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This article examines the presence of sex bias in the study of squid reproductive strategies, particularly in the field of sexual selection. The author argues that biases towards male-centered perspectives have influenced our understanding of squid reproduction and calls for these biases to be addressed. The article analyzes recent research papers on squid reproduction, revealing a focus on male behavior and a lack of attention to female behavior. The author suggests that recognizing and addressing these biases is crucial for a more accurate understanding of cephalopod reproduction. The text also presents a table of data on various studies conducted on different species of cephalopods, highlighting a bias where males are portrayed as actively engaging in sexual behavior while females are seen as passive recipients. The author argues that this bias may not be representative of all cephalopod species and calls for further research to understand the role of females in these reproductive systems. The author also suggests that acknowledging and addressing biases in research can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of cephalopod behavior. [Extracted from the article]

Preserved melanin pigments have been discovered in fossilised integumentary appendages of several amniote lineages (fishes, frogs, snakes, marine reptiles, non‐avialan dinosaurs, birds, and mammals) excavated from lagerstätten across the globe. Melanisation is a leading factor in organic integument preservation in these fossils. Melanin in extant vertebrates is typically stored in rod‐ to sphere‐shaped, lysosome‐derived, membrane‐bound vesicles called melanosomes. Black, dark brown, and grey colours are produced by eumelanin, and reddish‐brown colours are produced by phaeomelanin. Specific morphotypes and nanostructural arrangements of melanosomes and their relation to the keratin matrix in integumentary appendages create the so‐called 'structural colours'. Reconstruction of colour patterns in ancient animals has opened an exciting new avenue for studying their life, behaviour and ecology. Modern relationships between the shape, arrangement, and size of avian melanosomes, melanin chemistry, and feather colour have been applied to reconstruct the hues and colour patterns of isolated feathers and plumages of the dinosaurs Anchiornis, Sinosauropteryx, and Microraptor in seminal papers that initiated the field of palaeocolour reconstruction. Since then, further research has identified countershading camouflage patterns, and informed subsequent predictions on the ecology and behaviour of these extinct animals. However, palaeocolour reconstruction remains a nascent field, and current approaches have considerable potential for further refinement, standardisation, and expansion. This includes detailed study of non‐melanic pigments that might be preserved in fossilised integuments. A common issue among existing palaeocolour studies is the lack of contextualisation of different lines of evidence and the wide variety of techniques currently employed. To that end, this review focused on fossil amniotes: (i) produces an overarching framework that appropriately reconstructs palaeocolour by accounting for the chemical signatures of various pigments, morphology and local arrangement of pigment‐bearing vesicles, pigment concentration, macroscopic colour patterns, and taphonomy; (ii) provides background context for the evolution of colour‐producing mechanisms; and (iii) encourages future efforts in palaeocolour reconstructions particularly of less‐studied groups such as non‐dinosaur archosaurs and non‐archosaur amniotes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are biological and environmental factors which lead to stereotypic behaviour in humans and animals. Abnormal, functionless repetitive behaviour may have a genetic or epigenetic background; however, in the case of farm animals it is often linked with maintenance in a barren environment. Stereotypies have been considered as an indicator of poor welfare. They may occur in chronic stress situations as an animal's way of coping. Stereotypies are often noticed in cattle, pigs and horses kept individually. This form of behaviour is generally associated with the situation when an animal cannot satisfy its natural needs. Taking into consideration the currently increasing concern about maintaining proper husbandry conditions, especially in intensive breeding systems, the environmental improvement has become an important issue. The objective of this review is to present a characteristic of stereotypies in cattle, pigs and horses and to show various methods of reducing the frequency of this behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I would recommend this book to postgraduate students, including honours students who intend to publish, and early career researchers. Paperback, AUD $35.00, ISBN 9781486311477 David Lindsay is a Senior Honorary Research Fellow at the University of Western Australia where he researched and taught in animal biology and behaviour, for 33 years. The educative value of this book lies predominately in helping postgraduates and early career researchers to write their papers and to write them clearly. [Extracted from the article]

Review of The Evolving Female: A Life-History Perspective , A. Gallowy, & A.L. Zihlman (Eds.), Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997, xix + 332 p., tables + figures, $60.00 cloth, $27.95 paper. In addition to the editors, the contributors are L.M. Fedigan, K. Ono, J. Reiter, B.B. Smuts, M. Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M.S.M. Pavelka, C.M. Pond, R. McFarland, S.M.B. Tarli, E. Repetto, G.A. Morelli, P. Draper, C. Panter-Brick, V.J. Vitzthum, A. Jolly, & B. McLeod. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review of New World Primates: Ecology, Evolution and Behavior , edited by Warren G. Kinzey. New York, Walter de Gruyter, Inc., 1997, xvii + 436 pp, cloth $6.95, paper $31.95. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If you are interested in the foraging of animals in situations where one forager can affect another (i.e. most ecological situations), then this book is very much worth buying. The authors lay out a theoretical framework which for the first time allows conceptual integration of ecological questions that have traditionally not been seen as linked, such as risk sensitivity, the producer—scrounger model and the ideal free distribution. This framework is so useful and insightful that I expect it to be very widely used. I find it hard to imagine how the authors of any future paper published on the foraging of animals in groups could get away with not citing this work. I think it will become a classic text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]