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Advances in neuro-technology provide new insights into how individual students learn in educational contexts. However, applying it poses challenges for teachers in natural settings. This paper presents an example of the use and applicability of eye-tracking technology in Higher Education. We worked with a sample of 20 students from three universities (Burgos and Valladolid in Spain and Miño in Portugal). The objectives were: (1) to determine whether there were significant differences in indicators of cognitive effort (FC, FD, SC, PD, VC) found with eye-tracking technology between students with and without prior knowledge; (2) to determine whether there were clusters of learning behavior patterns among students; and (3) to analyze differences in the visualization of behavior patterns. A quasi-experimental design without a control group and a descriptive design were used. The results indicated significant differences in learning outcomes between students with and without prior knowledge. In addition, two clusters were found in indicators of cognitive effort. Finally, a comparative analysis of learning behavior patterns between students in cluster 1 vs. cluster 2 was performed. Eye-tracking technology makes it possible to record large data about the learning process. However, using it in natural educational settings currently requires teachers to have technological and data mining skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the final Pola de Siero's contours in absolute interrogatives. We carried out 24 surveys of situations using the methodology of Interactive Atlas of Spanish Intonation, with examples of various intonation contours, which are employed to encode different semantic nuances. The 24 subjects of our corpus were selected taking into account three social variables (age, education and sex)2. We aim to address one question in this study: is there a correlation between social factors and the final contours of Pola de Siero in absolute interrogatives? We found that 21 informants in our survey show a tendency towards the final falling contours in absolute interrogatives, a salient feature of northern Spanish, which contrasts with the final rises in Standard Peninsular Spanish (three informants). As a consequence of this, we could say that this prosodic feature is a relevant one in our corpus and that it seems there is not an Asturian prosodic accommodation in absolute interrogatives; this pattern is not acquired by Spanish speakers who have family in Burgos or Valladolid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a mobile sensor network with a mobile sink, choosing the next hop depends on the current location of the sink. This necessitates a frequent update of routing paths within the network. In this paper, a link quality indicator (LQI) measured by a sensor when receiving a POLLING packet directly from the sink is employed to acquire the relative position of the sensor to the sink. By doing so, the sensor chooses the next hop with a higher LQI value (alternatively, closer to the mobile sink). Due to the heterogeneity of transmission power and for guaranteeing the reachability of the chosen next hop, an energy-efficient and reliable LQI-based beaconless routing (LQI-BLR) protocol is proposed in this paper. To avoid flooding REPOLLING packets, only the sensors with low LQI values are allowed to broadcast the REPOLLING packet to create a routing path for the sensors outside the transmission range of the sink. Through analytical and simulation approaches, the performance of LQI-BLR and the leader-based routing (LBR) Burgos et al. (Sensors 17(7):1587, 2017. 10.3390/s17071587) is compared. With extensive real-scenario simulations, we successfully show that LQI-BLR outperforms LBR Burgos et al. (Sensors 17(7):1587, 2017. 10.3390/s17071587) and the data-driven routing protocol (DDRP) Shi et al. (Int J Commun Syst 26(10):1341–1355, 2013. 10.3390/s17071587 in terms of packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, and packet delivery delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a series of reviews on different topics related to writing and book printing in the Hispanic and Novohispanic world. Some of the topics addressed include the presence of scientific books in the libraries of Castilian nobles during the Golden Age, the ephemeral papers read in Spain in the 16th and 17th centuries, and the Burgos printing press of the 16th century. The text highlights the importance of these topics in understanding the relationship between text and image in ancient Spanish books and in identifying the printing presses responsible for various materials. It also mentions two profiles of interest: the bibliographer Antonio Rodríguez-Moñino and his relationship with the philologist Eugenio Asensio. [Extracted from the article]

The present paper is an attempt to underscore a question that affected all levels of the Church's structure: jurisdictional conflicts. In this case, we shall focus on one of the critical junctures in the tension existing between the Collegiate Church of Aguilar de Campoo and the Burgos' bishopric. Although both institutions quarrelled about jurisdictional issues during most of the Modern Era, there were moments when the level of violence reached such degree that called for the intervention of different judicial authorities and, at last, for the intervention of the lay patron of the Collegiate Church, the only one who could fix the difficult situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a detailed on-site analysis of the architecture built in the monastery of San Julián de Samos (Lugo, Spain) during the 17th and 18th centuries, this paper explores the variability of the structures used to cover the new monastic spaces and its clear lack of stylistic relation with the artistic mainstream and other coetaneous artworks, which were built during the same period in other Galician monasteries. Our last goal is to understand the reasons behind the use of old arched structures when new architectonical styles were being introduced. The role of the Brother Pedro Martínez, from the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña in Burgos, is revealed here as a key factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actualistic studies have been commonly used as valid analogies in taphonomic research and, as the growing body of data demonstrate, have proved to be highly informative to explain the formation of terrestrial vertebrate fossil faunas. In Rosell et al. (2019), we conducted an experimental study with free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos arctos) with the aim of modeling their behavior and characterizing the bone damage caused on large, medium and small-sized ungulate carcasses. The purpose of the study was to highlight the equifinality processes observed experimentally based on the assumption that " some carnivores show physical and dental characteristics that could lead to bone modifications potentially like those generated by humans " (Rosell et al., 2019, p.67). In the case of bears, their " bunodont dentition and plantigrade locomotion –the latter allows them to frequently release and use their claws as ' hands '"– have led to the production of peeling and tooth marks that show important similarities with those generated during the feeding activities of humans and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), although anecdotally also made by other taphonomic agents. Saladié and Rodríguez-Hidalgo (2019) interpret our study as an attempt to invalidate their inferences about human tooth marks from the TD6.2 level of Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain), even though we do not make any archaeological application. We also clearly maintain that ours is an initial and merely descriptive study that aims to raise awareness of the existence of taphonomic equifinality phenomena between bears and humans. The present work intends, therefore, to respond to their criticisms about the contexts in which humans and bears produce peeling as well as about the methodology used for assessing the tooth mark measurements. We have tried to read positively the Saladié and Rodríguez-Hidalgo's (2019) paper in order to make progress in the main challenge of finding elements and features that allow us to discriminate bone alterations potentially attributable to more than one taphonomic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

74% of Europeans live and move every day in cities, and 40% of the total CO 2 emissions from transport is caused by urban mobility. The decarbonisation of urban transport can therefore produce a substantial reduction in total CO 2 emissions. Cities have proposed various measures to reduce CO 2 emissions from mobility, concentrating particularly on reducing private individual transport (car) by offering a range of alternatives. Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) are not new in Europe, as numerous precedents in France, UK, Italy and Germany have now been underway for a decade. SUMPs propose a strategy to reduce dependence on private cars by imposing a series of measures. As the plans were designed for the long term (ten to fifteen years), it is only natural to question their effectiveness after a certain time has elapsed. However, there is little literature on this issue. To fill this gap this article proposes a methodology to evaluate Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans using indicators to assess the current situation of the city in terms of the effectiveness of the measures implemented, focusing on the specific case of the city of Burgos in Spain, where the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan was introduced in 2005, and on the results based on the proposed methodology. CO 2 savings are always the primary target of a SUMP. Most assessments highlight changes in behaviour or public perception, but contain no in-depth analysis of cost-effectiveness. This paper aims to calculate a cost analysis for each tonnes of CO 2 saved. This methodology is used in other fields such as lighting and energy, but not in transport due to its complexity. However, effectiveness ratios can be calculated with the available data on modal shift and investments in the SUMP, taking into account the costs as a whole. Other methodologies to determine external cost savings are included in the proposed methodology to achieve a more accurate ratio and consider more external factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seven papers included in this special issue represent a selection of extended contributions presented at the 15th International Conference on Soft Computing Models in Industrial and Environmental Applications, SOCO 2020, held in Burgos, Spain, September 2020, and organized by University of Burgos and BISITE and GICAP Research Groups. SOCO 2020 international conference represents a collection or set of computational techniques in machine learning, computer science and some engineering disciplines which investigate, simulate, and analyse very complex issues and phenomena. This special issue is aimed at practitioners, researchers and postgraduate students who are engaged in developing and applying advanced intelligent systems principles to solving real-world problems on the mentioned fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper we present an experimental study of bone modifications caused by human chewing during consumption. Traditionally, tooth marks have been attributed to non-human actors. However, ethnoarchaeological as well as previous experimental work has shown that humans can make many modifications during chewing. Our results suggest that the range of damage is as extensive as that most likely to be produced by carnivores. This damage includes furrowing, scooping-out, crenulated and saw-toothed edges, longitudinal cracking, crushing, peeling and tooth marks. In this paper we present a description of the types of damage observed in the experimental sample. Some of this damage shows parallels between the experimental modifications and archaeological assemblages from Pleistocene and Holocene deposits at the Sierra de Atapuerca sites (Burgos, Spain). The repetition of morphologies allowed us to attribute some of the damage to tooth marks made by human chewing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recently, there has been a significant interest to the development and exploitation of unconventional gas resources especially shale gas. Several places around the world have substantial shale gas reserves in regions that lack in the infrastructure needed for production and distribution. This paper presents a new mathematical programming approach based on disjunctive programming to account for complex logical relationships in the optimal planning of shale gas exploitation and infrastructure development in places without infrastructure for production, treatment, and distribution. Because of the variability in natural gas supplies and demands over time, a multi-period optimization approach is adopted over a certain time horizon, which includes Monte Carlo simulations to assess the associated volatility. The optimization approach accounts for the different components of the infrastructure, the production schedules, and the time-value of money to maximize the net present value of the infrastructure. The applicability of the proposed approach is shown through a case study in the Burgos basin located in the Northeast of Mexico and in the southern extension of the Maverick Basin in Texas. The results show attractive economic results for the exploitation and distribution of gas to satisfy the national demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their 2019 paper, "A Paleogene ichnological record from the Wilcox Formation: Ophiomorpha and Venericardia (Venicor) zapatai in the Burgos Basin, northern Mexico," Hernández-Ocaña et al. present a stratigraphic, sedimentological, and paleontological reconstruction of the Wilcox Fm. from a limited section located in the western part of the Burgos Basin. In my opinion, this paper contains a series of grave errors that puts in doubt the authors' correlation with the Eocene Wilcox Fm., determination of the species Venericardia (Venericor) zapatai , and stratigraphic interpretation of the described sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Monitoring and characterization of infection with pandemic (H1N1nv) 2009 is an essential part of monitoring the evolution, epidemiology and severity of a pandemic. The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the clinical characteristics and risk factors of patients admitted to our hospital the 2010-2011 season. Methods: Detection of influenza A H1N1nv virus in 266 respiratory specimens (242 patients with suspected infection) and descriptive and comparative analysis of data collected from each patient: age, sex, service, reason for admission, risk factors and treatment with antivirals. Results: The most common reason for admission (52.47%) was the presence of clinical respiratory signs. 69.4% of patients had risk factors, with chronic respiratory disease (CRD), the most frequent (20.2%). 14.2% were pediatric patients. The infection of Influenza A H1N1nv was confirmed in 26,4% of patients. The mean age among the infected patients was 36 years versus 44.85 years in non-infected. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.011). 75% of infected patients had risk factors. Of these, 68.7% had CRD only factor being predominant. 6% of patients with infection were vaccinated. Conclusion: The positivity rate was similar to that observed in the previous season. There was a greater involvement among young-adult population. The CRD is the most common risk factor. Vaccine coverage was low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present paper analyses the evidence provided by three sites (Sima del Elefante, Gran Dolina, and Galería) located in the Trinchera del Ferrocarril of the Sierra de Atapuerca. These three sites are cave infillings that contain sediments deposited from approximately 1.2 Ma to 200 kyr. Pollen, herpetofauna, and small and large mammal remains are used as proxies to obtain a general picture of the environmental changes that occurred at the Sierra de Atapuerca throughout the one million-year period represented at these sites. Similarly, cultural changes are tracked analyzing the evidence of human behavior obtained from the study of several bone and lithic assemblages from these three sites. At least three periods with different cultural features, involving technology, subsistence and behavior, are determined from the available evidence. The first two periods correspond to the Mode 1 technology and Homo antecessor: the first is dated around 1.2 to 1.0 Ma and reflects opportunistic behavior both in technology and subsistence. The second period is around 800 kyr BP. Mode 1 technology is still maintained, but subsistence strategies include systematic hunting and the use of base camps. The third period is dated between 500ka and 200ka and corresponds to the Mode 2 technology and the acquisition of directional hunting and other organizational strategies by Homo heidelbergensis. A transition from Mode 2 to Mode 3 seems to appear at the end of this time-range, and may reflect the early phases of a fourth cultural change. With regard to the environment, our main conclusion is that there was an absence of extremely harsh conditions at Atapuerca throughout this time period. The presence of Mediterranean taxa was constant and the dominant landscape was a savannah-like open environment, probably with small forest patches. An alternation of Mediterranean and mesic species as the dominant component of the tree storey was induced by the climatic cycles, and steppes spread across the landscape during the drier periods. In any case, it is not possible to establish clear cut-off points separating entirely different environmental episodes. Our results show no evidence of any relationship between environmental change and cultural change at the Sierra de Atapuerca. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper the influences of preozonation on the effectiveness of NOM adsorption and biodegradation processes are studied. Three different types of water have been used in this study: A natural water from the Uzquiza Reservoir (Burgos, Spain), synthetics waters prepared using natural humic substances (fulvic and humic acids extracted from the Uzquiza Reservoir) and a synthetic water prepared using a commercially supplied humic acid. The effect of preozonation on NOM adsorption by activated carbon is evaluated: adsorption of humic acids (hydrophobic, high molecular weight compounds) is improved following preozonation; however, for the fulvic acids (hydrophilic, low molecular weight compounds), no net appreciable effect of preozonation on adsorption was observed. Preozonation increases the biodegradability of NOM: biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), which was determined using two different bioassays (Billen-Servais method and Joret-Levi method), increases with increasing ozone dosage. A characterization of humic substances based on their adsorption and biodegradability properties is also reported, showing the effect of ozone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use the geo-imaginary analytic to show how actors utilized narratives of resource potential and speculative economic futures for the Burgos Basin in northeastern Mexico to affect a broader liberalization of the nation's hydrocarbon sector. Our research traces the history of the word "potential" as a discrete and repetitive rhetorical technique used variously to speculate on hydrocarbon production, economic development, regional energy development, and risks associated with the Burgos. We also identify an array of visualizations, what we refer to as 'conjurings,' used with narratives of potential to encourage investments in the Basin's development. These include: maps depicting Burgos geologic continuity with productive Texas fields, quantitative forecasts of growing production, visual depictions of private firms facilitating future production, and fracking as a necessary wedge to pry open the Burgos' unrealized potential. Finally, using governmentality, we link Burgos potentiality discourses to socio-political outcomes, including in the early 2000s, when the Basin was imagined as a way to counterbalance the skyrocketing costs of imported natural gas, continuing with the 2013–2014 Reforms, and into the post-Reform oil and gas conference spaces that facilitated financial investing opportunities. We also argue that the current administration leveraged anti-fracking discourse to reverse the liberalization of Mexico's hydrocarbon sector. By drawing together overlapping elements from scholarship into resources, speculation, and governmentality, and by parsing the ways that potential narratives and conjuring tools are deployed, this research contributes to ongoing debates in political geography around natural resources and the geopolitics of the subsurface. • Speculative narratives of resource potential are powerful at attracting finance and stimulating investments. • We trace the empirics of "potential" narratives and visualizations used to hype futures for Mexico's Burgos Basin. • Geo-imaginaries link discursive techniques and speculative tools to governmentality outcomes. • We contend that Burgos geo-imaginaries were fundamental to rewriting and liberalizing Mexico's hydrocarbon governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we report a detailed archaeomagnetic and rock-magnetic study of a pottery kiln from Burgos (Spain) to reconstruct its burning conditions and date its last use and abandonment age. During the course of a rescue archaeological excavation carried out in 2015 in the center of Burgos city, a medieval pottery workshop was discovered. Two well-preserved kilns appeared and archaeomagnetic analyses were performed on one of them. In addition to a large amount of pottery remains, some numismatic and documental evidences provided a general chronological estimation, but the abandonment age of the workshop remains unknown. On the basis of the existing archaeological information we carried out an archaeomagnetic study in order to date its last use. 69 archaeomagnetic samples were collected from the combustion chamber and the kiln's fire tunnel. Stepwise alternating field and thermal demagnetization of the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) were carried out to retrieve the mean direction. Additional experiments consisted in the acquisition of isothermal remanence (IRM), low-field magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy as well as thermomagnetic curves. Despite the high temperatures expected in the combustion chamber, it appeared that the bricks´ samples from the fire tunnel exhibit the most successful directional results. Magnetite and variable contributions of hematite are the main ferromagnetic minerals observed in the thermomagnetic curves. The type of lithology studied, its previous magnetic history and their location in the kiln strongly condition the observed directional and rock-magnetic results. Additionally, AMS data revealed the manufacturing fabric of the fire tunnel's bricks, showing moderately high anisotropy degrees, but not enough to casts doubts on the directional NRM record. In order to test the reproducibility of the dating results, archaeomagnetic dating was carried out using different geomagnetic field models and the Iberian paleosecular variation curve. The small differences observed in the dating results are mainly due to the density and type of input data of these records. The combination of the archaeomagnetic analyses with the archaeological and documental suggests that last kiln's usage took place during the first half of the XVIth century CE. Overall, this paper illustrates how the combination of archaeological data and archaeomagnetic analyses may improve our understanding about the manufacturing processes, use and age of abandonment of archaeological combustion structures. • An archaeomagnetic study of a kiln from the Vega's pottery workshop (Burgos, Spain) is reported here. • Different types of materials from distinct parts of the kiln have been sampled for that aim. • Thermal variation, type of material and its history before being part of the structure condition the magnetic signature. • Archaeomagnetic, archaeological and documental evidences indicate that kiln's last use took place between 1503 and 1545 CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jenchen's comment appears to assume that Venericardia and Ophiomorpha were the main objectives in our work and that we used random criteria to assign genera. However our paper addressed the presence of previously reported V. and Oph. from new localities rather than a taxonomic determination. Our descriptions of shells are based on the separate evaluation of observed macroscopic and microscopic features for taphonomic rather than taxonomic purposes. Based on this erroneous assumption, Jenchen disproves our methodology and data processing. Since Jenchen statements (ten remarks) are reiterative and redundant, we have simplified them and focus on the four main points: geological setting (three remarks), presentation of studied section (one remark), Ophiomorpha isp. (two remarks), and Venericardia (Venericor) zapatai (three remarks). In the following lines we'll argue why most of these comments lack robust scientific support and are rather suggestions on how our results should be worked, interpreted and presented. We expect to answer every remark. Due to the redundancy of his 3rd and 4th points, we simplified our clarifications in the same order. Since there seems to be a mistaken assumption in some of the commentaries embodied in the 2nd and 3rd sections of Jenchen's comment, the 5th section turns out to be invalid. We conclude answering his remarks concerning our treatment of data from sections 6th and 7th, and include some recommendations as well. • We address Jenchen's remarks (2019) concerning the presence of Venericardia (Venericor) zapatai in the Wilcox Formation. • The published results confirms the presence of Venericardia (Venericor) zapatai in the Wilcox Formation of northeastern Mexico. • Though we welcome suggestions, Jenchen's comment is a misinterpretation of stratigraphic, ichnological and taphonomic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple previous studies at international level have examined the effects of land use policies regarding to sustainability, and particularly devoted to the induced private car mobility excess. However, it is remarkable the different urban planning tradition depending on the country or region. Thus, the Mediterranean urbanism has been generally featured by high or moderately high population and dwellings density, which has promoted the presence of pedestrians on streets. In this paper we analyse the case of Burgos city, as an example of mid-sized city in Spain. Although it isn't suffering sprawl symptoms, its local administration is trying to improve current modal share by increasing sustainable means of transport. The performed analysis includes population, dwellings density and absolute compactness, to check their influence in car trip generation. In coherence with previous studies, our results have shown a qualitative correlation between low densities and higher use of private car for the studied case. The effects of some urban planning policies are discussed as possible reasons of observed behaviour, serving as basis for future recommendations. • Density and compactness are studied and correlated for a Spanish city case. • Population and traffic generation data are combined in a GIS model using an innovative approach for a qualitative analysis. • Results have shown a clear correlation between low population density and high number of car trips for the selected case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]