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The article focuses on the paper "De quelques questions relatives dl'assurance des risques de guerre," by Emile Audouin. It was formerly the practice, he says, for the same policy to cover both ordinary perils of the sea and war risks, for a single premium. But gradually a change was made, until in 1900 the principal marine insurance companies operating in Europe adopted the principle of a special policy for each kind of risk. The change makes necessary an exactness in the legal definition of ordinary and war risks not required before. If the insured has to cover the two in different companies, it is important for him to see that there are no gaps to leave him without protection, as will happen if the war risk contract is held not to cover a loss, which the law governing the ordinary risk contract would not consider the result of an ordinary peril.

The article presents abstracts of geographical research papers. In the research paper "A Geographical Study of Nova Scotia," researcher R.H. Whitebeek discusses the geographic conditions of Nova Scotia. Lying nearer Europe and possessing many excellent harbors and peopled by immigrants from the best European stocks, the province of Nova Scotia in Canada has now, after 300 years, fewer people than the city of Boston, Massachusetts. Its total manufacturing output is less than that of single companies in New England, and the province has shared but slightly in Canada's economic growth.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the contents volumes I to X of Sociologia Ruralis (1960-1970), with the understanding that only the (75) English written papers are being reviewed. The main starting points have been derived from Article 4 of the Constitution of the European Society for Rural Sociology. After having proposed a number of critical remarks on the subject that have been dealt with in the papers concerned, a tentative evaluation has been made of the practical, theoretical, and methodologic relevance of these papers. In the final section, some ideas are suggested which might be used in order to remove several shortcomings brought to light in to previous sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper an effort is made to explain some of the dynamics behind evolving rural social systems in terms of their comparatively smaller or greater openness or closure. It is argued that rural social systems can be called comparatively open or dosed in various respects : (a) factually, formally and/or normatively; (b) to the outside and/or to the inside; (c) socio-structurally and/or culturally. The author applies these distinctions in a discussion about the difficult position of many social systems in present-day rural Europe between the extremes of complete isolation and complete external integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To the extent, however, that arms control is regarded as an essential component of detente [5]---as it is by some on both sides---failure to make progress may undermine detente. To the extent that improvements in ah adversary's military forces seem threatening---as they do to some in both East and West---the countries concerned may turn their attention from measures intended to promote detente to those designed to enhance security,[6] perhaps at the expense of detente. Thus, it may be useful to consider linkages among these factors, since each will affect the other.
This I propose to do in this paper, though on a limited rather than on a global scale. I will look first of all at the extent to which various views concerning detente will affect willingness to accept limitations on armaments. I will look secondly at differing perceptions of the effects of detente on security in Europe, perceptions which will affect both reactions to detente and receptivity to measures for the limitation of armaments. I will look thirdly at the kinds of arms control measures now being discussed at the Vienna Conference, with particular reference to their implications for security and for detente. Finally, I will try to suggest measures which might enhance the sense of security in Eastern and Western Europe and thus further---or at least not retard---progress towards detente in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents macrofossil data and additional pollen analyses from the Quaternary sites previously described in Oldfield (1967). Pollen evidence presented in that paper from Bidart Plage Series B (Bidartian) and Senix Series 1 (Moulignan and Senixian) is amplified and extended by more detailed and comprehensive diagrams. The additional pollen-analytical evidence from the Bidart section confirms the importance of a Castanea-dominated pollen assemblage zone within the Bidartian Interglacial. The new diagram from Senix shows that the Moulignan major biostratigraphic subdivision is likewise interglacial in character. The late-temperate and post-temperate stages of this interglacial are well represented by the Senix and Mouligna Cliff pollen sequences now published. The macrofossil evidence from Bidart Series B(Bidartian), Mouligna Cliff MC3 (Ilbarritzian) and Marbella (Marbellan) is represented on a quantitative basis using large and volumetrically equivalent samples from each level. The main additions to the flora from these macrofossil diagrams are a wide variety aquatic and semi-aquatic species including, for the Bidartian, Ludwigia palustris and for the Marbellan, Aldrovandra vesiculosa and Proserpinaca cf. palustris a North American species not previously recorded in Post-Tiglian deposits from Europe. From Bidart, there are also interesting macrofossil records of woody warm temperate taxa, for example Chamaecyparis thyoides, Cotoneaster acuticarpa and Ostrya cf. carpinifolia. The non-aquatic macroflora from Marbella is dominated by Erica species the seeds of which have been identified largely on the basis of the fine detail of their seed coats revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (Huckerby, Marchant and Oldfield, 1972). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the results of an evaluation research project into the Doncaster Nursing Management Audit scheme. The scheme, in line with similar 'nursing audits' in Europe and North America, has the objective of improving the quality of nursing care. This quality is dependent on both clinical and administrative procedures working correctly. At Doncaster there exists the nursing care audit (for nursing staff below the supervisory grade) and the nursing management audit (for staff at and above the supervisory grade). The Doncaster Nursing Management Audit distinguishes itself from other types of nursing audit in two main ways. Firstly, it focuses on the management aspects of a nurse's responsibilities and secondly, the scheme allows the nurse to self-assess her own performance. The findings of the evaluation suggest that nurses see the audit as particularly valuable in developing them as managers and making them aware of their own potential. The single most unfavourable outcome of using audit was found to be the frustration created amongst nursing staff by their inability to change some nursing practices. The study showed that nursing staff who were occupationally mobile, whose supervisors had a strong interest in the use of audit and who were receiving a large amount of feedback on their performance were benefiting more from audit than their colleagues. Certain factors connected with the introduction and conduct of audit were found to have an important effect on its success. These included the manner in which audit was introduced into the organization, the way it was linked up with staff appraisal and the frequency with which it was conducted. The results indicate that audit has a great potential contribution to make to the improvement of the quality of nursing management provided it is used flexibly and adapted to the needs of the organization to which it is applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main message of this paper is that there is no immediate cause for alarm about Europe's mineral supplies, but there is equally no room for complacency. The past reliance solely on market mechanisms is no longer sufficient to satisfy Europe's needs in the 1980s, even though present surpluses are more than adequate for the next few years. Unless action is taken soon serious problems will arise in the 1980s. Such action requires a more conscious mineral procurement policy in which foreign-policy initiatives should be closely integrated with domestic policies. Britain can achieve far more in this field acting in concert with its Community partners than by pursuing an independent strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will consider the validity of such assumptions and attempt analysis of their sources through discussion of the position of women in the kibbutz of today in historical terms, relating my own field material[2] to the more general development of the kibbutz movement.[3]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the Nursing Lecture 1977, delivered on the occasion of the Annual General Meeting of the Royal College of Nursing in London on November 23, 1977. The author traces the history and discusses the implications of the EEC Nursing Directives, put into the perspective of the nursing histories of the nine countries within the European Economic Community. She focuses, in particular, on the strengths of the nursing profession in the United Kingdom and argues that the Nursing Directives can lead to enhancement of nursing services and nursing education, better cooperation between health care professions and a stronger voice for the nursing profession, throughout the EEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the views of geographer Robert D. Mitchell in response to the paper "The Simplification of Europe Overseas," published in the December 1977 issue of the journal "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." He argues that the presence or absence of labor exploitive institutions, especially slavery and indentured servitude, produced fundamentally different colonial societies and patterns of social relations. Power and authority within the family were often based on legal control over land and indirectly over labor.

The article presents the views of geographer Adrian Pollock in response to the paper "The Simplification of Europe Overseas," published in the December 1977 issue of the journal "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." He appreciates that the article author presented an insightful account of the effects of new land on the immigrant societies of French Canada, Dutch South Africa, and English New England. However, he thinks that for New England the analysis is premature. This is so because, as yet, there is lack of proper knowledge of the early colonists' background and experience adequate enough to enable one to judge whether colonial conditions or inherent attitudes, practices, and institutions were the most important in determining the nature of colonial society.

The article presents the views of geographer R. Cole Harris in response to the criticism of his paper "The Simplification of Europe Overseas," published in the December 1977 issue of the journal "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." He says that his critics may find his analysis premature, and may think that he has ignored some power relationships, particularly those affecting labor. But, his paper is a foray, not nearly a final word. Also, he is convinced that his foray is supported by the current literature and that it is timely.

The paper examines data on concentration (quantity per unit volume of water) and transport (quantity passing a point per unit time) of suspended peat and animal drift relative to discharge in a small north Pennine stream. Within individual spates, suspended peat concentration and animal drift (in terms of numbers) peaked before the discharge but animal drift concentration (in terms of weight) remained high during the discharge peak, and mean weight per drift animal peaked at the same time as the discharge. The differences in time of peaking of animal drift, as between weight and numbers, reflect the fact that the concentration of most of the aquatic components of the drift was depressed during the spate peak but that the concentration of most of the aquatic components of the drift was depressed during the spate peak but that the concentration of terrestrial material (of greater mean weight individual−1) peaked with the discharge. Data from 212 sampling units were used to examine the relationships between peat concentration/transport and stream discharge. The best fits were to power law relationships between concentration and discharge and transport and discharge. However, a logistic curve relating log10 discharge and log10 transport was also a good fit. A similar analysis of the data for concentration/transport of animals in suspension showed significant positive correlations between concentration/transport in terms of animal numbers and discharge and suggests power law relationships. Animal concentration/transport, in terms of weights, were also positively correlated with discharge but the relationships were exponential. The results show that at least 80% of the peat transported annually by the stream was carried by spates of over 5.6 times the annual mean discharge. These spates occupied less than 3% of the total time in the year, but accounted for 30% of the annual discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the current fertility (1971–72) of migrant women in Australia, in order to compare the fertility levels and patterns prevalent among migrants from nine selected countries with those of the Australian born women. Birth registration data have been mainly used in the analysis.Three main points emerge. Among the married women there were few differences in fertility regardless of the country of birth. A major exception was the somewhat higher fertility levels among the southern European migrants. Extramarital fertility seemed to vary substantially between different migrant groups: New Zealanders had the highest and the Italians and Greeks had the lowest levels. There were major differences in the proportion of women married among the various migrant groups; again the southern Europeans had highest proportions married. Comparison of the reproductive behaviour of migrants with their counterparts in the countries of origin showed that the southern European migrants in Australia had higher fertility rates than those prevalent in their countries of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs several methods to estimate the trade creation and diversion effects of EC enlargement. Treating the original EEC and EFTA each as one country it compares total and external imports and the ratios of these imports to consumption between 1970/71 and 1977/78. The comparable figures for U.S., Canada and Japan are used as a 'normalizer'. Based on several approaches, 1978 trade creation is estimated at $28 billion and diversion at $5 billion, with an implied substitution elasticity between European and non-European sources of 32 The results are consistent with independent estimates constructed for the period 1959/60 to 1977/78, namely, the two stages of integration combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the conclusions of a number of studies prepared in recent years by the German Development Institute (Berlin) on the structural implications of the Southern enlargement of the European Community for the acceding countries as well as for the whole EEC. Reference is made to the problems arising generally from the internal and external impact of the changes in the structural equilibrium of the Community, defined in terms of increasing structural disparities within the EEC and growing inflexibility vis--vis the rest of the world. The implications for the Common Agricultural Policy and the industry are then discussed with special reference to the problem of the 'sensitive' industries. Arguments are presented in favor of the thesis that a new structural equilibrium can only be achieved through the improvement of production structures in the weaker regions of the Community and so through the gradual elimination of the intra-Community development gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from a survey of 1699 currently (once) married males are used in examining ideal family size in Northern Ireland, an area where fertility remains quite high by west European standards. Although there are several problems concerning the measurement and use of ideal family size, an analysis of the Northern Irish data indicates that the responses appear to be valid. For example, most respondents can formulate an ideal family size in numerical terms, there is a considerable degree of variation in the responses and these are not necessarily a function of actual family size. Northern Irish family size ideals (mean 3·6) are considerably greater than those of many west European countries and these ideals also vary within Northern Ireland. Religious grouping proves to be the major factor influencing these variations, with Roman Catholics generally expressing an ideal (mean 4·4) for large families. However, other factors are also associated with variations in ideal family size and the paper considers the roles played by education, age, occupation, region of residence and religiosity. Also, ideal family size does not always correspond with actual family size, indicating that while some married men possess relatively large family size ideals but have smaller families, others have large families but favour more moderately sized ideals. It is evident that attitudes to fertility in Northern Ireland are in a state of change. The value of ideal family size data in understanding fertility patterns is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the authors presents a rejoinder to a comment by Howard Newby on their article in which they had compared the North American and European journals of rural sociology. The study raises two points, which the authors feel must be clarified lest their work be misunderstood. The first concerns the nature of that research and the second concerns the role of ontological assumptions in sociological research. The authors mentioned that their study of the two rural sociology journals was motivated by reflections on their own intellectual activity, and the content analysis of the journals carried out by them was not a sociological investigation. The purpose of their content analysis was to provide an understanding of the characteristics of the two journals from which an explanatory project might proceed. The authors add that Newby's depiction of their work as non-sociological and positivist does underscore an irony. They clarifies that their paper, like many others, does not go beyond the limits of assumptions and data.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse some of the effects of the implementation of the Treaty of Rome on the use and abuse of alcohol. The effects of the Commission's internal market and competition policies are to remove barriers to the trade in alcoholic beverages across the Community. One outcome of this process is that competition is increased and prices stabilised or reduced. The process of tax harmonisation policy is also likely to affect prices. We examine the attempts by the Commission, starting in 1972, to harmonise excise duties and we present estimates of the likely of the likely effects of this policy on prices. We predict that the most likely option will raise alcohol consumption by reducing the price of wine. Policy decisions are compartmentalised in any bureaucracy. The effects of this in the E.E.C is that the effects of economic policies on alcohol abuse are, seemingly, ignored. The price of economic integration would appear to be increased social costs from alcohol abuse. Is this the wish of policy makers and citizens? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents views about the paper of authors Graham Dukes and Inga Lunde on the comparison of two areas in Europe. Definition of area in terms of the religions over the past centuries; Tendency of Dukes and Lunde to exaggerate; Effect of the Reformation on the mentality of the people.

The geographer's contribution to the study of religious phenomena is of special importance under circumstances in which scholars representing various disciplines tend to make generalizations based on a few, possibly nonrepresentative examples. The understanding of contemporary Western European pilgrimage is currently clouded by lack of generally available data on continental shrines and a tendency toward overreliance on Irish cases without adequate consideration of the highly atypical nature of the Irish pilgrimage tradition. This paper, grounded in data on 5,130 currently active Roman Catholic shrines in Western Europe, provides a cultural-historical explanation for the uniqueness of Irish pilgrimage and analyzes the major structural differences between Irish pilgrimage traditions and those found elsewhere in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the announcement that the fifteenth European Conference on Psychosomatic Research will be held in Congress Centre at Town Hall of Royal Borough of Kensington, England, from September 9-14, 1984. The main theme of the conference will be "Psychosomatic Medicine Today: A Scientific Concept and an Urgent Need." Information regarding submission of papers and registration may be obtained from Conference Secretariat.

The working wife is becoming the norm in European society. For some, the need to find work outside the home is purely an economic one but for many women, it is suggested that paid employment also answers needs for company, recognition and status and enhances the woman's sense of independence and self worth Farmers' wives are part of society and therefore exposed to its norms and sanctions This paper argues that farm women will experience the same needs as other women for earnings, financial independence, association with others, status and self fulfilment but that remoteness, lack of suitable work for women in rural areas, needs of the farm business and sanctions against farmers' wives working elsewhere may deter them The balance of motives may change from predominantly financial on small farms to predominantly social and personal on large farms. A review of the literature on off farm employment of farm women offers some support for these hypotheses [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a brief and personal history of the main developments in British vascular plant taxonomy and distribution studies in a European setting since the Second World War. It assesses the importance of the 'European view', and considers recent and current work under two main heads: the factual information itself, and the presentation of the facts, especially in the form of dot distribution maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From September 9th through 14th, 1984, the Fifteenth European Conference on Psychosomatic Research will be held in the Congress Centre at the Town Hall of the Royal Borough of Kensington, England. The main theme of the conference will be psychosomatic medicine today, a scientific concept and an urgent need. Information regarding submission of papers and registration may be obtained from Conference Secretariat, The Manor House, Southwick, Brighton, England.

The article presents two papers on airlines, discussing two standard and fundamentally important problems of the industry, aircraft scheduling and crew scheduling. In recent years, the world's airlines have experienced several momentous changes in their operating environment: increased exposure to overt or covert market competition-especially in the U.S. following airline deregulation in 1978; dramatic shifts in cost structures with greatly increased fuel and station costs; much lower rates of demand growth in most parts of the world as the industry finally enters its "mature" phase; and increased emphasis on computer-intensive and data-intensive reservations and marketing systems. It is a safe guess that many of the existing planning methodologies and techniques will have to be revised in view of these changes, thus providing important opportunities for further innovative work in this area. It has been seen that airport capacity is fast becoming a scarce commodity at several major cities in North America and Western Europe. Much concern has also been expressed about the strains that the ATC system has been experiencing in the U.S. and about what that implies for aviation safety.

The article provides information about the Bill Reed International Travelling Fellowships. The winner of the poster session at the annual meeting of the European Society for Dermatological Research will be awarded $800 to help support a trip to attend the annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology. The winner of the Stelwagon Prize for the best paper presented at the Resident's Forum at the annual American Academy of Dermatology meeting will receive an $800 award to support a trip to Europe. The deadline for submission of entries for awards is September 1, 1985.

Discusses papers about textile industries in Europe. Paper by Albion Urdank that examined entrepreneurial failure in woolen trade in Gloucestershire, England; Paper by John Lyons that deals with the cotton industry of Lancashire and northeast Cheshire in England; Leonard Rosenband's paper that deals with a French paper mill.

The aim of the present paper is to examine the Ricardian Equivalence proposition of fiscal impotence using data for Western European countries[1].
The Ricardian argument about the equivalence of debt and taxes has been known for a long time, but has been revised by monetarists only recently and received strong theoretical support by Professor BARRO [1974] in an ingenious overlapping-generations model[2]. According to BARRO, current fiscal deficits are perceived as deferred tax levies. Therefore, current tax payers will not consume at the expense of their descendants, but instead will increase their bequests in order to keep the consumption level of all their future heirs unchanged. Consequently, if the government's dissaving associated with the deficit is offset by the increased private saving (and hence reduction of consumer spending), it follows that the substitution of debt for taxes will have no effect on aggregate demand. In other words, the discounted value of future taxes required to service the government debt just equals the present value of the benefits derived from the ownership of government debt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze how the change of policy problems have affected the interaction between governments and labor market organizations in the European economies with centralized wage bargaining: Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, Austria and Germany. The unique feature for these economies is that wages to a large extent are determined by central wage agreements between economy-wide labor market organizations[2]. These are forced to take the macro-economic effects of their behavior and likely government responses into account in a way that does not occur under decentralized wage setting. The roles of the government and labor market organizations do, however, differ between the various countries. It is these differences in 'policy regimes' that is the subject here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the economic legal and ecological dimensions of transfrontier pollution in European countries is conducted in this paper. It is shown that these dimensions are such that current transfrontier pollution management policies are ineffective and that proposed economic pohcies (e.g. the polluterpays-principle) would also be ineffective. Game theory is used to demonstrate that a European transfrontier pollution authority could successfully manage transfrontier pollution m Europe. The characteristics and working principles of such an authority are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of decisional power of Hoede and Bakker is applied to representational systems in which all representatives of a certain group vote alike. An equivalent system is one in which a group is represented by one representative with a voting weight. The main theorem of this paper gives the optimal distribution of weights for such a system. As an example the distribution of seats in the european parliament of the european economic community is reconsidered. The effect of vetoes is discussed as well as other ways of voting towards inaction used for minority protection. The decrease in overall power is accompanied by a tendency towards greater equality of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to explore the way in which varying if not contradictory perceptions of the European peasantry manifested themselves in the accounts of nineteenth century travelers who, either deliberately or in passing, chose to comment upon the rural folk of Europe; and second, to evaluate the extent to which the observations of travelers, in light of these contradictions, can be a useful tool for ethnohistorical research on rural Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the differences among European archives in the study of eighteenth-century international relations. Diplomatic historical research; Relationship between domestic developments and the debates about foreign policy; Private papers of diplomats involved in the conduct of policy.

Rodney Stark and William S Bainbridge have advanced a theory of religion which draws upon a wide range of supporting data. One body of data advances the claim that new religions will appear disproportionately often in settings where traditional religion is weak, and that -- contrary to prevailing opinion -- Europe is markedly more receptive to new religions than the United States This paper subjects that claim to critical scrutiny and finds it entirely wanting. Through a reanalysis of the Stark and Bainbridge data, and with the addition of new data of a more persuasive kind, this paper demonstrates that the pattern which emerges is more complex than Stark and Bainbridge allow While cult activity may increase with declining church attendance -- a finding compatible with their theory -- cult activity is seen to remain particularly high in Anglo-Saxon, Protestant dominated, immigrant based societies, despite continuing high rates of church attendance. An alternative theory is drawn from extant work to account for this finding and the overall pattern.
In this paper, I take issue with one variety of such data, arguing that it does not show what Stark and Bainbridge claim for it, namely that schismatic forms of religion are most prevalent where traditional religion remains strong, while culturally innovatory forms of religion are most prevalent where traditional religion is weak. In particular, Stark and Bainbridge's claim that Europe is peculiarly receptive to culturally innovatory forms of religion is shown not to be true. Indeed, when their data are extended and considered in the round, they are shown to support a quite different theory of secularization and of the contemporary distribution of religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the context and implications of nursing as a social force in regard to quality of care for the aged. The demographic transformations and its consequences in the WHO regions of the Eastern Mediterranean and Europe are discussed in their relation to socio-political, economic and educational developments and epidemiological changes. It is postulated that nursing has the choice of becoming a social force through raising its awareness of the new reality of a sizeable dependent population with chronic diseases. Nursing knowledge and research, the sharpening of political skills and the refinement of caring skills have the potential for influencing health care policy and long-term care services toward quality health care for the aged. Special attention is given to the use and misuse of concepts as self-care and appropriate technology. The final proof of nursing's willingness and ability to act as a social force will be in the allocation of efforts and resources in different countries. The value of nursing's contribution to the actual care of the aged will depend upon careful ethical considerations, as much as upon knowledge and influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reports on generative grammar in Europe. The extended standard theory of generative transformational grammar led a very diasporadic life in Europe in the mid seventies. There were a few pockets of linguists interested in this esoteric field, but most of them were young--students or assistants--and they were scattered and hardly aware of each other. The first two official conferences were again held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and the very first one was not only again very successful but also very important in the development of the generative theory. The topic chosen for this discussed the question as to whether all transformational processes could be reduced to rules that obey certain domain restrictions such as the subjacency condition, or whether some rules had to be considered truly unbounded as was being proposed by writer Joan Bresnan and others. The papers read at the conference brought to light an astounding wealth of arguments based on material from a! great variety of languages. Virtually all of the evidence pointed in the direction of the view that all of syntax is subject to some locality principles. Thus it may be claimed, in fact, that this particular debate, one of the most heated ones around that time was in effect settled at this conference.

This paper describes a Catholic piety that was made available and attractive for the laity in the nineteenth century. The Church in the nineteenth century faced a critical dilemma. The medieval order which Europe had known, which the Church had dominated, was still much more than a memory that lingered in the minds of monarchs and prelates whose wealth and influence were threatened by its passing. The modern world which was coming to birth was not yet so firmly and indisputably established as its successor that the medieval powers should yield their empire without struggle. The Church had always dealt imperiously with its enemies and it is not surprising if its response to threats of annihilation was to denounce the world and to counter-attack with whatever resources it could command. From mid-nineteenth century, a new piety was made available which would spread throughout the Catholic world, fix the eyes of its clergy and laity firmly on Rome and provide a religion of the heart in place of the rational apologetics, which since the Enlightment, had preoccupied the Church and its members. The organizational base for accomplishing this was already firmly secured since the Counter-Formation.

The article discusses corrosion communication. The British Institution of Corrosion Science and Technology (ICorrST) is endeavouring to increase awareness through its meetings, seminars and training courses. ICorrST is a combination of learned society, professional institution and forum for the industry. It also organizes an annual conference and exhibition which it runs with the Corrosion Control Engineering, a joint venture of the U.S. based National Association of Corrosion Engineers. The British Corrosion Conference is the largest of its kind in Europe and features hundreds of papers being presented by experts from all over the world.

Reports developments on medicine in Europe as of January 1988. Negotiation between the General Medical Services Committee and the Department of Health on primary health care; Access of the district health authorities to family practitioner committees; Derivation of circular of community nursing services and community health care teams.

Although other forms of allergic disease were described in antiquity, hay fever is surprisingly modern. Very rare descriptions can be traced back to Islamic texts of the 9th century and European texts of the 16th century. It was only in the early 19th century that the disease was carefully described and at that time was regarded as most unusual. By the end of the 19th century it had become commonplace in both Europe and North America. This paper attempts to chart the growth of hay fever through the medical literature of the 19th century. It is hoped that an understanding of the increase in prevalence between 1820 and 1900 may provide an insight for modern researchers and give some clues into possible reasons for the epidemic nature of the disease today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present the results of volumetric sampling of the airborne pollen grains of the Oleaceae family (Fraxinus, Ligustrum and Olea) in some European towns, in the period from 1982 to 1986. The sampling and appraisal of pollen content in the air is of particular interest to clinicians and allergic patients in order to assess exposure to the various pollen types in relation to allergy. In the Oleaceae family, the most allergenic pollen is produced by Olea europaea, the olive tree, which in the Mediterranean area has a pollination period lasting from May to the end of June and sometimes causes severe symptoms of pollinosis. In Northern and Central Europe, where there are no olive trees, there are two other commonly occurring genera of the Oleaceae family, namely Fraxinus and Ligustrum, but these have a low frequency of allergic sensitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Inquisition was a unique institution, specifically Western European in origin and character. Nothing quite like it is found in the history of other world civilizations. Its origin and subsequent history as a specialized and differentiated religious-juridical institution depended upon a peculiar combination of changes both at the level of the civilizational structures of Western Europe, as well as more local events and processes within the sociocultural settings of the various European nations. This paper will focus on the origins of the Inquisition, rather than its historical vicissitudes in various countries from the thirteenth through the eighteenth centuries. Institutions derive their original contours from the rationales and ideas available in the civilizational environment. Once any institution has been established, it gains a permanent place among the "tools" available to a society and it can subsequently be put to new uses and adapted to new circumstances. It is therefore of particular interest to capture the institution at its point of original historical gestation and examine the reasons which initially bring it into existence. In particular, the present essay focuses upon the origins of the Inquisition viewed within the setting of and at the level of Western European civilizational rationales, structures of consciousness, and their related institutional orders.

In asking Professor Börje Holmberg to write this keynote paper, I believe that I have found one of the most advanced thinkers and prolific writers in European Distance Education. Professor Holmberg has a wide and interesting background. He has been Director General of the prestigious Swedish Distance Education organisation, Hermods, and is currently Professor of the Methodology of Distance Education at the FernUniversität, Hagen in West Germany. He is internationally known, having consulted in most of the continents of the world, and is a Past President of the International Council for Distance Education. He has written several books on the subject, is a Knight both of the Swedish Order of Vasa and of the Finnish Order of the White Rose, and has Honorary Doctorates from the UK Open University and Deakin University in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments tend to have strong opinions about education, largely because education eats up a large proportion of their budget. They do not always, however, have the opportunity to express those opinions in reasoned terms in learned journals. Here is the exception. Nicholas Fox has been seconded from the UK Training Agency to the COMETT Technical Unit. He thus has experience both of national and international governmental operations and an almost unique insight into the ways in which government decisionmaking takes place and the reasons why certain programmes are accepted while others fail. In this paper he gives an overview of European Distance Education programmes, and uses examples in the UK and France to illustrate national strategies in that field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It would not have been possible to have a set of papers on the subject of Distance Education without a contribution from the UK Open University. Peter Zorkoczy has worked there for many years and has a great depth of knowledge not only about the development of that institution but also about the subject of Distance Education as it has progressed in the wider European world. He has led teams of people working, first, to define the European Commission's DELTA programme and then to take part in aspects of its development. He has also played a major pan in setting up the technical and educational infrastructures of EuroPACE, the first European satellite education delivery system. Much of his paper describes real experiences in this latter organisation and acts as an excellent corollary to the paper of Jacques Bieber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As other papers have made clear, government interest in Distance Education is high and rising. There is therefore an inevitability that it will play a much larger part in future decision-making. In writing about this subject, Séamus Ó Buachalla has the advantage of much experience and greater insight. He has been a teacher, an inspector in the Irish Government Education Service, and is now a Professor in the Department of Teacher Education of Trinity College, Dublin. In addition he has worked for the Ministry as a planner and, outside Ireland, has done consultancy work for Unesco, the Council of Europe and the European Cultural Foundation. With that sort of varied experience, who better to write an informed and well-researched .paper on this important topic. As other papers have made clear, government interest in Distance Education is high and rising. There is therefore an inevitability that it will play a much larger part in future decision-making. In writing about this subject, Séamus Ó Buachalla has the advantage of much experience and greater insight. He has been a teacher, an inspector in the Irish Government Education Service, and is now a Professor in the Department of Teacher Education of Trinity College, Dublin. In addition he has worked for the Ministry as a planner and, outside Ireland, has done consultancy work for Unesco, the Council of Europe and the European Cultural Foundation. With that sort of varied experience, who better to write an informed and well-researched .paper on this important topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The standard of the intellectual antecedents of Hungarian sport sociology and their importance seem to correspond to those of other nations. However, for political reasons the period in which sport sociology developed into an autonomous discipline in the Western world did not favour the rising of sociology in the socialist states of Eastern Europe. This paper attempts to show when and in what way sport sociology evolved in Hungary, as well as what social and theoretical factors influenced, promoted or impeded its development. Furthermore, the present situation of sport sociology in Hungary is outlined: its main fields of research, its major publications as well as its institutions, organizations, and international connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes basic issues in the completion of the European Market It discusses what type of market segmentations can be reduced Different rates in value added taxes, market entry barriers and market distortions due to national subsidies are most prominent. Arguments are presented in favor of a competitive process among national regulations, and areas are specified where the 'country of origin' principle does not apply. Potential reactions of firms to reduce market segmentation and the incidence of economic integration are analyzed Finally, some conditions of establishing a common market with respect to monetary integration and the social system are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]