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Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to prepare a ternary hierarchical rough particle to accelerate the anti-corrosive design for coastal concrete infrastructures. Design/methodology/approach: A kind of micro-nano hydrophobic ternary microparticles was fabricated from SiO2/halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and recycled concrete powders (RCPs), which was then mixed with sodium silicate and silane to form an inorganic slurry. The slurry was further sprayed on the concrete surface to construct a superhydrophobic coating (SHC). Transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mappings demonstrate that the nano-sized SiO2 has been grafted on the sub-micron HNTs and then further adhered to the surface of micro-sized RCP, forming a kind of superhydrophobic particles (SiO2/HNTs@RCP) featured of abundant micro-nano hierarchical structures. Findings: The SHC surface presents excellent superhydrophobicity with the water contact angle >156°. Electrochemical tests indicate that the corrosion rate of mild steel rebar in coated concrete reduces three-order magnitudes relative to the uncoated one in 3.5% NaCl solution. Water uptake and chloride ion (Cl-) diffusion tests show that the SHC exhibits high H2O and Cl- ions barrier properties thanks to the pore-sealing and water-repellence properties of SiO2/HNTs@RCP particles. Furthermore, the SHC possesses considerable mechanical durability and outstanding self-cleaning ability. Originality/value: SHC inhibits water uptake, Cl- diffusion and rebar corrosion of concrete, which will promote the sustainable application of concrete waste in anti-corrosive concrete projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulation of the problem. The paper is the beginning of scientific papers series of authors on an actual environmental topic – multidimensional system geomonitoring of groundwater in water intakes areas. The purpose of article is a substantiation of application possibility of the method of objects trajectory modeling in the normalized phase space, which has been developed at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University for sociogeographical monitoring tasks, for hydrogeological objects geomonitoring. Materials and methods. The research is based on the method of objects trajectory modeling in the normalized phase space. To achieve the purpose of this study, geomonitoring data of five water intakes in Poltava city, which operate Cenomanian-Lower Cretaceous aquifer, has been used. Changes in the average chemical composition of groundwater for each water intake have been analyzed according to 12 indicators: pH, hardness, dry residue, ammonium, fluorine, chlorine, sulfates, bicarbonates, calcium, magnesium, sodium+potassium, ferrous iron. The initial data have been collected from 1981 to 2008 according to an irregular pattern in time (39 points in time). Research results. The following indicators of systemic development of hydrogeological system have been calculated for each water intake: a) for each period of time – the path length traveled by the water intake hydrogeological system, which characterizes the intensity of changes in the groundwater chemical composition; b) for each control time – the projection of current trajectory point on the optimal trajectory (main diagonal), the deviation of point from the optimal trajectory, the progress coefficient (the ratio of point projection to the length of main diagonal). The main trends in the systemic development of hydrogeological system for all studied water intakes have been identified: - the intensity of changes in the groundwater chemical composition at water intakes Nos. 1-5 decreases over time, which can be explained by the reduction of water withdrawal and hydrodynamic factors associated with the formation of depression funnel, in particular the spreading of quasi-stationary filtration regime; - according to the absolute values of changes intensity in the groundwater chemical composition, the water intake No. 3 is highlighted, the value of which is significantly less than the values of other water intakes; - groundwater at the water intake No. 1 has the greatest variability in the changes intensity of chemical composition over time both in amplitude and in absolute values; - there is a very noticeable synchronization of movement intensity graphs of water intakes hydrogeological systems in the normalized phase space and the average intensity of changes in the groundwater chemical composition, but a detailed analysis reveals some deviations from this pattern, which may be due to abrupt changes in operation mode of water intakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Dopamine and fluid intake systems have anatomical and behavioral links. • Several bioregulators modulate mesolimbic dopamine to influence motivated behavior. • More research is needed to better understand links between dopamine and fluid intake. • Appetitive and consummatory phases of intake offer a framework for future studies. Maintaining fluid balance is critical for life. The central components that control fluid intake are only partly understood. This contribution to the collection of papers highlighting work by members of the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior focuses on the role that dopamine has on fluid intake and describes the roles that various bioregulators can have on thirst and sodium appetite by influencing dopamine systems in the brain. The goal of the review is to highlight areas in need of more research and to propose a framework to guide that research. We hope that this framework will inspire researchers in the field to investigate these interesting questions in order to form a more complete understanding of how fluid intake is controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frazil and anchor ice cause blockage of water intakes and icing of other type of submerged objects. In this paper, the physical mechanisms that control these phenomena are discussed and analyzed. Our conclusions are somewhat different from the views presented earlier. 1) Ice crystals in water may originate from microbubbles and turbulence, so that nucleation may occur regardless of an external source 2) The number concentration of ice crystals may not necessarily increase much during an active frazil ice event, 3) The heat transfer from a frazil ice crystal is controlled by its relative rise velocity, not by water turbulence, 4) The collision efficiency of frazil ice crystals on grid components is so small that frazil typically causes no blockage of submerged water intakes, and 5) Blockage is largely caused by ice platelets that grow in-situ on the structural components. We model frazil and anchor ice formation theoretically and find that the uncertainty about the concentration of ice crystals is the main obstacle to accurate modelling. Within these limits, our model results agree well with the available experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the application of the simulation-optimization approach to optimize groundwater intake for the water supply of Tarnów agglomeration (southern Poland). Tarnów agglomeration is supplied with water from extensively exploited surface and groundwater intakes located at the confluence of the rivers Dunajec and Biała. Groundwater intakes capture water from the Quaternary aquifer, which is recharged by rainfall and direct infiltration from the rivers and irrigation ditches. Hydrogeological conditions occurring within the area under consideration were mapped by using a single-layer numerical model in Processing Modflow software. After calibrating the simulation model, a simulation-optimization approach was developed with the aim of aiding the process of searching for the best scheme of exploitation of groundwater intake. The unit response matrix method was used to connect the simulation model with the optimization procedure. In the optimization task the objective functions concerning the total volume of groundwater intake discharge and infiltration amount from the River Dunajec or irrigation ditches were applied. Several constraints concerned both the maximum and minimum capacity of individual wells and the entire intake, as well as desirable or undesirable drawdown values in selected control points and control areas. Finally, twelve variants of optimization tasks, for different boundary conditions and different objective functions, were solved and optimal schemes of well discharge distribution within the intake were calculated. The results of optimization show that, depending on the intended objective and the constraints imposed, the best exploitation scenario under the given conditions may be found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total water intake is seldom reported in dietary surveys and hydration status is rarely measured. Although adequate intake (AI) levels have been suggested by the European Food Safety Authority, the World Health Organization and the Institute of Medicine, uncertainties and confused messages abound regarding optimum intake. This paper reviews data on water intake internationally and examines associations with beverage consumption habits of adults in the UK, as determined from secondary analysis of individual diet records. On average, total water intake among British adults was equivalent to the European AI (2 l/day for women, 2.5 l/day for men) and 75% of this was derived from beverages. Factors that correlated with high total water intake included the consumption of a variety of beverages and drinking in the evening. Total water intake (and the contribution from soft drinks) is markedly higher in the USA than in Europe. Beverage consumption habits and trends were also reviewed. In the past 10 years, water beverages have become more popular and as such the overall energy contribution from beverages has declined slightly. Most people could be encouraged to drink a variety of beverages to maintain adequate hydration and to balance the energy content according to their needs. However, further work is needed to refine recommendations for water intake, as basing these on observational epidemiological data is essentially a circular argument. A standardized measurement tool, validated against biomarkers of hydration status, would be a step forward in assessing the adequacy of water intakes at a population level. Research may also be warranted to explore the context of drinking occasions (including time of day, weekdays weekends, lifestyle and meal patterns) as these may have an impact on water intake, hydration and also energy balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The water-intake temperature is a key factor affecting the system energy efficiency of an open-loop surface water source heat pump system (SWHPS). In addition to the conventional single-pipe water-intake design, we proposed two new design options that can improve SWHP efficiency. The numerical model that pertains to a SWHPS is presented and parameters such as the fluid-intake temperature and energy-saving rate of the heat pump system are analyzed and compared with experimental measurements. Our results demonstrate that on the basis of energy-saving rate, reducing the velocity of the water delivery has no significant influence while intake via multiple ports delivers superior efficiency. In conclusion, the water-intake design impacts on the SWHPS energy-saving rate because of its efficiency in drawing lower temperature water from a water retention body during summer. The method presented in this paper can provide a reference for a more detailed improvement on the energy performance of an open-loop SWHPS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Understanding the role of intracellular signaling pathways in ingestive behavior is a challenging problem in behavioral neuroscience. This review summarizes work conducted on two systems with the aim of identifying intracellular events that relate to food and fluid intake. The first set of experiments focused on melanocortin receptors and their ability to signal through members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family. The second set of experiments focused on the role of intracellular signaling pathways in water and saline intakes that are stimulated by angiotensin II (AngII). The initial findings in each line of research have been extended by subsequent research that is discussed in turn. The paper represents an invited review by a symposium, award winner or keynote speaker at the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior [SSIB] Annual Meeting in Portland, July 2009. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the present paper, we have evaluated the participation of 5-HT3 and 5-HT2C receptors in the central amygdala (CeA) in the regulation of water and salt intake in sodium-depleted rats. m-CPBG-induced pharmacological activation of 5-HT3 receptors located in the CeA resulted in a significant reduction in salt intake in sodium-depleted rats. This antinatriorexic effect of m-CPBG was reverted by pretreatment with the selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron. The injection of ondansetron alone into the CeA had no effect on sodium-depleted and normonatremic rats. Conversely, pharmacological stimulation of 5-HT2C receptors located in the central amygdala by the selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist m-CPP failed to modify salt intake in sodium-depleted rats. Additionally, the administration of a selective 5-HT2C receptor blocker, SDZ SER 082, failed to modify salt intake in rats submitted to sodium depletion. These results lead to the conclusion that the pharmacological activation of 5-HT3 receptors located within the CeA inhibits salt intake in sodium-depleted rats and that 5-HT2C receptors located within the CeA appear to be dissociated from the salt intake control mechanisms operating in the central amygdala. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Nutrition plays a major role in the pathogenesis of the most widespread forms of nephrolithiasis, i.e. calcium (calcium oxalate and phosphate) and uric acid stone disease. For this reason, dietary measures are the first level of intervention in primary prevention, as well as in secondary prevention of recurrences. An unbalanced diet or particular sensitivity to various foods in stone formers can lead to urinary alterations such as hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria, hypocitraturia and an excessively acid urinary pH. Over the course of time, these conditions contribute to the formation or recurrence of kidney stones, due to the effect they exert on the lithogenous salt profile. The fundamental aspects of the nutritional approach to the treatment of idiopathic nephrolithiasis are body weight, diet and water intake. This paper will present data resulting from our own investigations and the most significant evidence in literature. Copyright © 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, we studied in rats the effect of third ventricle administration of m-chlorophenylbiguanide hydrochloride (1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide (m-CPBG), a selective 5-HT3 agonist, on water intake induced by three different physiological stimuli: water deprivation, acute salt load and hypovolemia. Central acute m-CPBG injections in the doses of 80 and 160 nmol significantly reduced water intake elicited by an acute salt load. Third ventricle injections of m-CPBG in the dose of 160 nmol significantly inhibited water intake in hypovolemic animals, whereas third ventricle injections of m-CPBG in a higher dose (320 nmol) were necessary to decrease water intake in water-deprived rats. Pretreatment with 1-methyl-N-[8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)-oct-3-yl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (LY-278,584), a selective 5-HT3 antagonist, abolished the inhibitory effect on water intake seen after central administration of m-CPBG in all groups studied. The central administration of m-CPBG was also able to inhibit water intake induced by pharmacological activation of central cholinergic and angiotensinergic pathways. Third ventricle injections of m-CPBG in the highest dose employed in this study (320 nmol) were unable to modify food intake in food-deprived rats. An aversion test has shown that acute third ventricle injections of m-CPBG do not induce illness-like effects that could explain the water intake inhibition here observed. Also, central administration of m-CPBG did not modify the intake of a “dessert” meal consisting of diluted condensed milk. It is concluded that central 5-HT3 receptor activation exerts a specific inhibitory effect on water intake. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents a water intake monitoring system for animal agriculture that tracks individual animal watering behavior, water quality, and water consumption. The system is deployed in an outdoor environment to reach remote areas. The proposed system integrates motion detectors, cameras, water level sensors, flow meters, Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) systems, and water temperature sensors. The data collection and control are performed using Arduino microcontrollers with custom-designed circuit boards. The data associated with each drinking event are water consumption, water temperature, drinking duration, animal identification, and pictures. The data and pictures are automatically stored on Secure Digital (SD) cards. The prototypes are deployed in a remote grazing site located in Tucumcari, New Mexico, USA. The system can be used to perform water consumption and watering behavior studies of both domestic animals and wild animals. The current system automatically records the drinking behavior of 29 cows in a two-week duration in the remote ranch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]