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The article calls on the World Trade Organization (WTO) to eliminate harmful fisheries subsidies to curb overfishing, biodiversity degradation and loss, and carbon dioxide emissions. Fisheries subsidies that cause harm include those that lower the cost of fuel and vessel construction, those that provide price support to keep market prices artificially high, and those provided to distant-water fishing fleets.

The article presents the discussion on climate change and fishing presenting dual threats. Topics include important to the homeostasis of the Earth system exhibiting distinctive marine biodiversity and having tremendous scientific impact; and climate regulation and oxygen production through the primary production of seasonal phytoplankton blooms.

The article focuses on high-seas fishing effort, costs and benefits. It refers to the economic benefits of fishing the high seas at the scale of individual fleets, globally and nationally. It states that large government subsidies enables fishing at the current scale while patterns of fishing profitability vary widely between countries.

The article discusses the decline in science-based management in the Southern Ocean. Topics include the commitment by the Commission on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) to adopting marine protected areas (MPAs) in Antarctica, the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CAMLR Convetion) which is a division of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), and the recommendations for CCAMLR on upholding its leadership status in resource management.