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• Cadmium soil pollution and crop accumulation are detectable on national level in China. • Mining activities and sewage irrigation dominate to Cd pollution in China. • Cd pollution in Southwest of China, Middle Yellow River region and North China plain should be taken more seriously. • Cd enrichment models differ with investigated sites and are influenced by pollution sources. Cadmium (Cd) pollution of agricultural soil is of public concern due to its high potential toxicity and mobility. This study aimed to reveal the risk of Cd accumulation in soil and wheat/maize systems, with a specific focus on the source-specific ecological risk, human health risk and Cd enrichment model. For this we investigated more than 6100 paired soil and grain samples with 216 datasets including soil Cd contents, soil pH and grain Cd contents of 85 sites from China. The results showed that mining activities, sewage irrigation, industrial activities and agricultural practices were the critical factors causing Cd accumulation in wheat and maize cultivated sites. Thereinto, mining activities contributed to a higher Cd accumulation risk in the southwest China and Middle Yellow River regions; sewage irrigation influenced the Cd accumulation in the North China Plain. In addition, the investigated sites were classified into different categories by comparing their soil and grain Cd contents with the Chinese soil screening values and food safety values, respectively. Cd enrichment models were developed to predict the Cd levels in wheat and maize grains. The results showed that the models exhibited a good performance for predicting the grain Cd contents among safe and warning sites of wheat (R2 = 0.61 and 0.72, respectively); while the well-fitted model for maize was prone to the overestimated sites (R2 = 0.77). This study will provide national viewpoints for the risk assessments and prediction of Cd accumulation in soil and wheat/maize systems. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf nutrient composition and stoichiometry reflect complex interactions of the plant with its environment and are useful traits to explore ecological processes and relationships. In the present study, the foliar elemental compositions of two common Mediterranean woody species, the evergreen broad-leaved Quercus ilex and the coniferous Pinus pinaster growing in an area of Central Italy known for geochemical and geothermal anomalies, were investigated. To assess the site-specific and age-dependent pattern of foliar composition and stoichiometry, macronutrients (C, N, P, K, Mg, S) and trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, Zn) were determined in leaves and needles of three different ages (6-, 12- and 24-month-old) collected from metalliferous (geothermal, mining) and rural areas. Leaves of Q. ilex showed comparatively high concentrations of micronutrients (i.e., Cu, Fe and Zn), while needles of P. pinaster accumulated significantly high concentrations of potentially toxic elements (i.e., As, Pb and S). No significant trend was found in elemental concentrations in relation to the age of leaves and needles. Multi-element stoichiometry of P. pinaster was driven by the geochemical heterogeneity of the sites, suggesting plastic adaptation at the sites with the most selective edaphoclimatic conditions (i.e., patches with nutrient poor and metalliferous soils). On the other hand, the content of both nutrients and potentially toxic elements in Q. ilex leaves varied little across the study area, reflecting stoichiometric stability; this is consistent with the ecophysiological features of Q. ilex as a late-successional species with a dominant role in the ecosystems of the Mediterranean area. Our findings demonstrate the value of foliar stoichiometric traits for understanding plant adaptation in a heterogeneous environment and also the consequences of biotic interactions during succession. [Display omitted] • Needles of P. pinaster accumulate potentially toxic elements, such as As, Pb and S. • Nutritional plasticity distinguishes P. pinaster colonizing mining and geothermal sites. • Invariant nutritional status (homeostasis) characterizes the late-successional Q. ilex. • Multi-elemental foliar composition reveals pine-ecosystem interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]