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The Ottoman State was in a condition of insufficient preparation as it entered the First World War, which would determine its fate. This war had brought domestic production to a halt and created great obstacles to imported products. In this war, which started in 1914 and lasted for four years, the state suffered great losses in terms of economic, military, political and humanity, while the people behind the war suffered great scarcity. Especially in basic consumer products such as flour, milk, cheese and butter, prices increased excessively. This scarcity and price increase were not limited to food and other essential necessities. As a matter of fact, the scarcity of paper, which is a significant material in education, was felt seriously in this period. The fact that the available paper stocks were finished in a short time and the lack of paper caused the education, press and broadcasting activities to be disrupted. Even, the lack of paper reached the level that would prevent the usual activities in government offices. In this study, the paper scarcity that emerged in many parts of the state, especially in Istanbul during the war period between 1914-1918, attempts to supply the paper, the influences of the lack of paper and the activities of the Manager of the Government Printing Office, Mr. Ismail Hamit will be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epics are studied in two categories that are identified as national epics and folk epics in our literature. The national epics are long verse stories of nations about religious, virtuous and heroic adventures with an emphasis on national characteristics. The folk epics are created by folk poets in different themes in their poems. The main purpose of the study is to investigate folk epics. The folk epics are considered as a genre within the poetry of folk poets from past to present. The folk epics include many diverse themes such as military, widow, supplication, illnesses, animals, bigamy, heroism, husband and wife relationship, famine, homeland, fruit, prayer, advice, war, aging. The tradition of folk epics emerged after the first quarter of the twentieth century, especially in large cities such as Istanbul, when the minstrels began reading poetry in coffeehouses. Afterwards, these minstrels started to earn money by printing and selling these poems in the crowded places, paving the way for spreading folk epics. The minstrels who narrated folk epics have mentioned the events that took place in their hometown and throughout the country in their poems, while not making some interpretations to attract attention via improvisation. These epics were sold in public places by printing 1000 or even 5000 issues on papers slightly larger than the standard A4 paper in the printing offices. The public place were generally squares, yards of the mosques, market places, trains during travel and train stations. This tradition was carried out until the beginning of the 1980s. The tradition of folk epics requires the capability to recite poetry is a as having a sweet tone of voice that will gather the people and knowing musical maqams. Those who had these qualities have persisted their tradition of epics for many years. This tradition, which was in demand until the 1980s, could not find a space for itself as a result of the spread of mass media after this date. The present study contains information about the tradition of folk epics and the identified performers in Sivas. The performers of folk epics in Sivas were examined under two headings. The former includes those who write and sell only epic poems. The latter includes those who have not only written poems in the field of folk poetry, but also written and sold only epic poems for a while. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a wide variety of hazards that create disasters and emergencies. These dangers may occur directly in the area of residence or may occur due to the impact of danger in another region. Both scenarios affect the individual's life to different extents. Making preparations to reduce the impact and severity of harm and damage caused by hazard-related risks is an important step for prevention activities. Within the scope of this paper, the perceptions of individual preparedness for disasters and emergencies of faculty members working at universities in Istanbul were examined. Faculty members' perception of individual preparedness for disasters and emergencies is of great importance for the general safety of educational institutions and society. This perception is essential to ensuring the safety of students, staff and other stakeholders. Faculty members' ability to recognize potential dangers and take appropriate precautions increases their ability to react quickly and effectively in times of crisis. In addition, this perception encourages faculty members to contribute to disaster and emergency plans. By being aware of individual security, assuming a stronger protective role for the institution, the perception of individual preparedness is a vital factor for the overall security of educational institutions and society. The findings were analyzed and the results were compared. According to the findings obtained from the study, it was determined that parameters such as age, marital status, working in the private sector, having an administrative position, receiving training on disaster and emergency situations, and being exposed to danger in the institution where one works, have an impact on individual perception in preparation for disasters and emergencies. It has been observed that these topics have an impact on raising awareness. The importance of faculty members' perceptions, awareness and individual readiness regarding preparedness for disasters and emergencies is emphasized in the study and suggestions are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The home township phenomenon, which is the output of a process that starts with internal migration movements and continues with informal relations, has reflections on administrative structures as well as political, social, economic, demographic, cultural, and psychological effects. The purpose of this examination is to explain the interaction between the phenomenon of home township and personnel recruitment in local governments. With this scope of the central problem, the examination is to how the perceptions of municipal bureaucrats, local political elites, and home township association managers between personnel recruitment in municipalities and the phenomenon of the home township are grasped. The examination was conducted via in-depth interviews with 27 diverse ones in the district municipalities of Beşiktaş, Üsküdar, Ataşehir, Sancaktepe, Büyükçekmece and Esenler, which are affiliated to the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. As a result of the paper, it has been determined that there is an administrative main dimension related to the phenomenon of home township and six sub-dimensions under it. Additionally, in addition, the main findings and determinations of the study are that the principle of merit is rendered dysfunctional by the intense pressure of fellow citizens and political pressure in the recruitment of personnel to municipalities; that there is a problem of representative bureaucracy, and that this leads to a kind of municipal oligarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halide Edip, 1939-1951 dates essays in the evening. Writes from the beginning until 1945 is 73 grains. Halide Edip's 2nd this article World War II and the issue of world politics, Istanbul culture and art life, vehicles, Turkish-book-author presentation of world literature, Great Britain is subject. Halide Edip, a literary style and rich culture of the rise of Hitler with the idea of association, 2 The course of World War II, after the war of nations toğluluğunun establishment, freedom, democracy, civilization, will evaluate the concept of fascism The author, a social-political landscape of England appears today tells us how. The author of the Turkish society on the state of urban communities experiencing pain indicates that the transition to modern humans. Writers, art event on the grounds with all kinds of evaluations are available. Halide Edip's cultural arts performing arts occupy an important place in the article. The author has read sometimes works and sometimes on the evaluations are watching. French poet and writer who met the actor Alexis Rostand Cyrano'suyla year student, works in both English and French are the readers and a comparison. Halide Edip, differences between nations with art, culture, behavior and mentality are indicated by: British author of works of the French Cyrano'sunun üslûbunu hard to find a "nose the size of material and spiritual" is considered. Turn to the work of Turkish writer who appreciates Siyavuşgil'i Sabri Sabri Esat Esat's been in the inside of his head Rostan'ın Cyrano's, such as heart felt and been in the translation of the imagination, an indigenous culture based on the root of creation indicates that Cyrano. Halide Edip, writes about his beloved Istanbul in Istanbul's everyday life, shedding light on that day's scenes will transfer. Istanbul's natural, architectural issues such as coming into contact in the earlier novel, the author discussed in the article, itself a thousand people in transport and social movements identified from the profile is available in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inaugural issue of the Ayine newspaper was published on August 18th, 1921 in Istanbul. It was published weekly, on Thursdays and continued with 72 issues. Although, the sub-title of "Ayine" mentions that "it is a humorous newspaper", it would be more accurate to call it a "journal" as it is produced once a week. Yusuf Ziya signed four of the portrait poems in "Ayine" with the penname "Çimdik," while Faruk Nafiz signing as "Çamlıbel" wrote one. They also published one each under their names as "Yusuf Ziya Bey/Portraits" and "Faruk Nafiz Bey/Portraits". This paper transcribed seven portrait poems from the magazine's early issues into Latin letters, and assessed them in light of the writers' personal histories and personas. In particular, the paper tried to determine the humorous element in the poems and nalyse the lements of humor. The examined portrait poems were then compared with the portrait poems written in previous periods, by poets/personalities who were generally loved, considered masters and respected. Thus, one of the aims of the study was to examine how contemporary poets use verse to expose each other's weaknesses/flaws of poets/personalities. This study, therefore, is unique in that it demonstrates via examples how portrait poetry may also be used to address the flaws of the subject's cherished personalities in addition to the praise and glorification of those individuals. The poems under discussion are especially significant since they are original poems at the intersection of under-picture poetry and portrait poetry traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child marriages are not historical issues or a thing of the past. This issue, which has legal, social, economic, psychologic, and anthropological roots and should be examined in this context, stands as a global and burning problem that awaits a solution not only in Turkey but also in all parts of the world including developed countries. Moreover, child marriage did not exist only in Ottoman-Islamic legal regulations but also in Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Roman, Egyptian, and Athenian civilizations. It has also been part of Hebrew or Christian traditions. Therefore, this phenomenon should not be reduced to a single society, culture, civilization, or religious tradition. Child marriage is related to the meaning associated with the concept of marriage and rather than an application that takes religion as a reference. Thus, it is necessary to accurately understand the meaning associated with the concept of child in Ottoman-Islamic law in order to comprehend this phenomenon in the Ottoman history. Those who are considered children in the 21st century was considered adults in the 19th or early 20th century. They were treated as individuals who claimed social and legal responsibilities. Therefore, one should pay attention to historical meanings of childhood in order to understand the teen marriages in the past rather than looking at the present meaning of the term. Otherwise, a contextual understanding of practices of previous centuries will be obscured. In the Ottoman Empire, Hanafism, the official Islamic school of law, had not set an age limit for the eligibility of marriage until 1917 when reformists passed a new regulation, i.e., the Family Law. Again, according to the Hanafi perspective, extended family members or relatives had been empowered to marry off younger members of the family, which is called "velâyet-i icbâr." Consequently, it allowed grandfathers, fathers, or other senior members of an extended family to marry off children. In the Ottoman society marrying off young women was already a custom and it was usual to marry off young girls as well. Various factors played a role for child marriages. Economic considerations were part of familial motivation but there were also considerations of "sexual purity" before marriage or family reputation. In some cases, grooms did not want to miss an opportunity to marry a girl whom they wanted to unite their lives with. In other cases, families simply wanted to ease their "financial burden" on their family budget. The number of orphans among the early marriages in the Ottoman society amounted to a significant rate and it should not be underestimated in general evaluation of the subject. In order to secure the welfare of the orphan girls their guardians usually married them off at an early age with a noble intention. However, ill-tended relatives also involved in marrying orphan girls and abused their legal powers. This paper examines such an abusive case on Nesibe's marriage in the 19th century. When young Nesibe's father passed away, a legal guardian was assigned a legal while her mother Hayriye hanim was alive. When Nesibe was visiting her older sister in Beykoz, her sister married off Nesibe. When her mother and legal guardian were informed about this marriage, Hayriye hanim went to Zaptiye Nezâreti (Ottoman Police Department) along with the guardian Hafiz Halid Efendi to petition about the marriage. In their petition they expressed that they had also married off Nesibe to a "honorable and moral" man three months ago. In this situation, Nesibe was thirteen years old when her mother and legal guardian married off her three months before her sister married off her to another man again. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that how "velâyet-i icbâr," the power of an extended family members or relatives to marry off young members of the family, had been abused in the Ottoman empire as the case of Nesibe's marriage provides some evidence. Islamic jurisprudents, especially those of the Hanafi school of law, drew a very broad framework for the velâyet-i icbâr, which provided the basis of many teen marriages in the Ottoman history. In this regard, this article presents a useful case study to the Ottoman practices of teen marriage. The paper examines the story of Nesibe, a thirteen-years-old girl, who had been married off twice by her elders, and analyzes the subsequent complaints made by petitions to the Ottoman police department. The issue is traced from the official correspondence between Ottoman administrative institutions. Relevant documents are located in the President's Ottoman Archives in the Council of State section by the 782nd file and 26th cover comprising eleven documents in total. Teen marriage is the subject of religious studies because of its direct relation to Islamic law and social history of the Ottoman Empire. The question of teen marriage has already been the subject of detailed discussion among the jurisprudential corpora and books. For instance, the texts on teen marriage constitute a great extend among the published works of Islamic jurisprudence such as "Ahkâmu'l-Tıfl" (Regulations on Minors) and demonstrates the significant relevance of the topic for religious studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the undercurrent ideological and epistemological contentions which underlay the project of an aspired Ottoman identity during the Hamidian period and the sociocultural ramifications of the Empire's ambiguous engagement with modernity, this paper attempts a cultural re-reading of the Francoturkish Literary Journal Maarifet (1898-?). Published in Constantinople by a Greek-Orthodox woman, Theodossia Sophroniadou, this journal stands out as typical "product" of a broader transitional discursive framework forged at the aesthetic and epistemological "limbo" between Enlightenment and Romanticism. Focusing on the editor's metaphysical outlook outlined in herearlier essay "The Starry Sky" (1894), on Dieudonnée's short stories and on the magazine's fashion, correspondence and sociability columns, this article draws from Eagleton's seminal study on "the Aesthetic", on Foucault's concept of the "Aesthetics of Existence" and on McNay's sociocentric approach on gender and agency and examines how Maarifet brings forth a declining discourse of anupper class "Aesthetic", the reverberations of which extend well beyond the symbolic and materialdimensions of an upper class femininity and agency to an implicit though eloquent critique both against modern massculture and against positivist strains of Young Turk thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the reflections on the activities of Refet Pasha, who was sent to Istanbul as the representative of the Ankara Government, in the American press were discussed. The study aims to reveal the way of presentation of Refet Pasha's works and his relations with allied representatives to the reader through the American press. For this purpose, news and articles related to the subject were first determined and their classification was made. The news that presented the developments to the reader information, as they are mostly, were evaluated as a priority. Articles found to contain propaganda and false information were excluded from the evaluation. The comparative analysis method was used in the study. Accordingly, the news on the subject in the American press was included in the scope of the evaluation after they were compared with the local sources and especially the information in the local press. It has been understood that the activities of Refet Pasha in Istanbul were carefully followed by the American press and thousands of news and articles on the subject appeared in the relevant press. The possible findings of the study are to reveal the view of the American press on the administration of Refet Pasha in Istanbul and to contribute to the literature on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the deportation process of Diyarbakır Deputy Zülfü Bey to Malta Island and the period of exile are discussed. Zülfü Bey was first arrested in Istanbul on January 15, 1919, on the accusation that he was related to the Armenian Deportation and inciting the people around Diyarbakır against the British, then he was handed over to the British by the Ottoman Empire and exiled first to Egypt by the British, and after a while, he was again taken by the British. Sent to Malta. Upon the request of the British, a detention warrant was issued for Zülfü Bey while he was in Istanbul as a deputy of Diyarbakır, and this decision was immediately implemented by the Ottoman Empire and Zülfü Bey was taken into custody. Zülfü Bey was not released for a long time, although it was understood that he was innocent in his first interrogation. The Ottoman Government, who applied to the British authorities on the subject, were informed by the British that Zülfü Bey should not be released, and upon this decision, the Ottoman State continued to imprison Zülfü Bey as a prisoner. After a while, the British took a very interesting decision and started to exile the Ottoman statesmen to various places abroad, and Zülfü Bey was the first deputy to be exiled abroad. Zülfi Bey was exiled by the British to the Seydibeşir Prisoner Camp in Alexandria, Egypt. Zülfü Bey, who was held there for a few months, was sent by the British to Malta, where he would spend most of his exile. Zülfü Bey, who was kept in exile for more than two years, was never tried and none of the crimes against him could be proven. As a result, with the effect of the successes of the Turkish troops against the Greeks in Western Anatolia, the British came to an agreement with the Turks and all the prisoners were released on 25 October 1921. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the literary tradition that developed with Western influences in the 19th century, the "Divan poetry" or "culture" has prevailed. İbrahim Necati was one of the poets who combined West-influenced Turkish poetry and classical Turkish poetry in this century. The poet, who was not quoted in the literature and has been confused with his contemporary dervish poet İbrahim Necati, authored two surviving works: Mahsul-i Şebabım and Gencine-i Belagat. The 42-page Mahsul-i Şebabım, published by Alem Printing House in Istanbul in 1887, begins with an appreciation written by İsmail Safa (d. 1901). The work includes 19 ghazals, 4 stanzas, 3 poems written in the new form under the "Nazira" section, 1 eulogy to the Prophet, and 7 poems, and 1 masnavi, and 14 couplets in the "Muhtelifü'l-Me'al-i Eş'arıma Bir Nazar" section. It also includes prose sections: "To A Bunch of Flowers" and "Cümel". The present paper aims to publish the Mahsûl-i Şebâbım with Latin letters, inform the readers about İbrahim Necati, one of the unknown poets of the 19th century, and his literary personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It may be considered too pretentious to analyze the totality of a period of hundred years comprising different administrations, regimes and ceaselessly changing world environment. Particularly if the issue is about the transport policies of our large cities, sometimes fluctuating on every one or two years" Therefor this paper starts by focusing on the transport history of Aksaray District of Istanbul, and summarizes the developments from the beginning of 20th Century until 1970's. In this context, the disruptive consequences of road projects in the Historical Peninsula -implemented mostly unconsciously-are exhibited. After a short review of contemporary transportation policies emerged in the world in subsequent years, policies executed in three largest cities of Turkey -including Ankara and Izmir-are analyzed. It is observed that former understanding continued in major cities, with an exception of few local contemporary implementations. An assessment of transport projects and measures realized in those cities from 1990's until nowadays -according to globally accepted criteria- follows these observations. The conclusion states that the factors which caused the emergence of contemporary transport policies will remain as a major risk for the whole world in post pandemic period and those policies will be needed more than ever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the property of those who embezzled state property and those who rebelled in the early periods of the Ottoman Empire was confiscated as a criminal sanction, this situation became a general practice covering all bureaucrats who were dismissed or died from the 16th century. The assets of people who served more or less as a public officer were confiscated and sold after their death or dismissal, and the accumulated income were recorded as a revenue for treasury. The governor of Damascus, Topal Vizier Yusuf Pasha, was educated in the Enderun, which was a place for human resource of the administrative and military personnel of the Ottoman palace. He ascended to the Private Room (Has Oda), which was the highest level here, and then a reached the rank of Chakirbashi (Hunting Officer). From there he became provincial governor and received the duty of inspector to clean up bandits in Anatolia. Starting from Raqqa in the last years of the 17th century, he became governor of many provinces until his death in 1716, and was even appointed to some of them for the second time. As with all Ottoman bureaucrats, with the death of Topal Yusuf Pasha, an edict was regularly sent from Istanbul for the confiscation of his property. The assets and property of the pasha in Damascus were determined by and carried out by the officials. Some of them were auctioned in Istanbul and others in Damascus. While some of his estates were handed over to Damascus Governor İbrahim Pasha for his pilgrimage road needs, others were sent to the treasury. In our paper, the confiscation and sale process of the properties and belongings of Topal Yusuf Pasha, an Ottoman bureaucrat, will be examined. In addition, the variety of a bureaucrat's goods will also be evaluated. An also, this review is important in terms of both recognizing the pasha and analyzing the economic, social and cultural characteristics of the period. All these will be prepared by making use of the registeries and documents in the Ottoman Archives and the chronicles of the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bibliophile culture is the Ottoman Empire is usually associated with the names such as Ali Emîrî Efendi as an iconic figure in The Second Constitution Period. Yet, the attributions such a Mecânîn-i Kütüp [Those who are madly in love with the books] or, "Muhibbân-ı Kütüp" [Book Lovers], can be used to describe a great many cultural activists that are generally unknown in academic circles. In modern literature, the figures who can be explained by the term's bibliophile and biblioman has been recognized and appreciated moderately for the role they have played in the prospering of book and library culture. The ones whose intimate relationship with the books have led to their financial ruins and eternal appreciation from history. Only a handful of such figures have got the opportunity to be revived from the annals of history due to recent scholarships. Many of these respectable figures have enriched their libraries and private book collections with extraordinary zest and determination, acquiring vast linguistic knowledge and undertaking extensive voyages in the old world. Thus, they earned the right to be called bibliophile. Most of these scholars, their heroic endeavors, and precious collections have joined the annals of history, except for a handful of few. This current paper is an attempt to revive and recognize one of the greatest bibliophiles of the period, S. M. Tawfiq whose contribution to Ottoman publication in Sebîlürreşâd journal as a travel writer had earned him fame in publication circles, yet, his other contribution to book culture, namely his book collection, has received insufficient attention so far. This current paper is an attempt to pay the due tribute to the man whose expertise on books, along with his insatiable love of knowledge, his journalism, and his outstanding book collection had contributed immensely to the prospering of book culture in The Second Constitution Period. This paper hopes to provide S. M. Tawfiq with the recognition that he certainly deserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent transportation systems use parameters such as traffic flow, density and speed to manage city traffic. This paper presents a novel prediction model for traffic speed prediction consisting of nine stages. In the presented model, real vehicle data were passed through data filtering and map matching processes, density-based clusters were created, cluster features were generated, instant traffic state was displayed, and traffic speed prediction was performed using with the artificial neural network RNN model. In previous studies, while traffic speed prediction can be performed on a specific road with stationary data sources or on different days with distributed GPS records, in the developed model, characteristics of the interested road are created by obtaining density-based vehicle cluster features, short-term and data-driven speed prediction is made within the changeable structure of traffic. Speed prediction was tested on Eskisehir and Istanbul roads belonging to Ankara province, the error rates were determined for speed prediction using the RNN variant LSTM and GRU methods, Eskisehir road LSTM-GRU error rates were measured as 8,595-8,656 and İstanbul road error rates as 7,331-7,955, respectively. The developed model for the changeable nature of traffic has yielded successful results in near real time. It is considered that the proposed model will offer different and new solutions in the prediction of traffic parameters, accelerate the processes and assist to the users more accurate and faster services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State-led urban renewal has been a "modus operandi" for transforming city parts to serve various objectives, including the reproduction of the built environment, maximizing returns to real estate, or changing the socioeconomic profiles of neighborhoods. However, large-scale urban renewal agendas do not necessarily unfold as projected. This paper introduces the term 'detransformation' to define the socio-political nature of this multifaceted and complex process of urban change that diverges from the intended outcome and intensifies the politics of waiting. By conducting a comparative analysis of three extreme cases of urban renewal operations from three major metropolitan cities in Turkey (Fikirtepe-Kadikoy in Istanbul, Karabaglar in Izmir, and Akdere-Mamak in Ankara), we explore the inherent institutional, political, and administrative mechanisms that impede the intended redevelopment outcomes. We identify the socioeconomic and legal dynamics that lead to the institutional bottlenecks in redevelopment planning and conclude that the reckless urban renewal implementation generates exceptions to the order of formal urbanization that is mainly shaped around the politics of waiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important figures of the National Struggle, Marshal Fevzi Cakmak performed important duties in the army both in the Ottoman and in Turkish Republic eras. After serving successfully for many years, he retired from the army as the Chief of General Staff on January 12, 1944. Subsequently, he entered the political scene as an independent candidate for the Democrat Party and was elected Member of Parliament for Istanbul in 1946. Çakmak, who later accepted the Honorary Presidency of the Nation Party in 1948 and continued his work there, passed away on April 10, 1950. After his death, no official ceremony was held due to confusion with regard to the funeral ceremony. Thus, Çakmak's coffin instead of being carried on a cannon cart, was led to his last journey in Eyüp Sultan Cemetery on hands of a large crowd. After the Marshal's death, no official mourning was declared across the country. Various incidents occurred due to the allegations that the government did not show the necessary respect to Çakmak's death and that the radio channels continued their regular broadcast streams, especially the music broadcast. As a result of the events, many people were detained and a judicial process was initiated against them. This study, utilizes contemporary periodical publications stored in the Republican Archives, analyzed and contrasted with the findings of modern scholarship. Finally, based on information with regard to the death and the broadcasting of the funeral rites of Marshal Fevzi Çakmak, the paper aims to discuss the contrast between the governmental and journalistic perspectives versus the people's reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to understand and explain the work permit process of immigrants within a particular city, Istanbul. The research sample consisted of 825 immigrants who applied to the consultancy company for work permits between 2012 and 2019. The information collected by the consultancy company includes immigrants' demographic information and their work permit applications. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the data analysis, displaying descriptive statistics to outline the character of the work permit process of immigrants. In addition to the field research findings, Turkey's immigration policy which determines the frames of work permit was integrated with quantitative findings to explain the work permit process. The most important outcome of this study is that the work permit process has gained importance among immigrants and this trend is much more common among women, a particular result in the Istanbul sample. Another significant outcome of this study is that work permit applications are concentrated in the service industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychoanalytic Group Therapy started with the original work of Siegmund Heinrich Foulkes and Wilfred Ruprecht Bion in the 1940s. It is a treatment method that originates primarily from psychoanalytic theories and is compatible and integrated with other psychotherapeutic theories. Designed to provide an intensive and in-depth study, it aims to understand the individual's encounter with his inner world and its relationship with the other. Today, group analysis training is given in many countries and group analysts are trained. For the first time in Turkey, based in Istanbul, under the name of "Istanbul Group Analysis Association (IstGA)" psychoanalytic group therapists are being trained in cooperation with IIGA (Israeli Institute of Group Analysis) EFPP (European Federation for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy), GASI (Group Analytic Society International) and EGATIN (European Group Analytic Training Institutions Network). This article is the first research paper in Turkey written about the group analysis. In this article, the history, establishment, founders and theories of group analysis will be discussed in the foreground. It is aimed to develop and spread group analysis in our country and eventually pave the way for our people to access this valuable treatment method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the Sorush newspaper published in Istanbul as a case of Iranian journalism in exile, this paper seeks to shed light on one aspect of Persian journalism in the constitutional period. On the eve of the 1906 Constitutional Revolution, Persian journalism entered into a critical phase that flourished outside the country. Istanbul, Calcutta, Cairo and London were the centres where Iranian intellectuals developed their critical ideas through this modern media. Inspired by these ideas, the Constitutional Revolution prepared an unprecedented situation for Iranian journalists to develop their flourishing career inside the country. It was in this period that a distinguished constitutionalist and intellectual Ali Akbar Dehkhoda began his journalistic career. Together with Mirza Jahangir Khan Shirazi, he began to publish Sur-e Esrafil, which presented a straightforwardly critical voice against Qajar despotism. Yet the passing flame of political freedom died out by the restoration of despotism and forced Dehkhoda and some of his colleagues to leave their homeland. He first went to Switzerland and then to Istanbul, where he continued his career in exile and published a new Persian-language newspaper by the name of Sorush. An analysis of this short-lived newspaper allows us to identify three pivotal concerns in its pages: advocacy of constitutionalism, opposition to imperialism and defending Iran's independence and territorial integrity, and the last but not the least, reflecting on Iran's first experience in constitutionalism. Indeed, for Dehkhoda and his colleagues in Sorush of İstanbul, securing an independent and well-integrated Iran was the most critical issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Young Turks assumed power in Istanbul, Iranians who had fled the bombardment of the Iranian Majles found the capital of the Ottoman Empire an opportune space for resistance. This article examines the revolutionary discourse that evolved in Istanbul during the Lesser Despotism (Estebdad-e Saghir) in 1908 and 1909. By delving into the Anjoman- e Sa'adat, Anjoman-e Baradaran-e Irani and the Komiteh-ye Nesvan-e Irani-ye Moqimin-e Istanbul, alongside the Persian press, i.e. Shams [Istanbul] and Soroush [Istanbul], I argue that the political center that Iranians formed in Istanbul defined the discourse and the ultimate vision of the constitutionalists in Iran.This paper demonstrates how Istanbul became a major political center during Iran's constitutional revolution and how it paved the way for the restoration of the constitutional rule, the abdication of Mohammad Ali Shah, and the establishment of the second Majles in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The madrasahs of the Ottoman period are continuations of their predecessors in Seljuks in terms of both the sciences and books taught and employment opportunities. Students, who have completed their madrasah education by getting ijazatnāma/id̲j̲āza, were employed as professors and judges or pursued religious careers as muftis, preachers, and imams. Therefore, madrasahs met the juridical, administrative, civilian, and educational staff needs of the state for a long time. In addition, new educational institutions opened especially after the Period of Tanzimat (18391878) met the staff need of the state in the mentioned areas and even narrowed employment areas of madrasahs in later times. However, issues such as the conditions of madrasahs, the lives of mudarrisun, the examination and employment of students were mostly studied with the samples of bilād-ı salāsa (Istanbul, Bursa, and Edirne), and there were not enough studies about the case in rural areas. Therefore, this study discusses the employment of a mudarris in the countryside through his education life and exam papers, in the sample of İlyas Efendi (18731956), the mudarris of Hatay/Dörtyol, and his registry file. In the study, a qualitative research method based on data collection and content analysis of documents was used. In this context, the Ottoman Archive of Prime Ministry, and partially, Haleb, Adana, and Ankara provincial yearbooks/annuals (sālnāma) and National Education Yearbooks were used. Ilyas Efendi, who was born in Hācın (Saimbeyli) and received his first education there, was appointed as a mudarris by a scientific committee by judging his competence and merit. Western influence in education that started with the Tanzimat Period and modernization in education with the establishment of new educational institutions caused some changes and contractions in the employment of madrasah graduates. As a matter of fact, while the need for judicial, administrative, military, etc. officials was met by newly opened educational institutions, employment areas of the madrasah was mostly comprised of officials who would perform religious services and madrasah staff such as mudarrisun. When Ilyas Efendi’s education life, ijazatnāma/id̲j̲āza texts, and exam document are examined, it is seen that he was tested in the sciences he studied, and there are no direct questions in the disciplines such as Tafsir, Hadith and the Methodology of Hadith. Although there is no clear information about the field(s) in which Ilyas Efendi thaught in the document we examined, it can be argued that he primarily gave lectures on religious disciplines such as Fiqh and Kalam, as well as Arabic Language and Rhetoric, based on the certificate and examination. Although it is difficult to talk about a standard curriculum with a certain framework, it can be concluded from the file belonging to İlyas Efendi that the courses/books taught in the rural madrasahs are similar to the texts taught in the Ottoman madrasahs in almost every period, and in this respect, they continue the Ottoman central madrasah culture to a large extent. It is also possible to see this from the series of scholars in the text of id̲j̲āza. In addition, when the Ottoman Madrasahs and their curriculum are examined, common books such as Mutavval, (Molla) Cāmî, Multeka’l-Ebhur, Dureru’l-Hukkām, Şerh-i Akāid and Îsāgûcî (to be taught in different degrees) are encountered. Considering the works taught and the practices related to employment, it can be concluded that it is not possible to distinguish the madrasahs in the rural areas from their counterparts in the urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burial, for the dead individual, is created by the living. It is a compound of its architecture, fill, dead object, space, and time. Archaeotanatology is the determination of burial practices of the past societies, using different analytical methods and data from archaeological burials, skeletons/human bones. With analytical tools such as the interactive handling of archaeological contexts, the taphonomic analysis of the skeletonization process of the body and the chronology of the articulation of the bones forming the skeletal system, archaeotanatology suggests that these buried objects should be examined using a special method. French scientists Henri Duday and Claude Masse pioneered the establishment of the method in the 1980s. Today, it forms the basis of burial analysis in France, and its use is becoming widespread in European countries. In Anatolian Archeology, the method was first partially used in the field at Aşıklı and in the laboratory analysis of human remains unearthed at Çayönü Skull Building excavation. In recent years, the author of the article applied archaeotanatological methods in the analysis of burials unearthed from the Çemialo Ridge excavations within the scope of the Ilısu Dam Project, and Yenikapı, Pendik, Sirkeci, Sulukule, Beşiktaş and Haydarpaşa excavations in İstanbul. This paper focuses on the excavation and analytical tools of primary individual burials. Samples selected from different types of burials can also be used as a reference in the application of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates six different equity pricing factors' performance in explaining the diversely constructed equity portfolio returns in Turkish markets between 2000 and 2018. For this purpose, we perform time-series regressions of the test portfolio returns formed by different methods on six equity pricing factors based upon market return, firm size, book-to-market ratio, operating profitability, investment, and momentum variables. The results are fivefold. First, even after controlling for six factors, we observe that some portfolios still have abnormal returns. Second, all test portfolios have high sensitivities to the market factor. Third, the portfolios incorporating small companies are more sensitive to SMB factor than portfolios incorporating big companies. Fourth, the significance of HML, RMW, and CMA factors in explaining portfolio returns depends heavily on how the test portfolios are constructed. Finally, the WML factor is not statistically significant in explaining the test portfolio returns; however, this finding can be explained by the fact that the momentum return has not been used as a ranking variable when constructing the test portfolios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buildings - especially the residential buildings - are among the high priority areas in climate change due to their large share of CO2 emissions, their significant energy saving potentials and the increased comfort expectations of their occupants. A systematic and numerical investigation of how building performance will be affected by climate change in the future is crucial for both retrofitting the existing buildings and making long-term strategical decisions. This paper presents the simulation-based results of the climate change impact assessment for a typical multi-storey residential building in Istanbul. In this study, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios - representing the low/medium and high CO2 emission scenarios - defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are used to generate two different climate data sets for 2060. Three cooling scenarios (natural ventilation, hybrid ventilation and air-conditioned) have been developed to represent different building usage profiles for the building simulations. Investigated performance metrics were selected as building heating/cooling energy consumption, CO2 emission and occupant thermal comfort. Analysis results analysis show that the predicted temperature rise will have a strong impact on the building cooling energy consumption and/or occupant thermal comfort. The results indicate the necessity of taking measures for adaptation of buildings to the changing climate and the importance of decarbonization of electricity generation to mitigate the effects of climate change. This study will also serve as a basis for future retrofit studies for the changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I present Serbian irredentist actions through the establishment of Carigradski Glasnik (Constantinople's Messenger), an Istanbul-based Serbian periodical aimed at audiences in Ottoman Macedonia, a region which Greek, Bulgarian and Serbian countries claimed as their own national territory. In the 19th century, the region became a political arena for spreading national propaganda campaigns aimed at convincing the Slavic-speaking Orthodox population of their respective Greek, Serbian, or Bulgarian nationhood. However, the intention of Serbian diplomatic circles, and therefore of Carigradski Glasnik, was not to undermine Ottoman sovereignty but rather to act in accordance with it. That is, Serbia calculated that it was in its best interest that Macedonia remains within the Ottoman Empire. Namely, as a latecomer it had to consolidate its position in the region and for this needed to keep Ottoman Macedonia within Ottoman borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Istanbul, the need for a slaughterhouse operating under scientific and modern methods reached its peak toward the end of the 19th century, leading numerous institutions to address such demand. Although there were already established slaughterhouses in various locations of the city at the time, the public health was in jeopardy as medical and scientific principles were not followed, and no pre or post-slaughter inspections of animals were carried out. Moreover, these slaughterhouses were not subject to appropriate taxes, resulting in government revenue loss. Furthermore, the "Şehremaneti" (Municipality) claimed that the slaughterhouses and livestock markets in their current form were generating unfair profits, causing the meat prices to spike without any precedence. Considering the reformation of current slaughterhouses a grueling task, the Şehremaneti launched a tender in 1911 for the construction of a public slaughterhouse and livestock market equipped with all the medical, scientific, and modern standards for use of all the inhabitants of Istanbul. A commission was appointed to determine the most suitable project and it was decided to grant the operating rights of the establishment for 40 years to the winning project in return for the construction of such establishment, as well as to allocate a certain share to the Şehremaneti from the revenues of the slaughterhouse and the livestock market. The present paper examines the efforts undertaken to build a slaughterhouse and a livestock market using Ottoman archival documents. The causes of the demand for such an establishment, the reports on the tender process, the reactions against the tender, and government institutions and industry leaders' approach on the issue were identified through first-hand sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tile, which creates an organic connection with the buildings by emphasizing the architectural features of the building in Mimar Sinan monuments, is the leading decoration element of the classical period Ottoman architecture. Tiled monuments are generally concentrated in Istanbul and Edirne. Muradiye Mosque, the only work of Mimar Sinan in the Aegean region, is the most important architectural monument of Manisa, known as the city of princes. Although it is possible to see all kind of decoration in the 16th century architecture, the most important of these are the tiles. In this paper, the tiles of the mosque, which belong to the most mature period of tile art, processed in multi-colored red underglaze technique are examined with photographs and drawings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After locavore was chosen as the best word of the year in 2007, its popularity increased gradually. Today great number of locavores consciously prefer locally produced food for the benefit of themselves and their community. Undoubtedly this conscious movement has its consequences in marketing discipline. Accordingly, this paper is purposed to examine the how locavore perceptions affect loyalty towards retailers that sell locally produced food. In this context, a survey was applied to people residing in Istanbul and Kocaeli districts to measure the robustness of these effects. Furthermore, attitude towards locavore is used as a control variable to reveal to what extend locavorism affects these proposed connections. According to results, for participants with low attitude, Social Responsibility and Health Consciousness variables have significant effect on local retailer shopping loyalty. However, for participants with high attitude, all independent variables proved to have substantial effect on local retailer shopping loyalty. As the first empirical study in Turkey on the subject, this paper will provide important insight to academia and practicioners due to today's ever-increasing consciousness in green marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A training program was conducted in 2018-2019 academic year within the scope of the "Beautiful Istanbul Project" of the Ministry of National Education. "The Role of Visual Arts in Teacher Development" program was held in Emine Koçulu Primary School in Ümraniye district of Istanbul during two weekends, in total 4 days and 12 hours. A total of 8 teachers who mainly lectured at primary schools participated in the program. Participant teachers were given hands-on painting training for four days. This is a project-focused field study aiming to contribute to teacher development. The aims of the study are to contribute to the improvement and the development of students' educational process by sharing teachers' knowledge and skills, and also to make the learning effective by practicing together. In this paper, the process of the program and the results of this process were shared. Data analysis of situations such as problems encountered by teachers during the process of the program was conducted and in the results, recommendations and evaluations were made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With there vision of International Accounting Standard 1 (IAS 1) by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 2007, the importance of comprehensive income as an indicator of corporate performance has been in creased. The purpose of this paper is to test whether other comprehensive income provide decision-use fulinformation for users of financial information. Based on the Ohlson's model (1995), the paper tests the value-relevance of comprehensive income disclosure during the period 2008Q1 - 2013Q1 for the select group of the Borsa Istanbul listed companies. The results show that the relationship between comprehensive income and market prices is statistically meaningful. Our findings, therefore, suggest that other comprehensive income provides decision-use fulinformation to users of financial statements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to put out the reflections of the revolt that occurred in Istanbul against the Constitutional regime and the administration of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) on 13th April 1909 (31st March 1325 in Rumi calendar) in Trabzon. Therefore, this study is going to describe the political events that occurred during the reign of Sultan Abdulhamit II, the illegal activities of the CUP against the Hamidian regime, the events at the Second Constitutional period and the events during the 31st March Incident and then the reflections of the 31st March Incident in Trabzon are going to be explained. The social and political influences of the protests, organized by the local representatives of the CUP in favor of the Constitution and against the rebels are going to be expressed. Also, the efforts of the local officers and the British consul for preventing any negative activities during the demonstrations in favor of the Constitution are going to be held in this work. After mentioning the effects of the dethronement of Sultan Abdulhamit II in Trabzon, capturing the escapee rebels in Trabzon and sending them back to Istanbul for judgments in the Martial Court is going to be explained. These events in Trabzon - a strategic city in Ottoman era- are tried to be followed throughout the reports of the British consul in the city, the newspaper clippings, the memoirs and the Ottoman archival documents and the information that held from these sources is going to be evaluated in detail. The reflections of the 31st March Incident, which has a significant role in modern Turkish history, in Trabzon are going to be mentioned in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquake damage assessment methodologies are applied mainly for two purposes; as a damage assessment methodology in urban areas and as a land use study in undeveloped areas for the purpose of city planning. Satisfactory earthquake damage assessment methodologies should incorporate the information from geological and geophysical investigations, quantitative, qualitative analyses and expert interpretations. In today's state-of-the-art, despite the existence of numerous applications in this context, there is still a need for comprehensive and quantitative methodologies to ensure that all the damage-causing phenomena are well understood and included. Regarding these studies, data collection and quality are of primary importance because once spatial database is implemented; it is rarely scrutinized for its correctness, completeness or accuracy leaving behind serious data quality issues. In Turkey devastating earthquakes, which hit Kocaeli and Düzce area in 1999 have created an increasing awareness about the damaging potential of earthquakes. In the context of earthquake preparedness efforts, microzonation projects have been prepared for various districts in Istanbul and Marmara region. In this paper, an integrated earthquake damage assessment methodology is presented to fulfill the need for standardized and quantitative approaches in this area. The approach inherently carries a soilstructure interaction concept by combining the site specific geotechnical and structural properties in a quantitative manner. The basic merit of the proposed methodology is to include all the damage making phenomenon systematically and to evaluate their effects both individually and in combination. Earthquake damage assessment analyses with respect to primary and collateral effects were conducted. The primary damage-causing effect was accepted to be ground shaking and the collateral effects were accepted as liquefaction, seismic bearing capacity degradation and landslides. At the present state of the art, existing spatial earthquake damage assessment studies acknowledge the collateral effects due to liquefaction and landslides but fail to consider those due to seismic bearing capacity degradation of shallow foundations. This consideration is important, because while liquefaction is a threat for loose and granular soils, seismic bearing capacity degradation may occur in almost all types of foundation soils. In this paper, a damage grade was assigned for each individual event and also an integrated damage grade for their combined effects. Assigned damage grades were based on an interpretation of a probabilistic "damage-damage causing event" relationship available in the literature and applicable for the region. The damage grades given in this paper reflect a rough probabilistic evaluation but their function is to define a single decision made over a set of probabilities. The proposed methodology was also applied to Bakirkoy district in Istanbul and the results indicate the effectiveness of the approach. In order to collect the necessary geological, geotechnical data for the spatial analysis 87 borings amounting to 2011 meters were made in an area of 6.1 km². The study was conducted by a multidisciplinary team of Istanbul University (Istanbul University Report, 2000). An extensive laboratory-testing program was conducted to determine physical and mechanical properties of soil and rock samples recovered from the boreholes. Seismic wave refraction surveys were conducted at 125 locations and electrical resistivity measurements were made at 210 points All the data related to the location of boring logs. geophysical measurement points, three dimensional topography and geology of the region were displayed via GIS maps. The analyses have shown that the district carries a considerable risk of being significantly affected by future earthquakes and therefore damage and consequent economic losses from a great magnitude earthquake centered near the district would be severe. Although it has been applied in Turkey, the proposed methodology has the basic feature of being applicable to any earthquake-prone area. The methodology developed can be extended to add the effects of any other damage making phenomena that may affect the considered region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sprawling urban development is one of the major concerns in terms of sustainable urban development. Critics of sprawl argue that urban expansion invade the agricultural land, leading to a loss of amenity benefits from open space. In addition, growth at the urban fringe is thought to depress the incentive for redevelopment of land closer to city centers, leading to decay of city centers. Under free-market conditions the decisions of individuals minimize costs and maximize profit. This is mostly in favour of conversion of rural land leading to sprawling urban development because it is easier and more profitable due to lower land values. In response to concerns about sprawl, compact development strategies have been proposed in order to alleviate the market failures and promote sustainable development. Therefore, urban planners require information related to the rate of growth, pattern and extent of sprawl to provide basic measurements to define sprawl characteristics. Measuring urban sprawl is a controversial topic among scholars who investigate the urban landscape. There have been many attempts to measure sprawl by developing quantifiable indicators. Density is considered as one of the essential components of measuring sprawl. Since density is a very complex concept and its measures vary in several ways, it is important to determine how the relationship between density and sprawl should be evaluated. The density gradient is an alternative approach to quantifying density instead of using the number of people or dwelling units per given area. The idea of a density gradient is the percentage change in density for a small change in distance from an urban center, or the density gradient of sprawl. It can be argued that the density gradient model, which generalizes urban form as monocentric, is a good fit in explaining urban dynamism as cities grow and economies develop. Using measurable indicators, researchers created a sprawl index based on factors that can be analyzed. Recently, scholars have also identified measurable characteristics of sprawl and proposed specific indicators of sprawl to characterize patterns of urban growth and land use. The other attempts involve using certain spatial simulation techniques to measure urban form both in theoretical simulations and while using empirical data. The aim of this paper is to provide a sprawl measurement methodology that contributes to the understanding of sprawl dynamics of Istanbul. In this paper, a sprawl index was calculated to measure urban sprawl in Istanbul. The information that was used in the sprawl index was assembled for each of 787 neighborhoods of Istanbul. For each neighborhood level, the built up areas of neighborhoods have been taken as the statistical units for the calculation of the sprawl index. 18 variables related to built-up areas were collected and entered into database. Using factor analysis 18 indicators were explained by three components (density, mix-use and accessibility) and then each neighborhood received density score, mix-use score and accessibility score. Since 'density' and 'accessibility' have an inverse effect in the context of urban sprawl measurement, the accessibility factor is considered as a negative component, while density and mix-use were considered as positive component in the calculation of sprawl index. Consequently, using sprawl score, Istanbul is divided into five zones ranging from the most sprawled to the most compact. The results demonstrate that the spatial development pattern of Istanbul exhibits urban sprawl characteristics. Current planning approach alone is not effective to reduce sprawl without setting certain spatial strategies by which development activity is restricted or additional requirements for new development are imposed in certain areas. This brings the compact development strategies to planners' attention as a way to control urban sprawl. For further research, it should be investigated if uncontrolled urban sprawl might feasibly be shifted from the areas where it now seems likely to occur into other areas closer to the center of the metropolitan areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of real estate property to the national economy is vital. The demand of people for a place to live in, accommodation, and investments has been ongoing for a long period of time. Urban land values particularly, have a determining effect on both urban planning and real estate activities. Knowing the factors affecting the urban land values could be an important advantage in order to determine the future of urban development, and foresee the probable changes. In this study it is aimed to develop a scientific approach in order to be able to make proper decisions in regenerating urban areas, urban design projects, land use planning and real estate investments starting from what the urban variables are and how do they affect the land values. The goal of this study is to highlight the effect of locations of the housing unit in the city, and the structure of the neighbourhood other than the effect of construction quality of the buildings which have the same construction costs. At the same time, it is aimed to make this study a source to be used as a guide for decision makers in using the urban land more economically, in a world metropolis such as Istanbul. In the context of the study 504 street from 13 neighbourhoods around Istanbul (9 from European side and 4 from Asian side) were analysed with random size sampling technique. These samplings reveal a residential function of land use in the study area. In the scope of this paper it is aimed to find out the factors according to which land values differ, by determining the land values street by street in different residential areas of Istanbul. This study has become a paper in which many different methods are used. They include determining the economical values, forming a location model using space syntax, evaluating the location structure numerically, determining the urban variables that are thought to be effecting (arisen from a literature research) the urban values and combining the collected data on a database and considering the relation between them with a statistical program. In the research in order to define the factors affecting the value of residential units and their measurement, a method reflecting the originality of the study has been used. Parallel to the model formed in this perspective, axes have been drawn on the street basis to form a location model for every neighbourhood selected. A combination value for every street has been calculated using the space syntax method which is developed for location studies and which evaluates the locations numerically. Later, the accessibility parameters for every street and the distance of every street to the facilities have been determined. For the measurement of the visual quality and comfort, again on the street basis buildings, pavements, landscape and security factors have been graded. After all these calculations all data is gathered in statistical program.In the next section, after evaluating the relation of the data with the land values, a regression analysis has been made.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Company that has made a profit taken into consideration by investors when they take a decision to invest in a company and this expectation of investor referred to as "Exceeding Zero Threshold". In this paper focus on companies' propensities to meet or not meet this expectation of investors. We examined 7008 companies' quarterly financial report, 146 companies between 2000-2011. We find evidence that companies tend to meet the expectation of exceeding zero earning threshold of investor. Besides we find evidence that companies use discretionary accruals to meet this expectation of investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The connection between ownership structure and performance has been important research subject in finance literature. This paper aims to investigate the relation between the ownership structure and the performance of corporations on the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE 30 Index). In this context, the data are obtained from 19 manufacturing firms included in the ISE 30 index between the year of 2007 and 2010. The relationship between ownership structure and financial performance were tested by the multi regression models. Eviews 6.0 and MS-Excel softwares are used for the analyses. The examining the relationship between two dependent variables (Tobin'sQ and market value) and three independent variables (ownership concentration, three largest shareholders and free float rate). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on shear strength of soils always had, and perhaps still has, an important part in the development of soil mechanics. Some of the work carried out on the shear strength of cohesive soils is discussed here. Karl Terzaghi came to Istanbul Technical University in 1916 and stayed in Istanbul till 1922. During his stay in Istanbul, he had the opportunity to re-evaluate and reconsider his engineering experiences of the past from the perspective of present. He later wrote, "I was sitting in a mood of depression at an old rustic coffee house overlooking Golden Horn. I suddenly visualised what was needed to obtain a rational approach to the problem involved in earthwork and foundation engineering." He carried out a series of experiments and made observations. He recognized that the addition of an increment of external pressure to a clay sample resulted in a temporary increment of water pressure of equal magnitude and soil's inter-grain contacts would feel no increment of force until the pore pressure began to dissipate. He defined "the pressure acting in the solid phase of the clay" which is now known as "the effective stress". At the time Karl Terzaghi stated one of the fundamental principles of soil mechanics (Terzaghi, 1936) "… All measurable effects of a change of the shearing resistance are exclusively due to the changes in the effective stresses…." The principle of effective stress is extremely important concept in soil mechanics. A number of corollaries can be deduced from that principle. The engineering behaviour of soils with similar structure and mineralogy will be the same if they have the same effective stress. If the soil loaded or unloaded without change of volume and without any distortion there will be no change of effective stress. By raising or lowering pore water pressure it is possible to change the volume of the soil. Coulomb studied the stability of earth masses by considering the frictional resistance of a sliding block and published his famous paper in 1776. After Coulomb and many attempts have been made to redefine c and ? to improve the equation in view of the new findings. Besides field observations and physical simulation by means of tests and monitoring our under-standing of soil behaviour is improved. The Mohr theory of strength has been very useful in predicting stress conditions at failure from triaxial and other shear test results. The theory is based on the assumption that the shear stress on a failure plane is a unique function of the normal stress acting on that plane without particular reference to the associated strains. M. Juul Hvorslev carried out a series of tests on remoulded consolidated clay samples in the soils laboratory of Terzaghi in Wien Technische Hochschule. Hvorslev was aware that a cohesive soil undergoes either decrease or increase in the void ratio depending on its state of consolidation and also this change in the void ratio is simultaneous with the increase or decrease of pore water pressure. The classical work of Peynircioğlu (1939) on the shear strength of remoulded saturated cohesive soils is the earliest verification of Hvorslev's findings. Roscoe, Schofield, Wroth (1958) in their prominent work define shear strength in three dimensional form by taking deviator stress (q), mean principal effective stress (p) and void ratio (v) as axes. They showed that failure points of clay samples which were initially isotropically consolidated and then loaded in drained and undrained triaxial compression tests fall on the same line in that space. They coined that line as the Critical State Line. The projection of the critical state line onto the q - p plane may be described by q = M p where M is its gradient. Remoulded, reconsolidated samples, such as used by Hvorslev, Peynircioğlu, and stress in their tests may fall into the class of normally and lightly overconsolidated soils. The exact boundaries of the failure surface defined by them are continuously improved and discussed by the introduction of new experimental evidence. Yet the work carried out in the late thirties constituted a major progress still to be challenged. We owe the development of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering in Turkey to Professor A. Peynircioğlu (1908-1982). He worked in Istanbul Technical University where he was appointed as full professor in 1943. His lectures was always well prepared and inspiring. As an experienced engineer he was always consulted for constructions with difficult ground conditions. He established Soil Mechanics Research Institute of Istanbul Technical University, and Geotechnical Laboratory, lead and chaired the group constituted Turkish National Committee of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we aim to test concept of low stock price and long term stock performance in the context of asymmetric information phenomenon by using data of initial public offerings at Istanbul Stock Exchange. Thus, we analyze 42 stocks which has offered to the public between years 2000-2007. We calculate average abnormal returns and cumulative abnormal return. As a result the initial average returns of the 42 stocks appear to be 10,94%. Moreover the cumulative abnormal returns which were 27,95 % th rises to % 39,74 at the end of the 36 month. This significant increase in cumulative abnormal returns indicates that advantages of low pricing continues in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The locations of emergency medical service (EMS) and fire stations are vital to achieve an effective and safe emergency response system. As a community grows, it may become necessary to replace existing emergency stations or add more stations to satisfy the increasing public demands for emergency responses. In recent years, locating EMS and fire stations has gained more importance in a city with growing population and heavy traffic conditions such as Istanbul. In this paper, we address the siting of fire stations in Istanbul using a risk-based multiple coverage model. In this model, each demand point is required to be serviced from two or three stations within the desired time limits identified for different risk categories. We first solve this model optimally to determine the locations of the new fire stations in Istanbul; then we conduct an experimental study to elaborate on the complexity of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the study it is tried to determine how Yeni İstanbul Newspaper comprehended the military intervention realized on 27 May 1960. Yeni İstanbul Newspaper, which began to be published in 1949 in İstanbul as a political, economic and independent daily newspaper and whose name was changed in 1973 as İstanbul and which took the name Yeni İstanbul again in 1981 and was closed in the same year, is recalled as a press organ which was the supporter of Justice Party in the history of Turkish press. Yeni İstanbul Newspaper followed a publication line based on anti-communism and defense of sacred and morale. The newspaper struggled for the fact that the voter base of Democrat Party did not disperse after the 27th May through its publication line and placed wrtings and articles in its papers claiming that Justice Party was the successor of Democrat Party after the establishment of Justice Party. It should be stated that no enough data about Yeni İstanbul Newspaper is existent in the literature of history of Turkish press. Therefore, it is thought that the study will be a valuable contribution to the literature in the sense of removing this deficiency at a certain rate. The study is formed of three parts. In the first part the publication line of Yeni İstanbul Newspaper is came to light, in the second part the approach of the newspaper toward economic, political and social problems is summarized and in the third part the comprehension of 27th May of the newspaper is given to place. It is thought that the study is important in the sense of contributing in the discussions on the legitimacy of 27th May. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are mainly two concepts that appear with the development process of urban settlements. One of them is change and the other is sustainability or continuity. Unchanged and changed properties are strictly related to the development process itself and they differ in planned and self-generated systems. The present paper is intended to contribute to understanding the principles, which lead to the spatial evolution of cities through time. Beyazit square covering a 1km × 1km area, with its surroundings was selected for this study as it is one of the historical cores of Istanbul and has a unique character with its built environment and rich urban activities. Analyzing the changes in spatial structure in time shows the effects of the natural environment and the formerly built up environment as an initial condition. Although the general structure, which is shaped mainly by the dominance of historical environment, is unchanged, in the adaptation process for the changing social, economic and several other factors, many changes have occurred. This complicated process is examined by using the methods defined by chaos theory such as analyzing the changes in fractal dimensions in different time periods to explain the changing complexity level of spatial structure. The two key features of fractal dimension concept are generator and initiator. These features can be translated into urban pattern concept as the generation process or transformation rules and existing environment as an initial condition. Planning and selforganization represent two different processes leading to the transformation of the urban pattern. First of them is a topdown process, which has an ability to make changes on the whole urban pattern in a short time period, while second one reflects a bottomup process, where changes are made by individual decisions and they take longer to change the spatial pattern. Moreover, these two processes generally occur in different scales: Selforganization is closely related to buildings and plots while planning is generally more comprehensive and affects building blocks, transportation routes and the whole urban pattern. Because of these, the urban pattern can be classified into three main components: buildings, building blocks and roads. Fractal dimension in different time periods for each element is calculated separately. Although urban pattern is a fractal object, there is a big difference between computer generated theoretical fractals and urban pattern: Generally theoretical fractals are purely selfsimilar which is not applicable for real urban patterns. Added to this, urban pattern is a highly complex structure, the fractal dimension changes in different scales and different sub regions. Fractal generation in computer environment starts with the simple initiator object and generation rule, however, in urban realm, generally, the existing patterns are very heterogeneous and there are many interacted factors that affect the evolution process as a generation rule which result in various fractal dimensions. This feature is called as "multifractality". There are several methods to calculate fractal dimension such as: Hausdorff dimension, Self similarity dimension, Box counting dimension, Divider or ruler dimension, Lyapunov dimension, Information dimension, Dilation dimension. Box counting method is the most preferred to other methods in physical science. Box counting method is relatively easy to calculate and suitable to measure spatial elements of urban pattern. Because of these advantages, box counting method was selected to calculate the fractal dimension of uban pattern. The preliminary measurement results show that the fractal dimension of the Beyazit sample is over 1.7 that is higher than the values of 1.41.6 measured in modern settlement patterns. These results are considered to be a reflection of the complexity of the spatial structure of the study area. Detailed measurements of urban pattern revealed the multifractality of Beyazit sample. Beyazit has different fractal dimensions in different scales. The more diversity of spatial elements and heterogeneous structure of urban pattern bring together the increase in the range of fractal dimension values. On the other hand, fractal dimension values are generally over 1,7 and very close to each other with the exception of the year of 1819, which demonstrates very different pattern. Similar fractal dimensions of different time periods reflect the continuity of spatial character especially after 1900s. On the other hand, the changes in fractal dimension values are the result of spatial changes such as widened roads or changing building blocks and buildings demonstrating the relationship between fractal dimension and spatial configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers' experience in the retail stores is a relational process which can be explained as their interaction with space, products and the other people. The study which is presented in this paper deals with the relation between "consumption space" and "consumers' behavior" in the framework of "Environment-Behavior Studies" (EB). The purpose of the study is to examine the relation between "architectural layout", "consumer behavior", and "marketing strategies" in retail store spaces. Through the case study, the effect of spatial layout on shopping experience is examined, the impact of configuration on spatial perception, interaction between the customers and products, and buying behavior is discussed. Within the case study which is done in an electronics store, 620 customers' moving patterns in the store, and their interactions with products were observed by using "observation with cameras" and "space syntax" methods. By means of four parameters which are determined in the scope of this study; the characteristics of different points within the store space are defined, and the effects of these defined characteristics on consumer perception and consumer behavior are introduced upon measurable data by comparison of these parameters. Study tries to understand the effect of architectural space on consumer perception and customer-product interaction depending upon layout configuration and space organization; and discusses the possibility of its definition as a part of the marketing strategy. In this study, the effects of the architectural layout on consumer behavior are discussed in the framework of the conceptual model. In electronics stores, while customers are making desicions of where to go, meanwhile they try to get information about the products they will purchase or examine. Therefore, they are not only in close relation with the physical environment, but also with the product itself. The electronics store which is selected to investigate the underlined issues and their relationships is "Tekno-SAIstinye" store, which is located inside of the Istinye Shopping Mall in Istanbul, and is one of the 230 stores of this institutional brand. The case study was carried out in four stages, which are explained below; • "EPartition Line" and "Isovist" analyses were applied by "Space Syntax" method to find out the configurational properties of space (Information about epartition lines was obtained by activating a space syntax software called "Spatialist" of Georgia Tech. Univ., USA). • Analysis of the "Architectural Layout" was used to determine different "Locational Values" of the retail store. • The method of observation by means of "camera records" was used to present the frequency and duration of "interaction" between the customer and product. • Data accessed from the archives of marketing department were used to reveal the quantity of sold products and to discover the "Consuming Value". The outcomes obtained from the four stages of analysis provided definitions of different points' characteristics of space. Results show that spatial layout of the retail store affect spatial perception and consumer behavior. It's found that more products were purchased from more integrated spaces of the store. Surprisingly no interrelation was found between interaction with product and integration of spaces. It's suggested that general location (locational value) in terms of entrance location and cashbox location may be more affective than integration of different points in layout. In this sense, perception level of the store affects consumer behavior depending on architectural configuration and spatial layout. Results of this study provide clues about the relation between architectural configuration and inner-shopping behavior. By means of this study, a conceptual framework is created which combined the fields of "Architectural Design", "Consumer Behavior Studies" and "Marketing Strategies". This study aims to fill the gap in the literature that is about effect of architectural layout on shopping behavior and experience, and discusses the efficiency of architectural layout on the interaction of consumer and retail store spaces. Besides, the exploration of the relations between underlined concepts come into question for understanding the architectural design performance of consumption spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing issues in the research area of risk mitigation for urban cultural heritage in Turkey are mainly attributable to absence of a common and defined risk management system among the stakeholders that are responsible from risk mitigation at historical urban environments. Within this context this paper aims, to define a risk analysis system based on Analytic Hierarchy Process and spatial analysis methods within Geographic Information SystemsGIS that would guide for analysis of natural disaster related risks that threaten urban cultural heritage. Suggested methodology is implemented within Büyükada context. The sources of risks that threaten urban cultural heritage can be categorized such as physical, social, economic, political and technical /organizational however; it should also be noted that there are risks that can be a combined result of different categories of risk and not to mention that risk in itself is a multi layered concept. For instance a privately owned cultural heritage building might long be neglected due to different preferences of the owner and when it is demolished by an earthquake, the causative reason for this, is rooted in both the socio-cultural and the physical environment related risk factors. In Turkey, urban cultural heritage is under risk at many different levels. Aside from high earthquake risk, flooding and fire, other risk factors generated by political, social or economic factors include recent examples of Hasankeyf, an archeological heritage site that will be flooded by the completion of the Ilisu Dam; a conservation attitude that has been demoted to just keep the facades of heritage buildings in Tarlabaşı. Risk analysis for urban cultural heritage includes following steps: Analysis of existing structures and natural environment; Defining main risk sources and related risk factors for the heritage area; Prioritizing the causative risk factors and evaluating their weightings and rank; Evaluating each risk source independently and overall evaluation. Risks that are caused by natural disasters such as earthquake, flood and fire are among the costliest and most hazardous risks for heritage areas. Therefore risk analysis focuses on these natural disasters. Earthquake, fire and flood have been chosen among the risks that are caused by factors related to the physical environment. Within earthquake risk analysis: "Ground hazard analysis" where geological structure and their possible earthquake behavior is analyzed; "Tsunami hazard analysis" is made as an integrated analysis of possible earthquake affect through the sea topography, bathymetry and "Structural vulnerability analysis" is conducted where building behavior is assessed regarding to building type and condition. Fire risk analysis is combined of fire ignition and fire spread risk analysis. Fire ignition risk analysis includes analysis of explosive or flammable usage and areas. Fire spread risk analysis factors that affect the spread of the fire such as vegetation type and density, wind and slope. Within flood risk analysis, ground hazard analysis and vulnerability analysis of water distribution structures are made. Ground hazard analysis includes the geological formation that affects the permeability of the ground and topography of the area. Vulnerability analysis of water distribution structures includes the damage and the possible affected area that is around these structures. For Büyükada since there is no water collecting structures such as dams. Only ground water capacity analysis has been made. Risk factors are examined and their weightings have been defined for each risk with AHP in order to form raster image with spatial analysis within GIS for each risk sector. Risk analysis for Büyükada shows that %40,2 of all urban cultural assets are under very high risk of natural disasters. Fire and earthquake is more likely to cause damage on the overall Büyükada and urban cultural heritage. Earthquake risk is high due to ground properties, location of fault line and condition of existing building stock. Fire risk is rooted from high proportion of wooden structures, located close to dense forest area and fire ignition spots such as electricity distribution stations and LPG storage units. Adalar fire brigade is located on a high tsunami risk area, which might cause a secondary risk for uncontrolled fire at an event of earthquake and tsunami. Büyükada risk analysis reveals the most problematic areas, which would be beneficial in prioritizing resources within risk mitigation processes. Büyükada is isolated and carrying disadvantages of being an island, therefore the system and the infrastructure should be self-sufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of the size of the Board of Directors is examined on bank perform. The data in the study cover 12 private and public banks traded on Istanbul Stock Exchange ranging between 2006 and 2008. The regression and correlation analysis are used in the empirical analysis. The result of the empirical test reveals that, there is a negative and statistically significant relationship between bank profitability and the size of the Board Directors. On the other hand, it is found that there is a statistically significant positive linkage between the Tobin's Q as a Proxy for market and the size of the Board Directors. One of the important findings of this study is that, whereas the relationship between the public offering rates of banks and bank profitability is statistically positive, relationship between bank risk indicators and bank performance is statistically negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a survey conducted in 2008 in two districts of Istanbul, this paper will argue that social cleavage is still a crucial factor in determining party alignment in Turkey. Despite the fact that society went through a rapid process of modernization and markedly improved its economic conditions in the last three decades, the great majority of voters' choice appears to be mainly along two different cleavages: the religious and the regional one. In spite of the deep social and political transformation of Turkish society, these fractures among voters appear to be still determinant also in the biggest urban area, which should represent the vanguard in the process of 'Modernization'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between trade volume and Istanbul Stock Exchange composite index (ISE-100) return volatility for the period 1990-2008 by including the trade volume and the day of the week effect in to the GARCH, EGARCH and TGARCH models. The findings indicate the presence of the day of the week effect and leverage effect on return volatility. The estimation results of the GARCH and TGARCH models show that the effect of trade volume on return volatility is significant in the statistical sense but not positive. These findings provide strong evidence against the validity of Sequential Arrival Information and Mixed Distribution hypothesis in ISE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fate of "Beautiful Istanbul", one of the sculptures erected in a public space in Istanbul for the 50th year celebrations of the Turkish Republic under the joint initiative of Istanbul State Academy of Fine Arts, State School of Applied and Fine Arts and the Istanbul Municipality is not only a display of the relationship between political authority and art in Turkey, but an indication of the problem of representing and exhibiting the nude in Turkish culture. "Beautiful Istanbul", a sculpture dating 1974 by Gürdal Duyar was taken down by authorities on the grounds of the Ministry of Interior decision that it represented "Turkish mothers disgracefully", and that the artistic level of the Turkish people could not yet accepts such sculpture. Becoming a focus of hot debate in the political and cultural arena at the time, the "Beautiful Istanbul" became the site where different political ideologies collided. Comparing "Beautiful Istanbul" with other representations of the body both within art and popular culture in Turkey at the time gives us clues as to how the body is conceived in Turkish culture. This paper aims to show, through an art historical example, of how certain boundaries have been set in Turkish culture in relation to the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evliya Çelebi devoted the first "Book" of Seyahatname (Book of Travels) to İstanbul. The period from the founding of İstanbul till the 17th century is narrated through visual images and tales. In the sixth chapter of Book 1, Evliya Çelebi as a skilled story teller presents the talismans of İstanbul with a polyphonic and multicolored text where imagination and reality mingle closely. In this paper, how Evliya Çelebi narrates the legends of 17 talismans and its close relation with İstanbul's foundation epic fictionalized by Evliya will be analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the paper was to discuss the urban discourse of Istanbul by forming / developing a track through the representation of presented, proposed and / or produced urban projects in Istanbul eighties through the medium of popular textual media which accessed the community out of the architectural profession. There are several resources, systems and relations constituting the urban / spatial discourse. Urban discourses are nourished not only from the texts produced by the constructors of the urban space, but also from the representations of the print media of the popular culture and they got fermented in the memory of the society. Because discourses are the language codes that are used to represent the thought of the individual. This statement, judgement could be regarded as an appropriate for the 1980s and later in which architecture was particularly defined by the public space, and by entering our daily life was being discussed by the laities. Language is one of the most important factors to constitute/ form urban image in the mind of society. Urban codes exist with using language in life domains (the physical milieu, the buildings, the maps, the media…etc.), which produce their characteristic texts. Using of the language -speaking and understanding it- is the definition ability of human beings, woven into all human activity. It is our judgments and response, believing, relations, values, and situations. As a reflection of our culture, it is reproduction of the spaces. Language is a neglected subject in discussion of the architecture, which is conventionally regarded as a visual rather than the verbal activity. Architects also benefit from the verbal activities and texts to share with their ideas. But it couldn't say that these texts have more aid to constitute / form of urban image. Architecture has its own linguistic register.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]