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RNA interference (RNAi) is a useful tool to assess gene function by knocking down expression of a target gene and has been used successfully in domestic and laboratory organisms. However, the use of RNAi for functional genomics has not fully extended into ecological model organisms in natural environments. Assessment of gene function in the wild is important because gene function can be environmentally and context dependent. Here, we present a case study using RNAi to assess gene function in wild paper wasps Polistes metricus, to test roles for two candidate genes ( NADH dehydrogenase ( NADHdh) and retinoid and fatty acid binding protein ( RfaBp)) in the development of reproductive castes. Previous studies have shown that these genes are upregulated in larvae that become queens compared to workers, but this pattern was reversed in the laboratory, making field-based studies necessary. We orally administered dsRNA to larvae in field colonies and found evidence of a short-term knockdown followed by a compensatory rebound in expression for RfaBp. We also observed the predicted worker-like decrease in lipid stores in NADHdh dsRNA treated wasps, suggesting a possible role for NADHdh in caste development. We discuss our results in the context of challenges for using RNAi for functional genomics in ecological model organisms in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel, simple, and low-cost spray painting technique has been developed for the fabrication of microfluidic paper-based devices. The devices that we developed utilize aerosol spray paint to build hydrophobic barriers and employ a hole puncher to obtain paper-based patterned layers and paper dots without using any specialized instruments (e.g., without a laser cutter). The entire manufacturing process is extremely simple, inexpensive, and rapid, which means that it can be applied broadly. Furthermore, the application of the device to iron detection was demonstrated. A linear relationship between the colour value and the iron concentration was observed from 0 to 0.02 g/L. The developed microfluidic paper-based device for iron detection exhibited a low detection limit (0.00090 g/L), good selectivity, and acceptable recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are only limited theoretical results published on the transition properties of the X1Σ+, A1Π, B1Σ+, C1Δ, D1Σ−, E1Δ, a3Π, b3Σ+, and c3Δ states of BeS, and even some of the states have no theoretical and experimental reports on the relevant aspects of these transitions. Therefore, we derived these transition properties in this study. The potential energy curves of X1Σ+, A1Π, B1Σ+, C1Δ, D1Σ−, E1Δ, a3Π, b3Σ+, c3Δ, d3Σ−, and e3Σ− states of the BeS molecule with their Ω states and the transition dipole moments between them were calculated by the complete active space self-consistent field method, followed by the internally contracted multireference configuration interaction method. For the accurate computation of the transition properties, scalar relativistic corrections and core–valence correlation were considered. The radiative lifetimes were approximately 10−6 s for the A1Π and b3Σ+ states, 10−7 s for the E1Δ state, 10−7–10−8 s for the C1Δ and D1Σ− states, and 10−8 s for the B1Σ+, c3Δ, and e3Σ− states. The transition properties of the seven Ω states generated by the X1Σ+, A1Π, B1Σ+, and a3Π electronic states, including several electric dipole-forbidden transitions were researched. In particular, the B1Σ+0+–X1Σ+0+, B1Σ+0+–A1Π1, and A1Π1–X1Σ+0+ systems have strong transitions. In this paper, the radiative lifetimes of A1Π1, B1Σ+0+, a3Π0−, a3Π0+, and a3Π1 electronic states were also computed. For the A1Π1, B1Σ+0+, and a3Π1 states, the distribution of the radiation lifetime with the rotational angular momentum quantum number J at 0 ≤ υ ≤ 15 and J ≤ 70 was evaluated. It is expected that the outcome of the calculations in this paper can contribute some meaningful guidelines for conducting further theoretical and experimental investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results of a research project completed to compare the ice-melting capabilities of environmentally friendly alternative deicers with average road salt. Tests were conducted in an environmental chamber where temperatures could be controlled to a certain degree to ensure that the test specimens were in the ideal condition for the most accurate results. There were 168 samples tested and their results were recorded and interpreted throughout this paper. The outcome of this research is based on the amount of brine solution produced during the melting tests, and the depth of ice penetrated for the penetration test. The data showed that all alternative deicers competed evenly or in some cases slightly outperformed rock salt. The results show that there is no clear preference that can be given to the materials; the preference could only be given based on factors not related to ice melting and penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global emphasis on reducing greenhouse gas emissions means that engineers and architects are increasingly required to account for embodied carbon in their designs. However, there is a lack of knowledge and tools in the structural engineering community to enable calculation of embodied carbon for reinforced concrete structures. This paper aims to address this concern by providing a review of the most up-to-date approaches for calculating embodied carbon as well as the important factors that engineers should consider during the design phase to reduce embodied carbon. Environmental product declarations for concrete in four Canadian provinces will also be compared to illustrate the variability in the embodied carbon and the factors that influence this variability. Finally, the paper will present a case-study on the design of a reinforced concrete beam to demonstrate how to calculate embodied carbon and to illustrate how changes in design can influence the total embodied carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the possibilities and challenges of using mass timber as a sustainable alternative for retrofitting existing buildings in Canada. To create the knowledge foundation on which to devise a holistic framework tailored to the specific characteristics of Canada's built environment, a detailed analysis of the types, geographical distribution, structural, and energy features of the local building stock is first presented. Then, previous strategies for enhancing and upgrading existing buildings with engineered timber are reviewed, classified, and evaluated. Finally, to explore economic and environmental implications, a detailed assessment of available life-cycle cost–benefit analysis approaches is conducted alongside their adaptation to Canada's building context. The findings of this paper can inform policymakers, builders, and designers in developing more sustainable building retrofit practices, design, and regulations, in line with Canada's efforts toward net zero emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A flexible, lightweight, and high conductivity current collector is the key element that enables fabrication of a high-performance, flexible lithium-ion battery. Here, we report a thin, lightweight, and flexible lithium-ion battery that uses graphite papers deposited with nano-sized metallic layers as the current collector, LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 as the cathode and anode materials, respectively, and a PE membrane soaked in LiPF6 as the separator. Using thin, flexible graphite paper as a substrate for the current collector instead of a rigid, heavy metal foil enables us to demonstrate an ultra-thin lithium-ion battery (total thickness including encapsulation layers of less than 250 μm) that also features a light weight and high flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that examined the role of papermill sludge in the organic forest carbon cycle of paper products. Prediction on the global production of papermill sludge; Impact of paper production and wastepaper recycling trends on the woody carbon components of sludge; Implications of the organic content and carbon content of sludge for dealing with disposal policy and problems.

Aerated stabilization basins (ASBs) currently account for about one third of the pulp and paper industry's secondary treatment capacity. We surveyed mills with ASBs to analyze design and operating practices. Of the 19 mills that responded, 15 were kraft, reflecting the industry's overall use of ASBs. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) loading to the ASBs varied considerably and were factors in biotreatment performance. Problems identified with some ASBs included excessive solids accumulation resulting in the need for frequent dredging, high TSS discharge, and difficulty with nutrient management. Most ASBs have either two or three cells. An important parameter identified for these cells is the benthal settling area. Too small an area results in a higher dredging frequency, with limited nutrient feedback. In general, ASB systems that used the most intensive mixing and aeration in the upstream cells tended to have a smaller benthal settling area, resulting in the need to dredge more frequently. Ideally, some benthal settling should be designed into the upstream cells to allow nutrient feedback where it is needed most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective winter road maintenance relies on precise road friction estimation. Machine learning (ML) models have shown significant promise in this; however, their inherent complexity makes understanding their inner workings challenging. This paper addresses this issue by conducting a comparative analysis of road friction estimation models using four ML methods, including regression tree, random forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and support vector regression (SVR). We then employ the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) explainable artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance model interpretability. Our analysis on an Alberta dataset reveals that the XGBoost model performs best with an accuracy of 91.39%. The SHAP analysis illustrates the logical relationships between predictor features and friction within all three tree-based models, but it also uncovers inconsistencies within the SVR model, potentially attributed to insufficient feature interactions. Thus, this paper not only showcase the role of explainable AI in improving the ML interpretability of models for road friction estimation, but also provides practical insights that could improve winter road maintenance decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has emerged as a practical and effective technique for studying slow and steady geodynamic movements, enabling continuous monitoring and precise quantification of deformation over different timescales. In Morocco, a network of GNSS stations has been established, offering valuable insights into tectonic processes. This paper focuses on investigating the geodynamic motion of the northwest Moroccan Atlantic Margin. By utilizing GNSS data, subsidence rates and horizontal velocity fields were determined for the first time, providing valuable information for oil and gas exploration activities. The study reveals an active uplift rate of 1 mm/year and a westward horizontal motion of 2.04 mm/year in the Essaouira segment. The paper presents a case study of the Essaouira–Agadir basin (EAB) onshore segment and investigates the anomalous displacement observed in this region compared to other coastal GNSS stations. Possible explanations for the observed movements include local processes such as salt tectonics and regional northwest–southeast compression related to Africa–Eurasia convergence. We suggest that the anomalous movement detected in this work is due to the regional northwest–southeast compression related to Africa–Eurasia convergence imparting an extrusion of the EAB to the west. This research contributes to a better understanding of the geodynamics in the northwest Moroccan Atlantic margin, thereby providing valuable insights for ongoing efforts in oil and gas exploration. Furthermore, it indicates the continued activity of the Agadir fault, which would exhibit a sinistral wrench movement, thus posing a threat to the city of Agadir and its inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facility management maintains building service quality through cycles of condition assessments and rehabilitation. Building components, however, differ in their nature, service lives, deterioration patterns, and textual/visual inspection data. This complicates the condition assessment process and subsequent rehabilitation decisions. This paper proposes a smart condition assessment framework that uses different artificial intelligence (AI) techniques that suit the condition data analysis of different building components. The framework has been applied to a dataset of over 2000 maintenance requests for roof and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems across a 600-villa portfolio. To address their varying needs, convolutional neural networks were used on images of roof defects, while enhanced data mining was used on textual data of HVAC systems. Accordingly, work packages of deteriorated components were identified, and a 60-day schedule was developed to repair 203 HVAC units. This research shows how AI can assist facility management with respect to condition assessment, rehabilitation planning, and resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moisture-induced damage has been known as a major premature distresses in asphalt pavement. Numerous review papers have been made to provide the progression in study on moisture damage of asphalt pavement. However, mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures used as a parameter for moisture susceptibility evaluation were not reviewed in detail. To make the review of moisture-induced damage in asphalt pavement more comprehensive, this paper reviews research studies on moisture damage of asphalt pavement in view of mechanical properties as a parameter during the past 50 years. These parameters include tensile strength ratio (TSR), cohesion ratio (CR), dynamic modulus ratio (DMR), resilient modulus ratio (RMR), and shear strength ratio (SSR). TSR and CR are only relevant at bottom of asphalt concrete (AC), while SSR can be used to describe moisture damage at different AC depths. DMR and RMR are concentrated on the impact of moisture damage via performance characteristics of asphalt mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater biodiversity is under great threat across the globe as evidenced by more severe declines relative to other types of ecosystems. Some of the main stressors responsible for these concerning trends is habitat fragmentation, degradation, and loss stemming from anthropogenic activities, including energy production, urbanization, agriculture, and resource extraction. Habitat protection and restoration both play an integral role in efforts to save freshwater biodiversity and associated ecosystem services from further decline. In this paper, we summarize the sources of threats associated with habitat fragmentation, degradation, and loss and then outline response options to protect and restore freshwater habitats. Specific response options are to legislate the protection of healthy and productive freshwater ecosystems, prioritize habitats for protection and restoration, enact durable protections, conserve habitat in a coordinated and integrated manner, engage in evidence-based restoration using an adaptive management approach, ensure that potential freshwater habitat alterations are mitigated or off-set, and future-proof protection and restoration actions. Such work should be done through a lens that engages and involves local community members. We identify three broad categories of obstacles that could arise during the implementation of the response options outlined: (a) scientific (e.g., inaccessible data or uncertainties), (b) institutional and management (e.g., capacity issues or differing goals across agencies), and (c) social and political (e.g., prioritizing economic development over conservation initiatives). The protection and restoration of habitats is key to Bend the Curve for freshwater biodiversity, with a comprehensive, connected, and coordinated effort of response options needed to protect intact habitats and restore fragmented, degraded, and lost habitats and the biodiversity and ecosystem services that they support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the traffic efficiency of bus at a group of intersections and reduce their delay, this paper develops a speed guidance strategy for buses under travel time control at intersection groups. The approach considers the influence of bus departure time, bus station arrival rate, and bus station dwell time. Simulation experiments are carried out on three consecutive intersections along Jinshan Avenue in Fuzhou, China. Results show that the average travel time of buses, the average delay of buses, and the average delay per capita in the priority direction are reduced by 5.5%, 9.9%, and 9.4%, respectively. The optimal rate of the average number of bus stops reached 15.2%. The indicators of the non-priority direction of social vehicles are not significantly affected. It shows that the efficiency of buses has improved after implementing the speed guidance strategy at the intersection groups without affecting the social vehicles as far as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adhering to ASTM C109/C109M-20 standards ensures quality in cement mortar specimens. However, achieving the required sand gradation per ASTM C778-21 can be challenging. This paper presents a faster method for adjusting sand gradation without compromising ASTM quality standards. The proposed method involves analyzing six silica sand samples of different gradations, pre-screening sands, using Excel Solver for optimal mixture ratios, making automated gradation tweaks with precise calculations, and validating the gradation to ensure ASTM compliance. After making the adjustments, compressive strength tests were conducted on mortars with the modified sands, and the results were compared with those of standard-graded sand. Based on statistical analysis, the new method yielded reliable outcomes with compressive strengths similar to standard sands. This innovation offers a more efficient alternative, paving the way for streamlined practices in civil engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the suitability of digital image correlation (DIC) technology in evaluating the flexural behaviour of as-built and carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthened reinforced concrete beams was verified by conducting a four-point bending test on four large-size beams. The DIC data obtained during the tests were compared to the results measured using traditional techniques such as displacement sensors and electrical strain gauges, as well as the findings derived from finite element (FE) numerical simulations. A good agreement was achieved between the local displacement and strain measurements and the data from DIC as a function of the applied load. Moreover, the crack patterns generated by the FE modelling were validated by the corresponding patterns derived from DIC. This suitability study is expected to contribute to the future field implementation of DIC technology to monitor the CFRP-strengthened members of critical structures such as bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely road surface condition (RSC) monitoring and maintenance significantly influences road safety. The current RSC relies on fixed road surveillance cameras and in-vehicle cameras. However, the fixed camera demands higher precision, while the in-vehicle camera requires higher timeliness. To address these challenges, this paper introduces an adaptive machine learning framework for simultaneous road surface detection on both device types. Initially, a convolutional neural network-based differentiation module identifies image sources. Subsequently, an adaptive algorithm switching mechanism leads to the development of two algorithms improved upon the real-time object detection algorithms. At last, extensive experiments with datasets collected from Ontario, Canada and Iowa, U.S.A. validate the framework. Results show satisfactory classification accuracy, detection precision, and speed. Notably, the mean average precision, namely mean of the average precision for all categories (mAP), reaches 91.9% for fixed cameras and 90.6% for in-vehicle cameras, outperforming existing road surface snow detection models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of Newtonian theory of gravitation, three toy models of a hypothetical gravitational shield (GS) are developed. To satisfy the energy conservation law which is violated in the presence of GS, an existence of a special kind of energy ("G-energy") responsible for shielding and stored in GS is postulated. The models differ from each other by the details of the spatial dependence of the net gravitational acceleration in the presence of GS as well as by the dependence of that acceleration on the amount of G-energy in GS. As an example, the rotation of a dumbbell like object located at the boundary between the regions of space where gravity is affected and not affected by GS is analyzed in details. The motivation to study gravitational shielding, the very existence of which is challenged, is the presence of steadily repeating attempts to observe this phenomenon. No doubt, such attempts will continue in the future. The results obtained in the present paper could be useful in designing such a research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the performance of a new flexible fluid–structure interaction (FSI) module in an open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software—REEF3D—for use in modelling saltmarsh vegetation. Unlike previous studies, which focussed on hydrodynamic response to plants (for example, wave attenuation) to check the accuracy of their numerical modelling efforts, this work attempts to replicate the plants' drag force and motion behaviour, based on results from several physical modelling studies. The flexible FSI module was found to consistently overestimate both the drag and motion of the numerical plants when compared to their physical counterparts. It is hypothesized that this is due to the module's use of linearly elastic material theory for the flexible structures. This is arguably inadequate for the relatively flexible materials of saltmarsh vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop simple equations for assessing the damage of reinforced concrete (RC) columns subjected to seismic loading. A fiber element model in OpenSees, validated against experimental data, was used to generate a large dataset of 56 548 data values for various RC columns. The Monte Carlo Hierarchical Adaptive Random Partitioning strategy was then applied to evaluate the sufficiency of the dataset and propose reliable equations for estimating the residual displacement ratio, damage index, and residual curvature of RC columns under given displacement demands. A relationship between these parameters and the structural performance levels was also established. Residual displacement is a practical measure that can be observed in the field after an earthquake. The proposed equations facilitate the determination of the performance level of the structure after an earthquake event. The findings of this paper can also be used in designing new structures within a performance-based seismic design context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kashechewan First Nation (KFN) community is located on a floodplain of the north branch of the Albany River, on the west coast of James Bay. Each spring, the community faces the uncertain prospect of evacuation due to ice-jam flooding, the most severe of which occurred in 2006. A study was conducted to develop long-term options for reducing the flood risk to the community, which included dams, dykes, pier and weir type ice-control structures, and conveyance channels. This paper presents a numerical model study on the Albany River in Ontario, Canada to develop ice control as a potential means for mitigating ice-jam flooding at the KFN community using the two-dimensional ice dynamics model DynaRICE. A method was developed to simulate pier type ice-control structures within the model such that the physical channel conditions, flow conditions, and combinations of ice control could be evaluated. The model allowed detailed simulation of ice retention, resulting inundation, and the forces on the individual piers. To optimize the design of the piers, including pier spacing, height, and size, various combinations of ice, flow, and pier conditions were simulated. Numerical modeling facilitated a comparative examination of flood risk reduction to the community from the various ice control options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seismic demands of the Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls (RCSWs) system are determined based on Canada's National Building Code (NBC). NBC 2020 features the revised Canadian Seismic Hazard Model and presents the possibility of enhancing demand's accuracy by determining design spectra based on the specific average shear wave velocity, instead of specified site classes. This paper investigates the changes in design demands for RCSWs compared to the previous edition. To do so, fifty-five RCSW prototypes were modelled using distributed mass and stiffness procedure, and their dynamic response was assessed through Modal Response Spectrum Analysis at five locations across Canada. The results highlight significant changes in deformation and force demands, where the majority of cases experienced an increase in 2020 compared to 2015 when demands were determined based on specified site classes. This study also evaluates the log-log interpolation method recommended by NBC 2020 for the design spectral acceleration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we revisit the Stark effect of the hydrogen atom induced by a uniform static electric field. In particular, a general formula for the integral of associated Laguerre polynomials was derived by applying the method for Hermite polynomials of degree n proposed in the work (Anh-Tai T.D. et al., 2021 AIP Advances 11 085310). The quadratic Stark effect is obtained by applying this formula and the time-independent non-degenerate perturbation theory to hydrogen. Using the Siegert state method, numerical calculations are performed and serve as data for benchmarking. The comparisons are then illustrated for the ground and some highly excited states to provide an insightful look at the applicable limit and precision of the quadratic Stark effect formula for other atoms with comparable properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introductory chemistry courses at the undergraduate level offer students a foundation in chemistry principles and an opportunity to develop problem-solving skills. These principles and skill sets are widely applicable across disciplines, and thus first year chemistry courses are a gateway for many programs in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). While first-year chemistry courses are essential for STEM students, the resulting large-enrollment classes in universities can lead to challenges in implementing active learning and in helping students to reach the course learning outcomes. The evolving field of chemistry education research (CER) offers data and insight for improving teaching and learning strategies at the undergraduate level. We propose and evaluate an electrochemistry team-based problem-solving module as an active learning component of a large, first-year, blended chemistry course. In this paper, we explore the process for developing the module and evaluate this learning approach through focus groups, a large class survey, and student experience interviews. Through a preliminary case study approach, our findings suggest the interactive module is useful for enhancing conceptual understanding and problem-solving in chemistry, and improving academic confidence in electrochemistry learning outcomes. Moreover, students valued their engagement with the team-based problem-solving modules as an opportunity to build community, learn collaboratively, and successfully approach relevant problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered wood products along with advanced processing and fabrication are pushing the limits of modern wood construction. Innovative concepts and applications facilitate the development of a new generation of structural systems. However, capacities of such systems are often governed by capabilities of the connections. This paper presents the experimental results with numerical and analytical models of angle brackets for prediction of load bearing capacity, stiffness, and ductility. Three types of metal brackets in beam-column connections have been investigated and their performance has been studied in various loading arrangements. Detailed finite-element models of each connection have been developed to gain insights into their behavior. An analytical approach is also adopted to represent the connections. Comparison with test data suggests that the models can reproduce results with good accuracy. The findings confirm feasibility of implementing ductile connections in practical mass timber structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a new low-damage hybrid steel–timber rocking braced frame with self-centring capability and proposes a design methodology in the framework of Canadian design standards. This system consists of a gravity load-resisting timber frame and a steel concentrically braced frame acting as the lateral load-resisting system that is connected using U-shaped steel fuses. The self-centring capability is achieved by post-tensioning strands and rocking bases within the lateral load-resisting system. The system, along with its components, is first introduced. The proposed design method and system performance objectives are then presented. The seismic performance of the system and the proposed design procedure are validated through numerical analyses considering the interaction between the lateral and gravity load-resisting systems. The results of dynamic analyses confirm the enhanced seismic performance of the proposed hybrid system with almost no residual deformations after the earthquake. Moreover, the proposed design guidelines can accurately predict the system's seismic response and demands imposed on the members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the ground state of two-component spin–orbit-coupled (SOC) Bose–Einstein condensates with mass imbalance. Our results are based on the framework of mean-field Gross–Pitaevskii theory. The effects of unequal atomic mass and SOC strength are studied. Different density structures such as heliciform stripes, linear stripes and string vortex chains are found. Different density structures such as heliciform stripes, linear stripes and string vortex chains are found. With the increase of SOC strength, the azimuthal phase separation is kept while radial phase separation is broken. In addition, increasing the mass ratio is unfavorable to vortex formation, whereas more vortices can be generated by increasing the SOC strength. We also discuss the physical quantities such as angular momentum per atom and spin polarisation, for a larger mass ratio, showing that angular momentum gets a little bigger as the SOC strength increases and the first-order phase transition does not exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The road agencies collect and submit weigh-in-motion (WIM) data to the Federal Highway Administration as part of their traffic monitoring program. Therefore, the WIM data should be precise and accurate. One way to evaluate WIM measurement errors is by using the test truck data collected immediately before and after equipment calibration. The limitation of this approach is that the data represent a snapshot in time and may not represent a long-term WIM site performance. This paper presents an approach for estimating WIM system accuracy based on axle load spectra attributes (normalized axle load spectra (NALS) shape factors). This alternative approach allows for characterizing temporal changes in WIM data consistency. The WIM error data collected before and after calibration were related to Class 9 NALS shape factors in the proposed methodology. This paper aims to determine WIM system errors based on axle loading without physically performing WIM equipment performance validation using test trucks. The presented methodology can be used to estimate systematic errors (drift) in the WIM system at any point in time after the equipment calibration. This approach can help highway agencies select optimum timings for routine maintenance and calibration of WIM equipment without compromising its accuracy. The results show that the WIM accuracy for the single axle (SA) and tandem axle (TA) can be estimated with SA and TA NALS shape factors with an acceptable degree of error for bending plate to quartz piezo sensors. Examples are included to demonstrate the application and significance of the developed models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridge infrastructure assets should be planned, designed, constructed, and operated to account for the physical processes that may occur over their service lives. In ice-affected rivers, this includes the interaction of bridge infrastructure with river ice. Advancements in river-ice science and modelling of ice processes in ice-covered rivers have enhanced the abilities of civil/hydrotechnical engineers to plan, design, and construct bridges in and along rivers with seasonal ice covers. In this paper, an overview is presented of ice-related considerations with respect to bridges. The bottom-chord elevation of the bridge superstructure with respect to water and ice levels, pier design to withstand ice forces, the waterway opening for ice passage, ice-induced scour, and research needs are discussed. However, as outlined in the paper, research on ice loads and passage at bridge sites and on hydroclimatic and ice conditions that led to bridge damage and failure remains needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus Labill. (Tasmanian Blue Gum), native to southeast Australia, is a benchmark species for the pulp and paper industry. We genotyped 397 trees from 16 populations of E. globulus representing the native diversity in Australia using 24 microsatellite loci. Eight genetically distinct groups were detected, consistent with genetic groupings detected in previous quantitative and molecular studies. A sample of 29 Portuguese individuals was added to help clarify the origin of the Portuguese landrace. The results suggest a southern and eastern Tasmania origin for the Portuguese landrace. This genetic framework will enable researchers to investigate the provenance of individuals of unknown pedigree and assess the levels of representation of E. globulus natural variation in the Portuguese landrace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that aimed to determine the levels at which phytosterols are present in Canadian pulp and paper mill effluents (PPME). Description of PPME; Chemicals that form the major fraction of plant sterols in PPME; Processes responsible for the observed removal of plant sterols across the biological wastewater treatment systems.

In this paper, we study the dynamic properties of spin–orbit coupling (SOC) hyperfine f =1 spinor antiferromagnetic Bose–Einstein condensates with the external magnetic field. The condensate is confined in a toroidal trap and the numerical results are obtained based on the multicomponent Gross–Pitaevskii equation. Our results show that, in the presence of SOC, the spin dynamics for zero magnetic field slows with an increase of radius of the torus. However, this process accelerates when the magnetic field is considered. In addition, in this case, the oscillation behavior is almost consistent with the considered maximum radius. In the absence of SOC, the periodicity of spin dynamics vanishes. We also compare the thermalization time for different magnetic fields and radii, which decreases considerably for nonzero magnetic fields with the increase of radius. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that for stronger magnetic field strength the density structure can be regulated. As a consequence, the condensate recovers from the necklace to an annular-shaped state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cambrian pre-salt dolomite sequence in the Tarim Basin is a target zone of great strategic significance for hydrocarbon exploration in the basin. Using the results of the interpretation of 3D seismic data from Lunnan and 2D seismic data covering the whole basin, and based on a synthesis of outcrop data, drilling data, well logs, core data, and thin-section data, and the findings from previous studies, this paper studies the characteristics of the facies of the Middle–Lower Cambrian in the platform area in the Tarim Basin, the formation and evolution of platform margins, and the sedimentary characteristics, lithofacies, and paleogeographic characteristics of the Middle–Lower Cambrian series. Based on the types of lithofacies and the seismic facies analysis, the sedimentary facies of the Middle–Lower Cambrian strata can be classified into the five types. From bottom to top, the Middle–Lower Cambrian have experienced several development stages, including the deposition of continental shelf sediments of the Yuertusi Formation, gently sloping non-rimmed platform margin sediments of the Xiaoerbulake Formation, weakly rimmed platform margin sediments of the Wusongger and Shayilike formations, and strongly rimmed platform margin sediments of the Awatage Formation. In each stage, the platform margin shifted further east relative to its location in the previous stage. Based on these results and previous studies, the lithofacies and paleogeography maps of the Middle–Lower Cambrian in the Tarim Basin are modified, and the implications for hydrocarbon exploration in this area are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In construction, the accurate measurements are important in ensuring the quality of work delivered. Different measuring tools have been developed to help workers conduct accurate measuring. However, they may be subject to manipulation difficulties, such as the need for tap/gesture interaction. This paper proposes a novel eye gaze-aided virtual tape measure framework that provides a hands-free manner for conducting the measurements in construction. This framework consists of three components: data collection for point of interest, sensor calibration, and distance calculation. Its effectiveness is tested by measuring the dimensions of 15 common objects in laboratory and on-site environments and achieves the average absolute and relative errors of 2.4 cm and 4.8%. The absolute errors range from 0.3 to 7.3 cm. A comparison study is conducted to demonstrate its superior performance over iPhone's Measure application. The results illustrate the feasibility and potential of using the framework to enable measures for smart construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tack coat is a thin asphalt applied between the existing surface and asphalt overlay during road rehabilitation. Its coverage uniformity is vital in providing adhesive bonding between the two layers in the structure. This paper proposes a novel method for automatic uniformity inspection of tack coat coverage using images collected by drones. In this method, color thresholding is first performed to extract coarse region of the tack coat. Then, the boundaries of the tack coat are detected to refine the tack coat region by masking outliers. Next, the region of interest is processed to extract texture features using gray-level co-occurrence. Finally, the texture features are leveraged to grade the tack coat uniformity level using LightGBM. Experiments were conducted to examine the performance of the method. The resulting accuracy signifies the potential of this method in developing high-efficiency and cost-effective solutions to enhance the current tack coat inspection practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider higher dimensional charged black holes to study nonperturbative corrected thermodynamics. This correction is dominant when the black hole size decreases due to the Hawking radiation. The nonperturbative correction on the black hole entropy is proportional to the exponential of the original entropy with a negative sign. We calculate some thermodynamics quantities such as the internal Helmholtz free energies, and obtain the effect of the exponential correction. We study the first law of thermodynamics and investigate how it satisfies. We also study the stability of the black hole through specific heat analysis and investigate the possible phase transition. We find a second-order phase transition that is interpreted as the unstable/stable phase transition. Then, we find a first-order phase transition that makes it unstable. Hence, the final stage of the Reissner–Nordström black holes may be an unstable phase, which means that black hole evaporation at the quantum scale. It may be a cause that we never find a black hole in accelerators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have considered the flat Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FRW) model in the framework of f(R, ∇R) gravity. We have analyzed the significance of bulk viscosity in the f(R, ∇R) gravity model to study the expansion of the universe. We have considered two bulk viscosity parameterizations and the use of power-law cosmology to constrain the model parameters H0 and q. Using the Bayesian analysis and likelihood function in conjunction with the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, we obtained the model parameters H 0 = 70. 76732 − 0.00088 + 0.00010 and q = − 0. 6478 − 0.000075 + 0.000091 . The behaviors of energy density, bulk viscous pressure, and the effective equation of the state parameter with redshift are investigated in detail. These features demonstrate that the bulk viscosity is a valid candidate for acquiring the negative pressure needed to effectively drive the expansion of the universe. To check the validity of the f(R, ∇R) model, we also analyze the behavior of energy conditions. The adiabatic squared speed of the sound is used to test the model's stability. The Om(z) diagnostic is used in the model to identify the quintessence and phantom regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maskwio'mi (Mi'kmaw language for "oil made from birch bark") is a traditional topical skin medicine of the Mi'kmaq people of Atlantic Canada and is produced in a torrefaction process by heating birch bark (Betula papyrifera, paper birch) inside a metal container in a fire. The resulting viscous, oily mixture is traditionally mixed with goose fat or bear grease to create a topical salve that is subsequently applied to affected skin areas. When birch bark is exposed to high temperatures, pyrolytic chemical processes produce a complex mixture of pharmacologically active compounds, including potentially harmful side products such as ortho-, meta-, and para-cresol. This study discusses the qualitative and quantitative GC-MS analysis of cresols found in maskwio'mi and the challenges of the complex organic matrix. Using caffeine as an internal standard, ortho-, meta-, and para-cresol in birch bark extract were determined to be in the approximate order of 50–1500 ppm range with 3.24 ± 0.09 × 102 ng mg−1 (324 ppm), 8.7 ± 1.0 × 102 ng mg−1 (87 ppm), and 12.4 ± 1.6 × 102 ng mg−1 (1240 ppm), respectively, and thus suitable by Health Canada and FDA cosmetics regulation standards when the extract is co-formulated in creams to concentrations of 0.1–5 wt.% for topical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanobacteria blooms represent a global problem with human health and economic and ecosystem nuisance effects. Until now, we have used arbitrary and sometimes confusing criteria to decide whether we are in the presence of a Cyanobacteria bloom. Through scientometric analysis of studies published between 1953 and 2022, I aimed to identify a threshold value that can be used to quantify Cyanobacteria blooms numerically. I considered several methodological approaches (field, field-experimental, and satellite data) and kinds of environments (coastal, marine, and continental ecosystems). The analysis revealed that 48% of the papers used "cyanobacteria bloom" or similar terms qualitatively without providing or employing a quantitative definition. These papers were focused on other topics related to the ecology of Cyanobacteria (78%), while some others (21%) defined blooms by using visual criteria (scum visualization or water discoloration). Of the other half (52%), a few were mathematical models or review papers (5%), while the rest (65%) defined blooms quantitatively. Of these, most reports (approximately 80%) were from eutrophic inland waters and reported mean values for blooms between 80 000 and 249 000 cells mL−1 or 41 and 69 µg L−1 of chlorophyll-a. Calculations were also carried out for oligotrophic to mesotrophic inland waters and marine-coastal waters, which had fewer reports available in the literature. This is a first attempt to identify a consensual definition based on values reported as blooms in nature, a threshold that can undoubtedly be useful in the future to make possible comparisons among several environments and temporal scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel approach for measuring the cost requirements and related values for building information modeling (BIM) adoption using the adaptive analytic hierarchy process approach. The proposed approach considers the importance of each BIM use item in relation to its cost, allowing for prioritization of BIM uses based on their relative value while considering prerequisite relationships and budgetary constraints. The effectiveness of the approach was demonstrated through empirical validation involving a survey of 50 construction industry professionals, and two BIM use prioritization methods (project objective-oriented and value-oriented) were recommended for decision-making under budget constraints. The lessons learned from the empirical case study include the importance of Government's role and the industrial standards in evaluating cost-benefit and promoting for BIM adoption, the different contributions of BIM uses across project phases, and the diverse perceptions of BIM cost requirements among different participants. These lessons are invaluable for countries planning BIM implementation. This paper also demonstrates the development and empirical validation of a novel approach for BIM use adoption under limited budgets, which can assist decision-makers in selecting appropriate BIM use items and estimating their associated costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In qualifications-based selection (QBS), consultants are selected according to their competencies rather than price. However, clients are often apprehensive about the subjectivity associated with implementing QBS because non-price criteria are hard to measure. In addition, there is no complete set of all relevant consultant evaluation criteria established. There is also a lack of an automated decision support system for objectively assisting owners in selecting qualified consultants with improved consistency and transparency. In this paper, a comprehensive set of consultant evaluation criteria is identified. Evaluation rules are also established for measuring qualitative criteria, where those rules determine the linguistic performance ratings for the fuzzy TOPSIS model instead of decision-makers, which minimizes subjectivity and increases transparency. The decision support system presented in this paper is flexible, allowing the decision-maker to adjust criteria weights based on the project characteristics and to exclude any non-applicable evaluation rules that may not fit in some projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the use of bark and combined paper sludge to develop a suitable plant growth substrate and to establish a vegetation cover on bark-covered land. Field experiments were established to determine the best plant growth medium, plant mixtures, and fertilization program. The best soil cover consisted of 2.5 cm of combined paper sludge on top of 2.5 cm of black bark. On this soil cover, the Savoureux mixture in combination with birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), Lab02 in mixture with MR77, and birdsfoot trefoil in mixture with bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) gave good vegetation growth and yields. For birdsfoot trefoil over all soil covers, the phosphorus and potassium fertilizations were required at 140 kg P2O5/ha and 160 kg K2O/ha, respectively. These results suggest that combined paper sludge and black bark can be used as topsoil to favor plant establishment on bark-covered land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kinetics of the spontaneous, proton- and AlIII-catalysed hydrolyses of the C1—O4′ bond in 1,5-anhydrocellobiitol have been measured at elevated temperatures (125.0–220.0 °C). Data for the first two processes extrapolate to the expression k = (8.6 ± 2.1 × 10–16) + (1.4 ± 0.2 × 10–9-pH) s–1 at 25 °C. These room-temperature figures were used to model cellulose depolymerization by the af Ekenstam equation. The spontaneous process is too slow to contribute to loss of paper strength on aging, and even the acid-catalysed process is significant only below ~pH 4.0. However, the spontaneous hydrolysis readily accounts for the reduction of cellulose degree of polymerization (DP) during alkaline (e.g., kraft) pulping of cellulose fibres. Efficient electrophilic catalysis by AlIII was observed at 150.0 °C in 0.1 mol/L succinate buffers of room temperature pH 3.05 and 3.35 (k2 = 8.1 ± 0.4 × 10–3 and 4.2 ± 0.2 × 10–3 (mol/L) –1 s–1, respectively). The apparent activation energy of the AlIII-catalysed process was 31 ± 4 kJ mol-1, lower than that of the proton-catalysed path, suggesting the electrophilic catalysis increases in importance as the temperature approaches ambient. Consequently, it appears that the culprit in the impermanence of “rosin-alum” -sized paper is AlIII, directly acting as a Lewis acid, not the AlIII hydration sphere as a Brønsted acid. Conservation measures should either address this or be generic (e.g., low-temperature storage). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a review of Indigenous engagement in renewable energy projects is conducted and the main elements of energy partnerships between stakeholders and Indigenous partners are discussed. In recent years, Canada has witnessed more significant Indigenous involvement in economic and energy development projects than ever before. For large-scale energy partnerships, the focus is on engagement, financial capital, community buy-in (readiness, and entrepreneurial and business skills), and benefits-sharing with community partners. Equity-ownership, reconciliation, and self-determination intersect with and impact the benefits and sustainability of energy projects, as they are interrelated in the framework of most energy partnerships. This paper illustrates policy disconnects in connection with partnership-making, social outcomes, and decision-making among Indigenous communities. Furthermore, findings from relevant literature explore the nuanced discourse on social implications and capacity challenges that interlink with climate adaptation and reconciliation when promoting large-scale renewable energy partnerships with Indigenous communities. Through a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the literature, we found 80 relevant studies during the screening process, of which 33 were selected for the synthesis. Findings demonstrate that the Crown, energy companies, and community partners need to coordinate and collaborate closely to achieve energy security and sustainable renewable energy. The review suggests that Indigenous engagement in energy partnerships supports positive outcomes for social development and environmental protection among Indigenous communities. The literature suggests that when government and industry mentor in the project implementation process, important positive impacts on energy transitions, and self-sufficiency can be realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change (CC) causes extreme meteorological events such as floods, droughts, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and extreme cold. CC may also damage public infrastructures such as drinking water systems (DWSs) and reduce water quality from source to tap. The objective of this review paper is to provide a critical analysis of (1) the impact of CC on the three components of the DWSs: source, treatment, and distribution; (2) the perspectives of DWS employees on CC impacts and adaptation solutions for maintaining water quality; and (3) decision support systems (DSSs) that could be used by DWS employees for CC adaptation. A bibliographic research was conducted using international databases and search engines. The search for scientific articles resulted in the selection of 5234 articles, 78 of which were analyzed in more detail for the elaboration of this scoping review. This review shows that the impacts of CC on water quality are significant, but DWS employees are not enthusiastic about developing adaption measures. This review also shows that DSSs can help DWS employees facilitate the CC adaptation process for the protection of source water, improve water treatment plant operations, and enhance routine management of water quality in the distribution system. Further research is needed to identify strategies that might increase the awareness of and interest in climate change impacts, adaptation, and the use of DSSs among DWS employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an effort to address urgent issues associated with semitruck platooning. The weigh-in-motion data were first examined to determine the characteristics of naturally formed semitruck platoons. A safety-based two-vehicle platoon model was then utilized to determine the critical headways for assessing the safety of semitruck platooning in various driving scenarios. The possibilities for passenger vehicles to cut into semitruck platoons were assessed using actual vehicle headway data. Finally, the potential impacts of semitruck platooning on typical interstate highway pavements were assessed using finite element analysis. Most semitruck platoons consist of two to three vehicles. An optimal platoon gap of 0.94 s was identified for connected and automated semitruck platooning. The potential impacts of truck platooning on concrete pavement were negligible for a platoon gap greater than 0.2 s. The maximum possible impact was less than 4% in terms of the service life reduction for interstate asphalt pavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience is a multidisciplinary concept that deals with rapid response and recovery of a system experiencing a disruption. Despite extensive research on this topic, there is a need to clarify resilience concepts in the context of road freight transportation systems (FTSs) from a three-dimensional perspective (i.e., physical infrastructure, users, and managing organizations) and to identify persistent knowledge gaps concerning the characterization and measurement of FTS resilience vis-à-vis disruptive events. This paper addresses these shortcomings through a systematic review of 149 research studies. The synthesis of findings clarifies inconsistencies associated with the characteristics of FTS resilience and in so doing, establishes a unified framework for measuring FTS resilience through the life cycle of disruptive events. Critical data gaps, methodological shortcomings, and a lack of empirical evidence concerning FTS resilience to disruptive events remain. More robust analytical approaches are required to incorporate interdependencies among FTS dimensions into resilience assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]