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The article presents response to the National Association of Assistant U.S. Attorneys' paper "The Dangerous Myths of Drug Sentencing Reform." Topics discussed include federal prison population explosion due to mandatory minimum drug sentences, data on incarcerated Americans from 1920-2013 and drug offenders sentenced to mandatory minimum sentences; and data from the U.S. Sentencing Commission revealing false claim on violent drug trafficking.

The article focuses on the need for an evaluation and amendment of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines in the U.S. It states the guidelines have conflicting principles which caused it to be morally indeterminate. It mentions that the complexity of these guidelines only uphold the incarceration of the sentencing processes. Accordingly, the U.S. Sentencing Commission is tasked to assess the current sentencing practice. A brief review of the conflicts that need to be evaluated are mentioned.

In the second half of the twentieth century consensus became the language through which scientists and other experts spoke truth to power and provided expert advice for policy making. Historical scholarship on science policy has acknowledged this trend but has not explained how consensus came to play such a large role in the relationship between experts and policy makers. This paper examines two historical case studies from the mid-twentieth century in which consensus was introduced--the failed consensus report experiments of the American Economic Association and the successful establishment of the National Research Council's consensus studies. These examples demonstrate that consensus was not a natural or obvious choice. Rather, the choice was driven by the growth and definition of the postwar scientific community and its negotiated relationship to the Cold War national security state. In this context, consensus became associated with depersonalized and objective knowledge. As it reinforces the notion of a divide between science and politics, consensus has remained an instrumental part of the relationship between the NRC and its patrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bloody confrontation between Utes and the U.S. Cavalry at the Colorado Ute Indian Agency in 1879 was a significant chapter in U.S. history. The government and Colorado citizens used this battle as a rhetorical flashpoint to justify removal of Utes from their land. This conflict presents an opportunity to revisit nineteenth-century violence over land. I suggest that a religious studies framework can deepen our understanding of the entanglement of tensions among ethnicity, morality, and land use. Ute Indians pastured hundreds of horses on land that Nathan Meeker, the white Indian agent, wished to plow. This paper argues that notions of religious and racial difference framed the land conflict between Meeker and the Utes, even as both groups viewed land as a means to gain status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contends that Aldo Leopold's pursuit of unpeopled wilderness had a disturbing corollary--a disdain for human population growth that culminated in a critique of providing food and medical aid to developing nations. Although Leopold never fully shared these ideas with the public, he explored them in multiple unpublished manuscripts, and he submitted a first draft of one of these essays to a press. Leopold also exchanged these views with the most popular environmental Malthusian of his day, William Vogt, whose exposition of nearly identical arguments won him national fame. By revealing connections between wilderness thought and callous proposed social policy, this paper identifies a new dimension of what environmental historian William Cronon called the ''Trouble with Wilderness. '' This manuscript further calls into question whether the concept of wilderness is inherently exclusionary and misanthropic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asia's middle powers face a trilateral dilemma stemming from their relationships with the U.S. and China. This paper uses the Australian example to examine the dilemma. It shows that Australia has bound itself to the U.S. because of domestic political factors, cost considerations, a belief that it can keep its interests separate, and its perception of regional threats. The paper then argues that others are likely to resolve their trilateral dilemmas in ways that make the regional strategic dynamic more competitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how the municipal archaeology programs found in Alexandria, Virginia; St. Augustine, Florida; and Phoenix, Arizona have played a prominent role in developing unique, place-based amenities that integrate local history with other community needs. These cities are unusual in that they maintain archaeologists on city staff and that those archaeologists have used their positions to develop local environments that are extremely supportive of public engagement with history. Using interviews as well as archival and documentary sources, this paper demonstrates how the public's resulting familiarity with archaeology has allowed the interpretation of local history to take a variety of unexpected forms, including public and private open spaces, urban walking and cycling trails, museums, and public art, among many others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay relates the fifty-year history of the Harry S. Truman Library and speculates about what some what some of the themes that emerge from that history suggest for the future of presidential libraries. Specifically, the library's history reveals a vagueness of purpose derived from the circumstances of its founding; a tendency to grow always larger, more elaborate, more expensive; an increasing reliance on its private partner, the Harry. S. Truman Library Institute for National and International Affairs: and a reluctance on the part of the former president to provide the free and open access to his papers that he himself led people to expect, The essay argues implicitly throughout that "creation" is the correct word to use to define a history such as that of the Truman Library which has been filled with fascinating instances of indeterminacy and opportunity, and with people who must have been surprised at what they accomplished [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Theory suggests that the political effects of referendums should vary according to the institutional provisions that allow for direct involvement of citizens in decision-making. Relying on extant theoretical models the paper proposes initial tests of some implications for the newly democratized countries in Eastern and Central Europe. The constitutions of these countries distinguish themselves by a wide variety of institutional provisions for referendums. Taking advantage of this increased variance, the paper demonstrates effects of different institutional provisions on policy outcomes, which, so far, have only been demonstrated at the sub-national level, for example, in the United States and Switzerland. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the first four decades of the twentieth century, horse racing was one of America's most popular spectator sports. Members of America's elite took to breeding and racing horses as one of their preferred pastimes. Coinciding with an increase in immigration and the rediscovery of Mendelian genetics, the idea that careful breeding of thoroughbreds would result in improved horses resonated with Americans worried about racial degeneration. Scientists committed to racial ideologies looked to thoroughbreds--whose owners and breeders maintained extensive pedigree records--to understand the science of genetic inheritance. Harry H. Laughlin, superintendent of research at the Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, pored over breeding charts and race results to develop a mathematical model of inheritance that he called the ''inheritance coefficient.'' He believed his careful study of horses would yield findings that he and his fellow eugenicists could apply to humans. Thoroughbred breeders followed trends in genetics while contributing to the production of scientific knowledge. Pedigree charts available to bettors at race tracks helped normalize concepts of biological inheritance for race track attendees of all classes. Horse racing's popularity in the United States contributed to the diffusion of the concept of biological race that originated as an ideological project of the ruling class. This paper analyzes the role of thoroughbred breeding and racing in the formation and popularization of racial ideology by situating breeding farms as sites of knowledge production and racecourses as places that exhibited performances of racial science for large audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addresses the issue of how well the 1981 US State Department `White Paper' on El Salvador accurately assessed the role of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and a number of its allies in the Salvadoran civil war. Issue of the authenticity of the captured rebel documents and other criticisms of the `White Paper'; Soviet rethinking of armed struggle and the lessons of Nicaragua.

This paper analyzes China's impact on Australia-U.S. relations from 1949 to 1996, including how far Australia's China policy followed the American lead. The conclusion: American influence was dominant, but Australia's own initiative was enough to belie the suggestion that it was no more than a blind follower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a critical overview of Australian, Chinese, and American perspectives on trilateralism, with a detailed discussion of Australian debates on the matter. Its aim is to trace the evolution of the changing discourse on the rise of China, examine major debates in Australia, and provide both an intellectual background and an overview for this special issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the major debates over future petroleum supply in the United States, in particular the long-running feud between the world-famous geologist, M. King Hubbert, and the director of the U.S. Geological Survey, Vincent E. McKelvey. The intellectual history of resource evaluation reveals that, by the mid-twentieth century, economists had come to control the discourse of defining a "natural resource." Their assurances of abundance overturned earlier conceptions of petroleum supplies as fixed and finite in favor of a more flexible understanding of resource potential in a capitalist society and acceptance of the price elasticity of natural resources. In 1956, King Hubbert questioned these assurances by predicting that U.S. domestic oil production would peak around 1970, which drew him into a long-running debate with McKelvey and the so-called "Cornucopians." When Hubbert's Peak was validated in the mid-1970s, he became a prophet. The acceptance of Hubbert's theory ensured the centrality of oil in almost all discourses about the future, and it even created a cultural movement of prophecy believers fixated on preparing for the oil end times. Although notions of resource cornucopia seem to be once again in ascendance in the United States, Hubbert's Peak still haunts any consideration of humanity's environmental future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before the living history museum of Colonial Williamsburg started its concerted interpretation of slavery in 1979, the African American coachmen were already representing the past and implicating black history and slavery in this restored eighteenth-century capital of Virginia. Various records of photographs, postcards, letters, newspaper clippings, oral history accounts, visitor observations, and corporate papers provide a window to understand the social climates of the museum's period in the 1930s to the 1970s. This body of evidence supports the contention that the coachmen were visible and influenced public history within and outside the museum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Cold War rhetoric in US-Russia relations by looking at the 2008 Russia-Georgia war as a major breaking point. We investigate the links between media, public opinion and foreign policy. In our content analysis of the coverage in two major US newspapers, we find that the framing of the conflict was anti-Russia, especially in the initial stages of the conflict. In addition, our survey results demonstrate that an increase in the media exposure of US respondents increased the likelihood of blaming Russia exclusively in the conflict. This case study helps us understand how media can be powerful in constructing a certain narrative of an international conflict, which can then affect public perceptions of other countries. We believe that the negative framing of Russia in the US media has had important implications for the already-tenuous relations between the US and Russia by reviving and perpetuating the Cold War mentality for the public as well as for foreign policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last several decades, interdisciplinary research centers have emerged as a standard, powerful tool for federal funding of university research. This paper contends that this organizational model can be traced to the "Interdisciplinary Laboratories" program funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency in 1960. The novelty of the IDL program was that it created a peer group of university laboratories with sustained funding to ensure their institutional stability. The Cornell Materials Science Center, one of the first three Interdisciplinary Laboratories, served as a breeding ground for a new community of engineering faculty members, who subsequently helped establish a series of interdisciplinary research centers at Cornell, including the National Research and Resource Facility for Submicron Structures (or National Submicron Facility) in 1977. The Materials Science Center and National Submicron Facility provided explicit models for the expansion and coordination of networks of interdisciplinary centers, both within single universities (such as Cornell) and across multiple campuses (through programs such as the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network and the Nanoscale Science and Engineering Centers). The center model has proved both flexible and durable in the face of changing demands on universities, By examining the Materials Science Center and the National Submicron Facility, we show that recent institutional developments perceived as entirely novel have their roots in the high Cold War years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the surveys which were used by the U.S. Sentencing Commission to get the ideas and opinions of federal judges and other groups from the federal criminal justice system about the issues in federal sentencing guidelines and practices. The 2010 survey of the Commission covers five areas including the issues on statutory and structural sentencing, sentencing hearings and guideline application. The draft questions for the surveys were provided by Abt and the judges were asked to complete the surveys either online or in paper format.

The article reports developments related to historical societies in the U.S. The 2006 annual reports for the Pacific Coast branch of the American Historical Association will be published in the November 2007 issue of the "Pacific Historical Review." The National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship for the 2007-2008 academic year has been awarded to Laird M. Easton of California State University. The Western History Association (WHA) invites proposals for papers for their 2008 conference theme "Risky Business."

In the midst of intense Japanese/U.S. trade frictions in high technology in the early 1980s, Japan took the unprecedented step of launching a revolutionary Fifth Generation Computer Project (FGCP). Until that juncture, Japan had simply followed paths laid out by the West in the areas of science and technology. The FGCP, however, represented a historical moment as Japanese engineers attempted to extricate themselves from untenable constraints while presenting reputable achievements to the world at large. In designing the Fifth Generation Computer, Japanese engineers found themselves split between two tenable concepts: a revolutionary new computer of non-Von Neumann architecture or an evolutionary computer that combined Von Neumann with non-Von Neumann elements. At a crossroads, unable to prove to each other the technological superiority of one over the other, they made their decision to take the revolutionary path on the basis of non-technical factors: the universal cultural values "originality" and "fairness." This paper will argue that in contrast to the importance often given to unique, local, culture-bound values when dealing with non-Western case studies, the Japanese engineers deliberately chose universally recognized cultural values to resolve their technological impasse. The choice was made not only to advance computer technology, but essentially to gain indisputable distinction and to establish a new and fresh technological relationship with the Western World. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of climate change has deep roots in the history of North American ecology. At the time of the Wall Street crash and the Depression of the 1930s, America's Great Plains were struck by the Dust Bowl, a phenomenon of catastrophic soil erosion that resulted from the combined effects of intensive farming practices and a particularly harsh drought. Contemporaneously, the ecologist Frederic Clements proposed a theory of plant succession that itself took the history of the Great Plains as its model, and drew on the notion of climatic cycles. This theory became established as the model for ecological expertise in the politics of conservation adopted by the Roosevelt administration. In this paper, I will show how climatology became inscribed in plant ecology not only for epistemological reasons, but also due to an ideology that promoted the ecologist as an expert in the optimization of resources, in an illustration of the tripartite relationship between ecology, politics, and climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent scholarship has shown that U.S. policymakers went to war in Vietnam despite full knowledge of problems they would find there. Why then did policymakers set aside their worries and head down a highly uncertain road? This article proposes examining why institutions that criticized U.S. policymaking did not do so as forcefully as they might have. Specifically, it explores constraints that operated within the news media by investigating the controversy that swirled around a series of stories written by Harrison Salisbury and published by the New York Times in 1966 and 1967. These stories, written during and after Salisbury's extraordinary trip to North Vietnam, directly challenged several of the Johnson administration's claims about the war. Predictably, administration officials criticized the series. More surprisingly, Salisbury encountered condemnation from other publications and even his own paper. The article describes these critiques and discusses constraints on independent, critical reporting within the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In July 1949, and again in January 1950 the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission shipped useful amounts of the short-lived isotope phosphorus-32 to a sanatorium in Trieste, Italy. They were used to treat a patient who had a particularly malignant kind of brain tumor. This distribution of isotopes abroad for medical and research purposes was hotly contested by Commissioner Lewis Strauss, and led to a bruising confrontation between him and J. Robert Oppenheimer. This paper describes the debates surrounding the foreign isotope program inside the Commission and in the U.S. Congress. In parallel, it presents an imagined, but factually-based story of the impact of isotope therapy on the patient and his doctor in Trieste, a city on the Italian-Yugoslavian border that was at the heart of the cold war struggle for influence between the U.S. and the USSR. It weaves together the history of science, institutional history, diplomatic history, and cultural history into a fable that draws attention to the importance of the peaceful atom for winning hearts and minds for the West. The polemics surrounding the distribution of isotopes to foreign countries may have irreversibly soured relationships between Oppenheimer and Strauss, and played into the scientist's loss of his security clearance. But, as those who supported the program argued, it was an important instrument for projecting a positive image of America among a scientific elite abroad, and for consolidating its alliance with friendly nations in the early years of the cold war--or so the fable goes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dennis Gabor devised a novel concept for optical imaging in 1947 that went by a variety of names over the following decade: holoscopy, wavefront reconstruction, interference microscopy, diffraction microscopy, and Gaboroscopy. A well-connected and creative research engineer, Gabor worked actively to develop, publicize and exploit his concept, but the scheme failed to capture the interest of many researchers. Gabor's theory was repeatedly deemed unintuitive and baffling and his technique of dubious practicality and limited applicability. By the late 1950s, Gabor's subject had been assessed by its handful of practitioners to be a white elephant. Nevertheless, other researchers in America and Russia later rehabilitated the project. What had been judged a failure was recast as a success during the 1960s as the foundation of the new and distinct subject of holography. This re-evaluation gained the Nobel Prize for Physics for Gabor in 1971. This paper focuses on the difficulties experienced in constructing a meaningful subject, a practical application, and a viable technical community from Gabor's ideas during the decade 1947-1957. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early 1950s the American physicist David Bohm (1917-1992) produced a new interpretation of quantum mechanics and had to flee from McCarthyism. Rejected at Princeton, he moved to São Paulo. This article focuses on the reception of his early papers on the causal interpretation, his Brazilian exile, and the culture of physics surrounding the foundations of quantum mechanics. It weighs the strength of the Copenhagen interpretation. discusses the presentation of the foundations of quantum mechanics in the training of physicists, describes the results Bohm and his collaborators achieved. It also compares the reception of Bohm's ideas with that of Hugh Everett's interpretation. The cultural context of physics had a more significant influence on the reception of Bohm's ideas than the McCarthyist climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a list of several upcoming events and conventions related to field of history, with citing their respective themes. The Western History Association, reportedly, will hold its annual meeting in Scottsdale, Arizona, during October 13-16, 2005. The theme of the meeting is "Western Traditions and Transitions: Cultural Diversity and Demographic Change." The American Society for Ethnohistory will hold its annual meeting in Santa Fe, New Mexico, during November 16-20, 2005. The theme of the conference is "Centering Lives in Border Spaces: Place, Event, and Narrative Craft." The Western Association of Women's History has issued a call for papers for its next conference, which will take place at Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific Grove, California, May 5-6, 2006.

This article presents several historical news items, as of November 1, 2004. The Western Association of Women Historians invites paper proposals for its 2005 conference, which will be held at the Black Canyon Conference Center in Phoenix, Arizona, in April 2005. The American Historical Association will hold its annual meeting in Seattle, January 2005. At Colorado State University (CSU), Henry Weisser retired in May 2004. Assistant professor Prachi Deshpande has accepted a position at Rutgers University, Newark, and associate professor Frank Towers will be on leave from CSU, teaching at the University of Calgary, in 2004-2005. Ann Little has been tenured and promoted to the rank of associate professor. At Simon Fraser University (SFU), Hugh Johnston, former departmental chair, retired August 31, 2004. He joined the history department within three years of its inception; he is currently writing a history of SFU first forty years and completing an oral history for deposit in the SFU Archives.

This paper examines the controversy surrounding the location and proposed interpretive plan for Independence National Historical Park's new pavilion for the Liberty Bell. Written from the perspective of a graduate student and former Independence NHP employee, it attempts to help historians and Park Service employees to better understand each other's positions, and to penetrate to the heart of the issue at stake--the park's own sense of self-understanding and mission. It then moves on to show the relevance of this specific controversy to questions of broader significance, such as the fundamental character of American history, the post-September 11th responsibility of historic sites, the strength of national mythology, and the vital importance of critical public history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manzanar National Historic Site was established to protect and interpret the resources associated with the internment of Japanese Americans at one of ten War Relocation Centers during World War II. One of the many challenges facing the National Park Service (NPS) at Manzanar is determining how to tell the story of the internment. Opinions about the role of the NPS in managing and interpreting the site range from suggestions that the NPS needs to serve as the social conscience of the nation to cautions that the NPS not become a "groveling sycophant" to the Japanese American community. To address this issue, the park sought diverse forums to engage the public in the management of the site. This paper details how public engagement has affected a number of management decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights the 95th Annual Meeting of the American Historical Association Pacific Coast Branch held in Tucson, Arizona on August 1-4, 2002. Participants; Session topics; Papers presented at the meeting.

This paper argues that Mexican American views of democracy differ significantly from those of Mexicans because of their exposure to the political institutions and culture of the United States. Our results vindicate Diamond's claim that there is no better way of developing the values, skills, and commitments of democratic citizenship than through direct experience with democracy (Diamond 1999). Equally significant is that the study demonstrates that ethnic ties do not determine political attitudes. That is, despite a shared historical background and contemporary cultural commonalities, Mexican views of democracy differ from those of Mexican Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents updates and information on initiatives and projects that are related to history as of November 1, 2001. Information on the submission of papers for the annual meeting of the Western Association of Women Historians; Applications for the fellowships offered by the John Carter Brown Library in Providence, Rhode Island; Information on the conference to be held by Claremont Graduate University in Claremont, California.

Presents observations on Evan P. Schultz's paper 'Does the Fox Control Pardons in the Hen House?,' regarding the regulation of the United States president's pardon power. Situations when clemency should be used; Comments on Schultz's views on the rules that govern federal clemency; Dangers of making rules which are too narrow in scope; Issue of whether the clemency process should or should not be moved out of the Department of Justice.

Presents a condensed version of a briefing paper provided to a small group facilitators by the United States Sentencing Commission. Definition and role of loss; Guidelines on causation; Causation and related issues; Adoption of crediting rules.

Discusses the Japanese reaction to President George Bush's message that, if the American economy is to recover, then Japan must open its markets to free trade for American cars, computers, paper, and glass; otherwise, Japan will face the wrath of American legislators under pressure. `Kenbei,' a fundamental dislike of America; The rise of `kenbei'; Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa; Yoshio Sakurauchi, speaker of Japan's House of Representatives; More.

Presents news briefs from the United States with focus on historical issues. Deadline for the paper proposals for the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association's 1998 conference; Purpose of the Carl Albert Congressional Research and Studies Center at the University of Oklahoma's Visiting Scholars Program; Title of the conference co-sponsored by the National Coalition of Independent Scholars and the Institute for Historical Study.

Discusses the eighty-second annual meeting of the American Historical Association, Pacific Coast Branch, hosted by Portland State University from August 13 to 16, 1989. The 1989 annual meeting had fifteen sessions devoted to European history. The majority of the papers presented focused upon social and cultural themes within Britain, Italy, and Germany; Eight sessions were devoted to the US; Two sessions devoted to Mexico; The financial report.

The article offers news briefs related to historical society in the U.S. Dee E. Andrews of the California State University in East Bay, California has received a $5000 Franklin Research Grant from the American Philosophical Society. The University Archives of the Oregon State University have gained two collections of papers in the history of science. David Tharp has been appointed as the history department chair at the University of Redlands in California.

Presents an update on historical associations in the U.S. as of February 2004. Date set for the conference of the National Coalition of Independent Scholars in New York City; Venue of the annual meeting of the Southwestern Social Science Association from March 17 through 20, 2004; Call for papers issued by the Coalition for Western Women's History.

This article focuses on three research papers on Vietnamese history that were presented at the 2004 meeting of the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association. These three papers are contained in this issue of the journal "Pacific Historical Review." The first paper "Vietnam, the Bush Administration's War in Iraq, and the Search for a Usable Past," by T. Christopher Jespersen, provides a wide-ranging discussion of the relationship between history and political positioning. His essay looks at the different ways that Americans wishing to understand the global politics of terrorism and war in the twenty-first century have sought analogies from three Asian-Pacific wars. Other two papers, discussed here, are: "Hanoi and Americanization of the War in Vietnam: New Evidence From Vietnam," by Pierre Asselin and "Nation Building and the Vietnam War: A Historiography," by Christopher Fisher.

The article offers news briefs related to several history associations in U.S. as of May 2008. Huntington Library curator Peter Blodgett was appointed executive director of the Pacific Coast branch of the American Historical Association. A new award, called the "Gloria E. Anzaldúa Award for Indpendent Scholars" was launched by the American Studies Association. A call for papers was issued by the Western History Association for their 2009 annual conference.

The article reports developments related to American History. The Emma Goldman Papers Project, which published the first two volumes of the book “Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years,” has issued an appeal for contributions to offset the unforeseen loss of funding. For 2007-2008, the John Carter Brown Library will award about 30 research fellowships. The Carl Albert Congressional Research and Studies Center seeks applicants for its Visiting Scholars Program.

Comments on the increase of special issue publications in magazines and cultural periodicals by publishers in the United States, with focus on the `Art Paper' magazine. What art magazine editors attribute the increase in special issues to; Information on the `Art Paper'; Strategy used by the monthly `New Art Examiner'; Comparison between the magazines; Examples of how special issues led to the formation of periodicals.

The article outlines the history of the aborigines in Oakland, California. It is stated that the indigenous people descended from the Chinese who transferred from their country due to an anti-coolie movement some time in the first century. Since the individuals cannot show the proper papers, the Californian government accused them of attempting to defraud the revenue and confiscated their stuffs. Currently, the aborigines have attained a high degree of civilization depicted during their religious ceremonies, commencements and alumni meetings.

The representatives of sixty employers' associations met in convention in the city of Portland, Oregon. The papers stated that the representatives from as far south as Los Angeles and San Diego and as far north as Vancouver, British Columbia, were in attendance at this meeting. Their slogan was "We stand for the open shop and free and independent workmen." "Informant a United States Governmental agency which conducts security investigations, furnished information on November 2, 1948."

Reports on the 2000 Barnett Arts and Public Policy Symposium in the Ohio State University College of the Arts in Columbus, Ohio. Theme of the symposium; Issues addressed by keynote papers and panel presentations; Speakers at the event.