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The consistency of fine soils is an essential tool in the classification and estimation of their parameters. Firstly, the changes in the consistency limits of the clayey soil improved with the waste material were investigated experimentally. Bentonite, which was classified as a high plasticity clay according to the unified soil classification system, was improved by using only waste glass powder, only waste EPS beads and both additives at different rates. Liquid limit and plastic limit tests were carried out. Secondly, a dataset (65 data) was gathered for the consistency limits of treated soils with similar waste materials in this study and literature. 80% of the data was selected to be used as training and 20% as a test dataset. Empirical correlations were obtained with the multiple linear regression method. The same dataset was used in the artificial neural network method (ANN) and the algorithm was trained. Both methods were run with the testing dataset and the results were compared. In both methods, the determination coefficients obtained from the training and testing data sets are satisfactorily high, and it is thought that the consistency limits of the treated clays will be estimated close to the actual values. In order to check that the results obtained by the ANN method are independent of the selected data sets, cross-validation tests were performed. As a result of this study, empirical correlations and ANN methods are proposed to be used in estimating the consistency limits of clayey soils improved with mentioned waste materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pozzolans are used as additives in stabilizing clayey soils and as trass in cement production. Natural and unnatural pozzolans added to the ground in the stabilization process increase the bearing strength and strength of the soil, reduce the deformations that will occur as a result of stresses, settlements, swelling potential, liquefaction potential and permeability. It Pozzolans, which are used in cement and called trass, reduce the heat of hydration, increase the resistance of concrete against cracking, increase the waterproofing of the concrete and prevent the expansion caused by the alkaliaggregate reaction. For this reason, researching materials with natural pozzolanic properties and examining their pozzolanic properties are important for the country's economy. In this study, chemical and mineralogical studies were carried out to determine the pozzolanic properties of acidic and basic tuffs, and pozzolanic activity tests were carried out on the tuffs. As a result of the studies, although the acidic character tuffs belonging to the Kızılkaya Formation meet the conditions for use as an additive in the stabilization and cement production recommended in the standards, they cannot provide sufficient compressive strength in the pozzolanic activity test. This is due to the low CaO ratio. For this reason, it is necessary to increase the CaO ratio with lime additives in the use of acidic tuffs. It has been concluded that the chemical properties of the basic character tuffs of the Karabakır Formation are not in accordance with the limit values given in the standards, they will not create sufficient pozzolanic reaction and cannot be used as an additive material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating and reusing wastes in the geotechnical field not only provides economical and effective solutions, but also contributes to sustainability by reducing the use of depleted resources. In this study, the effects of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 25% waste porcelain tile (APK) on clay soils on the physical and mechanical properties of clay soils were investigated. APK reduced the liquid limit value of the clay soil by 25%, the plastic limit value by 22% and the plasticity index value by approximately 30%. With the addition of APK, the dry unit volume weight value increased from 1.71 g/cm3 to 1.74 g/cm3, and the optimum water content decreased by 15%. The CBR ratio increased from 4% to 10%, resulting in an increase in the transport value. It was concluded that by increasing the unconfined compressive strength by around 44%, it improved the bearing capacity. It was observed that the APK additive improved the consolidation properties of the clay and contributed positively to controlling the swellingcompression behavior. The consolidation coefficient value increased by 3 times with the increase in the APK ratio. The volumetric compression coefficient decreased by 90%. The permeability coefficient increased approximately 50 times with the increase in APK. In this study, it was concluded that it is possible to use APK to stabilize clayey soils. In addition to providing technical and economic benefits, the use of APK in the improvement of soils is a solution to the problem of accumulation of wastes in the environment and causing pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liquefaction phenomenon may originate in fine sandy - silty type of soils subjected to dynamic effects, low plasticity clays and even in soils with gravels based on the magnitude of applied acceleration. The mechanical or chemical soil improvement techniques have been used to prevent this problem. The mixing or grouting operations of sodium polyacrylate, which has a high-water absorption capacity, is one of the chemical soil improvement techniques. The frost behavior of this material, which turns into a gel form when react with the water in the environment, is not known in the permafrost areas. Within this purpose, sandy specimens including 5.00%, 10.00%, 15.00%, and 20.00% sodium polyacrylate gel as well as reference ones, were frozen at -20C° and unconfined compression tests were applied. Moreover, the tests were repeated for additional specimens containing 5.00% bentonite clay by weight. Although the unconfined compressive strength of all samples improved according to the increase in the amount of water with the gel content, about 14.00% lower values were obtained in specimens containing bentonite. On the other hand, the unit strain values of frozen samples without bentonite increased, while reduction observed in samples with bentonite. The viscous structure, that is in gel form inside the soil, dissipates volume increase during the freezing process and prevents the frost heave problem. However, the loss of bearing capacity should be considered in case of insufficient saturation in liquefaction sensitive sandy soils improved with sodium polyacrylate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]