comprising zinc oxide, chitin, and polycaprolactone (chitin–ZnO–PCL) and zinc oxide, chitosan, and polycaprolactone (chitosan–ZnO–PCL) hybrids through the grafting method. The preparation of a superhydrophobic surface by dip-coating deposition is a facile process. Zinc oxide nanoparticles grafted with chitin–PCL and chitosan–PCL hybrids coated on paper exhibit superhydrophobic properties. Water contact angle measurement carried out using a goniometer showed the average static water angle values of 145° and 160° for the chitin–ZnO–PCL and chitosan–ZnO–PCL grafted hybrid coated surfaces, respectively. The surface morphology of the coating was studied using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, UV radiation, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, durability, oil/water separation, bio-degradability, and self-cleaning ability through water flush-out were also studied and reported. The results show that the coated filter papers possess excellent superhydrophobic properties for real-time applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a series of structurally relevant copper phenanthroline complexes as pre-catalysts for highly selective electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to C2 products using inexpensive carbon paper electrodes. The Cu complexes with non-substituted phenanthroline promote the production of ethylene with a high faradaic efficiency of 71.2%, while the one with pyridinium-functionalized ligands is more selective for ethanol. The C2 selectivity can be effectively tuned by increasing the number of coordinated phenanthrolines and remains high at a wide range of potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the practical application of microwave absorbing materials, traditional powder materials need to be mixed with the matrix to fabricate composite coatings. However, the complex preparation process of composite coatings and the uneven dispersion of powders in the matrix limit their application. To solve these problems, two-dimensional (2D) F-WS2/CP composite films were prepared by using carbon paper (CP) as a dispersion matrix and loading flower-like WS2 on its surface through a simple hydrothermal method. The morphology and microwave absorption (MA) performance of the composite films are easily regulated by adjusting the amount of reaction precursors. The combination of WS2 and CP facilitates impedance matching and improves the electromagnetic wave attenuation performance based on the synergistic effect of different loss mechanisms including multiple reflections and scattering, interfacial polarization, dipolar polarization, and conduction loss. At a low filler content (5 wt%), the maximum reflection loss (RL) of the composite film is up to -50 dB (99.999% energy absorption) at 12.5 GHz with 2.8 mm thickness. Moreover, at a relatively thin 1.8 mm thickness, its maximum RL remains -35 dB (>99.9% energy absorption). The as-prepared composite film shows excellent MA properties at a thinner thickness and lower filling content, providing inspiration for the preparation of light weight and efficient 2D thin-film microwave absorbers in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, rapid chemical coating and patterning method was developed and optimized for paper-based substrates for use in paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS). A variety of chlorosilanes were explored for coating paper substrates, and their effectiveness in forming hydrophobic surfaces was characterized via contact angle goniometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Trichloromethylsilane was selected as the primary coating agent because of the short time required to produce a hydrophobic surface (contact angle > 130°), as well as the ease of patterning. Patterning was performed using 3D-printed masks and an oxygen/plasma cleaner. Optimal mask thickness and oxygen/plasma cleaning parameters were determined to produce channels varying from 0.5 to 2.5 mm in width. The effectiveness of the patterned substrates for PS-MS was determined via analysis of four antiretrovirals: emtricitabine, lamivudine, efavirenz, and dolutegravir. Calibration curves were made for each antiretroviral at varying channel widths, and the limits of detection and limits of quantification for each drug were determined. These results show that this patterning method results in an average 7.2-fold improvement in sensitivity and an average 190-fold improvement in limits of detection over uncoated paper substrates in a neat matrix. In a proof-of-concept experiment, calibration curves were generated for each antiretroviral in urine. A patterned paper substrate with a 2-mm channel resulted in an average 7.4-fold improvement in sensitivity and an average 18-fold improvement in limits of detection over uncoated paper substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a thermoplastic microdevice integrated with additive-enhanced allele-specific amplification and hydrazine-induced silver nanoparticle-based detection of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and opportunistic pathogens. For point-of-care testing of SNP, an allele-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction using nucleotide-mismatched primers and molecular additives was evaluated to discriminate single-nucleotide differences in the samples. The microdevice consists of purification and reaction units that enable DNA purification, amplification, and detection in a sequential manner. The purification unit enables the silica-based preparation of samples using an embedded glass fiber membrane. Hydrazine-induced silver nanoparticle formation was employed for endpoint colorimetric detection of amplicons within three min at room temperature. The versatile applicability of the microdevice was demonstrated by the successful identification of SNPs related to sickle cell anemia, genetically-induced hair loss, and Enterococcus faecium. The microdevice exhibited a detection limit of 103 copies per μL of SNP targets in serum and 102 CFU mL−1 of Enterococcus faecium in tap water within 70 min. The proposed microdevice is a promising and versatile platform for point-of-care nucleic acid testing of different samples in low-resource settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With growing environmental concern and supply chain uncertainty, now is a fitting time to re-evaluate solvent-free methodologies in forensic chemistry processes. Here, this paper reviews solvent-free approaches for fingermark visualisation, including chemical fuming and vapour phase treatments, dry-transfer treatments, application of heat, and thermal paper specific treatments. After providing historical context, three objectives have been emphasised: identify feasible scenarios for implementing solvent-free methods; showcase the effectiveness of solvent-free methods relative to their nearest solution-based equivalent; and estimate the technological readiness level of each method discussed. Having reviewed the literature, dry-transfer methods of developing latent fingermarks on paper were found to be the most promising and feasible solvent-free approaches for near-term implementation. Such methods make use of standard materials and equipment commonly found in forensic laboratories, are effective at fingermark visualisation, and mitigate most of the pressing issues pertaining to environmental concern and solvent scarcity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paracetamol overdose is a leading cause of acute liver failure that can prove fatal. Establishing paracetamol concentration accurately and quickly is critical. Current detection methods are invasive, time-consuming and/or expensive. Non-invasive, rapid and cost-effective techniques are urgently required. To address this challenge, a novel approach, called Paper-Arrow Mass Spectrometry (PA-MS) has been developed. This technique combines sample collection, extraction, enrichment, separation and ionisation onto a single paper strip, and the entire analysis process, from sample to result, can be carried out in less than 10 min requiring only 2 μL of raw human saliva. PA-MS achieved a LOQ of 185 ng mL−1, mean recovery of 107 ± 7%, mean accuracy of 11 ± 8% and precision ≤5% using four concentrations, and had excellent linearity (r2 = 0.9988) in the range of 0.2–200 μg mL−1 covering the treatment concentration range, surpassing the best-in-class methods currently available for paracetamol analysis. Furthermore, from a panel of human saliva samples, inter-individual variability was found to be <10% using this approach. This technique represents a promising tool for rapid and accurate emergency diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correct interpretation of the result from a point-of-care device is crucial for an accurate and rapid diagnosis to guide subsequent treatment. Lateral flow tests (LFTs) use a well-established format that was designed to simplify the user experience. However, the LFT device architecture is inherently limited to detecting analytes that can be captured by molecular recognition. Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), like LFTs, have the potential to be used in diagnostic applications at the point of care. However, μPADs have not gained significant traction outside of academic laboratories, in part, because they have often demonstrated a lack of homogeneous shape or color in signal outputs, which consequently can lead to inaccurate interpretation of results by users. Here, we demonstrate a new class of μPADs that form colorimetric signals at the interfaces of converging liquid fronts (i.e., lines) to control where colorimetric signals are formed without relying on capture techniques. We demonstrate our approach by developing assays for three classes of analytes—an ion, an enzyme, and a small molecule—to measure using iron(III), acetylcholinesterase, and lactate, respectively. Additionally, we show these devices have the potential to support multiplexed assays by generating multiple lines in a common readout zone. These results highlight the ability of this new paper-based device architecture to aid the interpretation of assays that create soluble products by using flow to constrain those colorimetric products in a familiar, line-format output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the phenomenon of liquid wicking in porous media is crucial for various applications, including the transportation of fluids in soils, the absorption of liquids in textiles and paper, and the development of new and efficient microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). Hence, accurate and real-time monitoring of the liquid wicking process is essential to enable precise flow transport and control in microfluidic devices, thus enhancing their performance and usefulness. However, most existing flow monitoring strategies require external instrumentation, are generally bulky and unsuitable for portable systems. In this work, we present a portable, compact, and cost-effective electronic platform for real-time and wireless flow monitoring of liquid wicking in paper strips. The developed microcontroller-based system enables flow and flow rate monitoring based on the capacitance measurement of a pair of electrodes patterned beneath the paper strip along the liquid path, with an accuracy of 4 fF and a full-scale range of 8 pF. Additionally to the wired transmission of the monitored data to a computer via USB, the liquid wicking process can be followed in real-time via Bluetooth using a custom-developed smartphone application. The performance of the capacitive monitoring platform was evaluated for different aqueous solutions (purified water and 1 M NaCl solution), various paper strip geometries, and several custom-made chemical valves for flow retention (chitosan-, wax-, and sucrose-based barriers). The experimental validation delivered a full-scale relative error of 0.25%, resulting in an absolute capacitance error of ±10 fF. In terms of reproducibility, the maximum uncertainty was below 10 nl s−1 for flow rate determination in this study. Furthermore, the experimental data was compared and validated with numerical analysis through electrical and flow dynamics simulations in porous media, providing crucial information on the wicking process, its physical parameters, and liquid flow dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous detection of multiple amino acids (AAs) instead of individual AAs is inherently worthwhile for improving diagnostic accuracy in clinical applications. Here, a facile and reliable colorimetric microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) using carbon dots doped with transition metals (Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) has been provided to detect and discriminate 20 natural amino acids. To make the colourless metal-doped carbon dots suitable for colorimetric assays, they were mixed with ninhydrin to form a charge transfer complex. This optical tongue system, which was constructed by dropping mixtures of ninhydrin with a series of metal-doped carbon dots on a paper substrate in an array format, represented obvious but different colorimetric signatures for every examined amino acid. Since bovine serum albumin was used as a chiral selector reagent for synthesizing the CDs, the sensor device represented excellent selectivity to identify enantiomeric species of AAs. This is the first optical array device that can simultaneously discriminate AAs and several of their enantiomers. We employed various statistical and chemometric methods to analyze the digital data library collected by Image J software, including principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Twenty AAs could be well distinguished at various concentrations (10.00, 5.00, 2.50, and 1.25 mM). The colorimetric patterns were highly repeatable and were characteristic of individual AAs. Besides qualitative analysis, the designed μPAD-based optical tongue represented quantitative analysis ability, e.g., for lysine in the concentration ranges of 0.005–20.0 mM with a detection limit of 1.0 × 10−6 M and for arginine in the concentration range of 0.12–20.00 mM with a detection limit of 80.0 × 10−6 M. In addition, the binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures of AAs could also be well recognized with this sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lab-on-a-paper-based devices are promising alternatives to the existing arduous techniques for point-of-need monitoring. The present work reports an instant and facile method to produce a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD). The fabricated μPAD has been used to detect hypochlorite (OCl−) by incorporating newly synthesized chromo-fluorogenic ratiometric probes 1 and 2 into the sample reception zone. The probes showed high selectivity and fast response (<10 s) toward OCl− with an excellent linear relationship in the concentration range of 0–100 μM. The concentration-dependent fluorometric change driven by the reaction of 1@μPAD with OCl− has been monitored using gel-doc imaging systems, which is unprecedented. Digitizing the intensity of the colour solution with different mathematical models of colour has developed a straightforward method for monitoring OCl− without any interference from its competitors. 1@μPAD can detect OCl− at ∼10 times lower than the WHO recommended limit. The detection limit of 1@μPAD via a digital camera-based fluorescence technique was found to be better over digital camera-based cuvette assays. Therefore, 1@μPAD has been successfully utilized to monitor OCl− in actual environmental water samples with portability, ease of use, and sensitivity. The analytical RSD was found to be ≤3% based on fluorimetric detection using 1@μPAD. The chemodosimetric reaction between OCl− and the probe was evidenced by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, 1H NMR, and ESI-MS. The rapid response time, biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, 100% aqueous solubility, ratiometric feature, and exclusive OCl− selectivity over other competitive ROS/RNS successfully lead to the application of the probes for bioimaging of exogenous as well as endogenous OCl− in normal cells (HEK293) and cancerous cells (HeLa). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleic acid extraction (NAE) plays a crucial role for diagnostic testing procedures. For decades, dried blood spots (DBS) have been used for serology, drug monitoring, and molecular studies. However, extracting nucleic acids from DBS remains a significant challenge, especially when attempting to implement these applications to the point-of-care (POC). To address this issue, we have developed a paper-based NAE method using cellulose filter papers (DBSFP) that operates without the need for electricity (at room temperature). Our method allows for NAE in less than 7 min, and it involves grade 3 filter paper pre-treated with 8% (v/v) igepal surfactant, 1 min washing step with 1× PBS, and 5 min incubation at room temperature in 1× TE buffer. The performance of the methodology was assessed with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), targeting the human reference gene beta-actin and the kelch 13 gene from P. falciparum. The developed method was evaluated against FTA cards and magnetic bead-based purification, using time-to-positive (min) for comparative analysis. Furthermore, we optimised our approach to take advantage of the dual functionality of the paper-based extraction, allowing for elution (eluted disk) as well as direct placement of the disk in the LAMP reaction (in situ disk). This flexibility extends to eukaryotic cells, bacterial cells, and viral particles. We successfully validated the method for RNA/DNA detection and demonstrated its compatibility with whole blood stored in anticoagulants. Additionally, we studied the compatibility of DBSFP with colorimetric and lateral flow detection, showcasing its potential for POC applications. Across various tested matrices, targets, and experimental conditions, our results were comparable to those obtained using gold standard methods, highlighting the versatility of our methodology. In summary, this manuscript presents a cost-effective solution for NAE from DBS, enabling molecular testing in virtually any POC setting. When combined with LAMP, our approach provides sample-to-result detection in under 35 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We created novel Pd/CB-Ni@rGO nanomaterials for glucose detection. The as-synthesized nanomaterials were dropped on the electrode surface using the drop casting technique. The prepared electrode was then attached to a paper-based device containing the sample zone and the reaction zone, enabling plasma isolation and an enzymatic reaction for glucose detection in whole blood. The nanomaterials and surfaces of electrodes were characterized by FTIR, TEM, and SEM. The proposed approach is a disposable glucose detection method that is unaffected by protein fouling on the electrode, and it requires only one drop of human blood. Therefore, there is no need for extensive sample preparation, and there is less sample consumption. Under optimal conditions, Pd/CB-Ni@rGO can accurately measure blood glucose levels with a linear range of 7 to 7140 μM (R2 = 0.9986) and a low detection limit of 0.82 μM. Besides, the developed sensor shows excellent anti-interference capacity, stability, and satisfactory reproducibility and repeatability. Importantly, Pd/CB-Ni@rGO was successfully applied for glucose in whole blood from 4 volunteers, with results that correlated well with those obtained using an Accucheck glucometer at a 95% confidence level. Given its low cost, high accuracy, and ease of use, the blood glucose sensor holds significant potential for clinical use and broadens the area of future noninvasive sensor development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This communication describes the development of polyvinyl chloride electrochemical system in which a paper layer loaded with reagents is inserted into the device, demonstrating a new concept of a paper card-like pad for a reagent-free and easy measurement of the target analyte in solution. This device detects glucose in artificial tears in the range of 0.2–2 mM with a detection limit of 50 μM by simply adding the artificial tears to the paper card-like pad. The novel configuration goes beyond the state of the art, widening the application range of paper in the design of smart analytical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valproic acid (VPA) is mainly used in the clinic to treat epilepsy, for which the therapeutic window is narrow to avoid causing adverse reactions such as hepatotoxicity and teratogenicity. Therefore, timely therapeutic drug monitoring is needed. A hapten containing a benzene ring and an amino group was designed and used to screen a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3G10 with high specificity and sensitivity. The IC50 value of mAb 3G10 was ascertained as 68.13 ng mL−1 through an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip (CG-ICS) for the detection of free VPA in human serum was developed with gold-labeled mAb 3G10. Qualitative analysis of human serum samples can be conducted through visual observation. The visual limit of detection (vLOD) was 2 μg mL−1, and the cut-off value was 100 μg mL−1. A standard curve for quantitative detection was generated using a portable scanner, with a calculated LOD (cLOD) value of 0.144 μg mL−1 and a linear range of 0.565–48.385 μg mL−1. Comparing the results of CG-ICS for actual positive samples with those of a direct chemiluminescence kit, there was a good correlation between the two methods. Therefore, our CG-ICS can be applied to the rapid clinical monitoring of free VPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high mortality rate was found in cancer patients with distant metastasis. Development of targeted drugs for effectively inhibiting cancer metastasis is the key for increasing therapeutic success. In the current study, a folding paper system was developed to mimic a tumor–vascular interface for the study of long-distance cell migration. Correlation between the cell migration distance and metastasis-associated gene was successfully analyzed by disassembling the stacked paper construct. The result revealed that the migration distance and number of migrated cells were highly correlated to cell characteristics. Moreover, immunocytochemistry was directly conducted on the paper layer to study the signaling pathway. Kelch-like and protein tyrosine phosphatase families were examined and the PTPN13 gene was shown to regulate long-distance cell migration. By analyzing the phosphorylated mTOR, the PTPN13 gene was further confirmed to be a tumor suppressor gene that inhibits long-distance cell migration. The folding paper system provides an alternative approach for long-distance cell migration. Metastasis-associated gene expression can be analyzed to potentially develop targeted drugs for cancer metastasis inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulphur doped graphitic carbon nitride (SGCN) was effectively prepared and comprehensively described. A straightforward synthetic process based on thermal condensation was reported for the synthesis of SGCN using thiourea as a precursor. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry were used to evaluate the electrochemical performance of cortisol. SGCN sheets were used to boost the electro-catalytic activity, exhibiting very exceptional electrochemical behaviour towards cortisol. As a result, we obtained a broad linear response range of 0.1–100 μM, as well as a comparatively low detection limit (15.8 × 10−8 M). Furthermore, the fabricated SGCN/CFP electrode shows excellent selectivity in the presence of a large number of possible interfering species. SGCN comprises (C with N and S) heteroatoms, which most likely would have led to a better current response towards cortisol detection. Furthermore, the structural defects that generate additional active sites on the surface of SGCN may enhance the quick electron transfer that occurs during the oxidation of cortisol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Printable biosensors have gained numerous exciting advancements towards downstream applications in fundamental biomedical research, healthcare, food safety, environmental monitoring and governance, and to name a few. Particularly, paper-based printable biosensors have gained rising popularity in providing affordable platforms due to their merits, such as cost-effective, accurate, simple, and efficient detection of diseases for clinical diagnosis. In addition to advantages and opportunities in point-of-care detection, printable biosensors are also facing challenges. Herein, this review aims to provide a systematic summary of the development of printable biosensors, with a special focus on paper-based printable biosensors. Different types of substrates for printable biosensors are highlighted with a focus on paper substrates which have superior properties like low-cost, simple, flexible, lightweight, recyclable, etc. In addition, current printing technologies to fabricate paper-based sensors, including wax printing, photolithography, screen printing, inkjet printing, and laser printing summarize, are discussed, together with strategies for biomolecular fabrication on substrates and transducers. Finally, we also discuss the challenges and possible future perspectives, hoping to provide researchers and clinicians with informative insights into paper-based printable biosensors for smart and effective point-of-care detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viologens exhibit excellent color responses to external stimuli owing to their desirable redox properties. They have been widely studied in electrochromic and photoluminescent materials. Generally, polymeric materials have better processing properties and longer service life than small organic molecules. Herein, a viologen-containing polyurethane was synthesized and used to prepare an electrochromic device and a paper-based amine detector. The obtained electrochromic device displayed an excellent electrochromic behavior when subjected to an external voltage as low as 1.0 V. Moreover, the designed paper-based amine detector exhibits a highly sensitive color-change response when exposed to liquid amine solutions (down to 1 ppm concentration) or gaseous ammonia. The results of this study demonstrated that the developed viologen-containing polyurethane exhibits excellent electrochromic performance and the designed amine-detecting paper chips are an excellent tool for amine detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illicit drug trafficking and abuse is a significant public safety and health concern. Color tests are commonly used for drug screening, but their poor specificity results in false positives. This study demonstrates the combination of drug residue collection using pressure-sensitive adhesive paper, on-paper color testing, and post-reaction analysis by paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) on both portable and benchtop ion trap MS. All steps, including residue collection, color testing, and paper spray analysis, were performed on the same piece of paper. Three common color tests were investigated: the cobalt thiocyanate test for cocaine, the Simon test for methamphetamine, and the Marquis test for phenethylamine stimulants and opiates. The detection threshold for color tests ranged from 1.25 to 10 μg on paper. Drug residues were successfully confirmed by paper spray MS at the color test threshold in all cases, except for heroin after reaction with the Marquis reagent, when using the portable MS. In this case, the MS detection threshold was 4-fold higher than the color test threshold. The stability of the color test products was assessed through a time study. Drug residues could be detected by MS at least 24 hours after reaction. A series of realistic samples, including false positives, were analyzed to demonstrate the technique's utility in real-world scenarios. Overall, combining color tests with PS-MS offers a rapid, low-cost method for the collection and analysis of illicit drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the results of studies relating to the development of a conductive ink-coated, paper-based electrochemical DNA hybridization assay for the detection of the porA pseudogene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcal DNA), the causative agent of gonorrhoea. Briefly, a conductive and highly homogenous ink was prepared by dispersing carboxylated MWCNTs (cMWCNTs) in a stable emulsion consisting of terpineol as solvent, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as binder and polysorbate 80 (PS80) as the stabilizing agent. This cMWCNT-based ink was coated onto paper substrates to obtain cMWCNT@paper electrodes with a mean (± standard deviation, SD) resistivity of 1.066 (± 0.33) Ω cm. Furthermore, a magnetic bead (MB)-mediated hybridization assay comprising a specific 5′-biotinylated capture DNA probe (C) and 3′-methylene blue (MetB)-tagged detector DNA probe (D) was designed. These probes hybridized specifically with a porA target DNA sequence (T) forming a sandwich hybridization complex (C-T-D) at the MB surface. Thus formed C-T-D/Av/MB samples with different T concentrations were drop cast and adsorbed onto the cMWCNT@paper for electrochemical detection. The linear detection range and sensitivity of the electrochemical biosensing assay were found to be 100 fM–100 nM and 5.09 μA (log[concentration])−1, respectively. The biosensing assay was further shown to detect the target genomic gonococcal DNA in a mixture consisting of different DNA and protein interferents indicating its clinical viability. The results of rheological studies reveal that this thixotropic cMWCNT ink can be utilized for screen printing. These studies demonstrate the utilization of a conductive ink formulation for the fabrication of paper-based electrochemical sensing electrodes having high potential for cost-effective batch production and application in point-of-care (PoC) clinical diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has caused global health problems, and so rapid diagnosis is crucial to slow spread of the disease. Herein, a novel lab-on-paper screening method for SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 variant was developed using a gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric biosensor along with sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen using laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). As a result of antigen–antibody interaction, in the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antigen the gold nanoparticles undergo aggregation and change color from red to light purple, allowing for rapid determination of SARS-CoV-2 antigen with the naked eye. Furthermore, the lab-on-paper method can be directly applied as a substrate for sensitive quantitation of SARS-CoV-2 antigen in saliva using LDI-MS without the use of a conventional organic matrix and sample preparation. LDI-MS offers early diagnosis with high sensitivity, rapidity without sample preparation and lower cost per test compared with reverse transcriptase-PCR, which is crucial for preventing mortality in patients with underlying conditions. This method showed linearity over 0.01–1 μg mL−1 covering the cut-off value of 0.048 μg mL−1 for COVID-19 detection in human saliva. Moreover, a colorimetric sensor for urea was also fabricated in-parallel, for prediction of COVID-19 severity in patients with chronic kidney disease. The color change upon increasing urea concentration directly reflected kidney damage, which is related to increasing risk of mortality among patients with COVID-19. Hence, this platform might be a potential device for non-invasive diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 variant, which is the variant of most concern because it is transmitted more rapidly than the original SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Delta variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residues are a serious problem towards agriculture, environment and food safety, so it is highly desirable to develop a swift, efficient and portable pesticide detection method. A fluorescence visual sensing method for glyphosine based on a nitrogen-doped biomass carbon quantum dot (N-CQD) paper-based sensor was developed. The fluorescence signal was quenched by Fe3+ in a static quenching process, and then the fluorescence of N-CQDs was recovered after adding glyphosine. Under the optimal experimental conditions and when tested with a fluorescence spectrofluorometer, the detection of glyphosine showed a two-stage linear pattern in the range of 0.1–0.6 μM and 0.6–1.6 μM with a detection limit of 0.075 μM. Then, the RGB values of different concentrations of glyphosine on the filter paper chip were detected by the software of the smartphone-color identifier. The logarithm of the glyphosine concentration was linearly related to the G value of RGB in the range of 0.25–10.00 mM and with a detection limit of 0.15 mM. The method was applied to measuring glyphosine-spiked juice and flour samples, and the recovery rates were 87.60–112.69% and 93.27–105.83%, respectively. The proposed N-CQDs/Fe3+ system had wide applications, and it was expected to be fast and effective at detecting pesticide residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transfusion of ABO-compatible blood with blood with an unknown phenotype may result in alloimmunization, particularly in multitransfused patients. Minor blood-group phenotyping and the selection of negative blood for specific antigens reduce post-transfusion complications. With this study, a device called the DROP and READ instrument was developed with a PAD (paper-based device) and various software to phenotype ABO, Rh (D, C, c, E, e), and Mia antigens. EDTA (Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid) blood samples were collected from donors, volunteers, and newborns, and were then tested with the DROP and READ instrument according to the lateral flow and RBC agglutination principle. The results were compared with those obtained by using a routine column agglutination test or the tube method. Results: a total of 205 samples were tested (150 from EDTA blood donors, 50 from EDTA blood volunteers, and 5 from the cord blood of newborns). The device yielded 100% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, a positive predictive value, and a negative predictive value when interpreting the ABO, Rh (D, C, c, E, e), and Mia antigens. The DROP and READ instrument is developed to automatically interpret the results, and the device provided endpoint results without centrifugation and prevented misinterpretations from human error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]