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Paper is a basic material derived from organic carbon used for writing and storing information. Books, letters, maps, and official documents are written on paper and enable the transfer of information from generation to generation. Archives and libraries provide an excellent food source for many microorganisms with their organic carbon sources and as a result, they cause biodeterioration. The rate of biodeterioration, on the other hand, depends not only on the composite properties of archival materials, but also on the environment in which they are foun In this study, which was carried out to contribute to active conservation practices, microbial samples were taken from the Department of Culture and Registration. These microbial samples belong to two works with archive numbers 756 and 759, located in the archive room of the Safranbolu collection in the central library within the Foundation Records Directorate. As a biocidal product, the active ingredients were 20% chlorhexidine digluconate, 15% polyhexanide, 3.9% lactic acid, 4.5% acetic acid and 70% ethyl alcohol, respectively. The effects of biocidal products on microorganisms were investigated by the disc diffusion method. Evaluation of the effectiveness on paper, which is important for conservation, was carried out with short and long-term aging tests, colour spectroscopy and SEM fibre degradation analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transfer of the designs to the surface of ceramic wall tiles is performed by ink-jet digital printing technology. CMYK ink colors are used in ink-jet printing technology. The similarities between hues for various color types make it difficult to come up with different designs. In this study, the development of a wall tile matte glaze recipe with high color activity, which can be worked with CMYK+Pink ink colors. Different recipes were developed by increasing the amount of calcite, dolomite, zinc oxide and magnesite ratios, respectively. Firstly, matt glaze recipes are prepared and employed on wall tile with engobe, followed by CMYK+Pink ink digital decor application. Succeeding the sintering of tiles, L,a,b color measurements of ink decorated glaze recipes were made, and it was determined that the value of 'a' increased from 15.35 to 22.18. The hue angle and chroma values of the recipies were calculated. No significant differences were observed in the color activities of the colors other than pink, and the desired pink color intensity was achieved with one of the new wall tile matte glaze recipes. It was observed that the pink color intensity increased with the increase in the amount of CaO in the content of the matte glaze recipe. The color activity of the pink color could is not obtained in the glaze recipe where the amount of ZnO increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capacitated lot sizing is a frequently encountered production-planning problem in manufacturing companies. However, many real life factors are usually not taken into account during the model development phase for these problems. In this study, an integrated lot-sizing and scheduling problem of a paper bag production firm is considered. A mixed integer mathematical programming model is proposed for modeling and solving the problem. Setup cost/time between product and period changes are considered in the proposed model. It is aimed to minimize the total cost of production, holding inventory, backorder, procurement and setup for product type change and product period change. It is observed that productive utilization of manufacturing resources and the generation of more effective production plans are possible by the application of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial stress, defined as a situation where the financial system is under pressure and disruptions occur in the normal functioning of financial markets, adversely affects markets through various channels, leading to the emergence of uncertainty and a slowdown in economic activity. This study investigates the impact of financial stress on the Istanbul Stock Exchange sector stock market. As part of the research, the Financial Stress Index has been considered as the indicator of financial stress, while the Istanbul Stock Exchange sector stock market includes the Istanbul Stock Exchange Banks, Electricity, Financials, Service, Holdings & Investments, Chemical, Petroleum & Plastic, Leasing and Factoring, Securities Investment Trusts, Primary Metal, Non-Metallic Minerals, Metal Products & Machinery, Wood, Paper & Printing, Industrial, Insurance, Textile & Leather, Wholesale & Retail Trade, Tourism, Transportation, Food & Beverage indices, in addition to the Istanbul Stock Exchange 100 Index. The dataset consists of monthly/closing data for the period March 1997-September 2022. According to the causality test results of Fourier Toda-Yamamoto (2016), a causality relationship has been found from financial stress towards the Istanbul Stock Exchange 100, Banks, Financials, Holdings & Investments, Chemical, Petroleum & Plastic, Securities Investment Trusts, Primary Metals, Non-Metallic Minerals, Metal Products & Machinery, Wood, Paper & Printing, Insurance, Textile & Leather, Wholesale & Retail Trade, and Tourism indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies a two-dimensional two-stage guillotine cutting stock problem which includes determination of how the items should be cut from stock panels in an optimal way, by developing and applying different solution approaches. An integer programming model with new features is proposed. A random key based genetic algorithm is utilized to obtain feasible solutions, and by applying a local search within the algorithm, a hybrid structure is acquired. Besides, a novel two-stage math-heuristic solution method is proposed. In the first stage of this method, a relaxation of the problem is solved; in the second, this solution is improved. The time to obtain the results of the developed two-stage math-heuristic solution approach is significantly lower than the other methods given in the article. Optimal solution values were obtained in 26 of 30 test problems taken from the literature with the proposed mathematical model, in 14 with mathematical programming based heuristic method, and in 16 with a random key based genetic algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collecting charge through passage of Straits initially began systematically with the Ottoman State. The initial charge collected fort he passage through the Straits was lighthouse service fees. Additionally, health service fees, mooring fees, rescue fees and towage fees were among the initial charges that civil ships had to pay. The number of passages through the Straits sharply increased, especially soon after the Industrial Revolution and the widespread effect of Western capitalism which was bolstred by industrial developments. Contrary to accelerated developments the Ottoman State could not develop and adapt both passage services and newly emerging lighthouse technologies. This incapability led to the granting of the lighthouse service concession in the Straits to a French company, and after that, rescue operations in the Straits were also undertaken by Western countries. In particular, the process of reclaiming the lighthouses concession from French company caused some serious problems, even during the first decades of Republican era. The concession was nationalized a few years after the Montreux Convention with the help of new conditions that emerged at the eve of World War II. In this paper, the granting process of the lighthouse concession to a French company, the problems related to that concession, the process of reclaiming and lighthouse revenues collected through the passage will be analyzed. Additionally, the development process of rescue and health service charges will also be discussed, shedding light on the charging policies for services provided in the Straits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dede Korkut stories are considered among the most fundamental works by many researchers studying Turkish culture. The stories are marked by the repercussions of the cultural elements from varying periods in social life, the admittance and refutation by all the strata of the society from heroes to lower classes, and the included motifs, functions and ideological elements. Having achieved a wide popularity especially in a broad geographical area housing the Turkic people, Dede Korkut is a collection of stories that requires a textual analysis and interpretation as well as an examination by various social sciences and cultural studies owing to its multi-dimensional nature providing data to various disciplines. This article aims to analyse the movie Dədə Qorqud filmed in 1975 in Soviet Azerbaijan and screened in Soviet movie theatres after translated into Russian as Свет погасших костров (The Light of Quenched Hearths) in 1977. Adapted and directed by Tofig Taghizade and written by Anar Rızayev, the movie derives from the script, target audience, the actors and the artistic and political inclinations of the period although it inspires from the book Dede Korkut at large. Recently, there has been an increase in the performing arts and, in particular, movies that originate from the Dede Korkut stories. As the main focus of this study, the movie offers new perspectives to researchers with regard to the analysis of an era since it reflects the cultural policy and ideology of the USSR. We are of the opinion that this paper will contribute to the literature for the folklore studies in Turkey mainly focus on textual analyses and the researches on Turkish folk culture and art in the USSR have received limited interest. This article evaluates the publication process of Dede Korkut in the USSR as well as the cultural policy of the USSR and its impact on the development and transformation of cinema. In this sense, the following study endeavours to expand on the reflections of Soviet ideology in movies by discussing the approaches towards the Dede Korkut stories. After all, the script of the movie was devised not as a mere adaptation but to serve the long-lasting propagandistic activities of the Soviets. Indeed, the analyses under this study indicate that the contents altered during the adaptation process or fabricated in the movie script were used with success in the transmission of the ideological messages of the USSR to the society. The adaptation of the Dede Korkut stories bears significance for applied folklore studies. Ideological ends aside, it can be claimed that the movie supports the representation of the cultural codes and motifs inherent to the Dede Korkut stories. In this respect, further studies by varying disciplines will help to reveal the sphere of influence of the movie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the agenda items and outcomes of the London Monetary and Economic Conference of 1933, convened by the League of Nations with the aim of finding common international solutions to the 1929 World Economic Crisis, in terms of the economic policies pursued in Turkey in the early years of the Republic. During the years of the Great Depression, states were pursuing independent economic policies while struggling against the crisis. However, this not only did not solve the problems, but also deepened the economic crisis. At this point, the conference was expected to end the disagreements between the big powers such as the US, Great Britain and France over monetary policies and customs walls and to take common measures against the global economic crisis. However, the conference failed to reach a consensus on monetary policies and the Customs Truce signed at the conference lasted only a few months. On the other hand, Turkey, one of the participating countries of the conference, kept its customs walls high and adopted an anti-devaluation policy in its monetary policies. In essence, this policy was part of the process that had been operating worldwide after the First World War, to the detriment of the industrialized states in the "center". One of the conclusions of the paper is that the divergence of views at the London Conference gave an advantage to "periphery" countries like Turkey, which wanted to pursue independent economic policies in the international conjuncture. Another conclusion reached in the article is that the process of change in the global economy, which started with the First World War and accelerated with the 1929 Crisis, came to light at the London Conference in 1933. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effects of ultrasound-assisted immersion freezing/thawing and conventional refrigerated freezing/thawing at different amplitudes (40%, 70%, 100%) on the quality characteristics of cubed meats were investigated. Analyses were performed on samples thawed in the refrigerator for samples to which ultrasound was applied during the freezing process in the freezer compartment of the refrigerator, and on samples thawed and to which ultrasound was applied during thawing. Although weight loss (7.2.60-8.60%) increased in the samples where ultrasound was applied at 100% amplitude during the freezing and thawing process, lower cooking loss (34.80-38.97%) values were reached in the samples where ultrasound was applied with the thawing process. TBARS values (0.16- 1.05 mg malonaldehyde/kg product) of the meats increased with ultrasound application. For the total colour change values (6.60-15.80) of all samples applied ultrasound, the lowest color change was obtained with ultrasound application at 40% amplitude before and after cooking. According to the textural properties of the meat, it was observed that the hardness (433.81-1455.26 N) and chewiness (140.42-558.92 N) values decreased as the ultrasound amplitude increased. Consequently, the ultrasound process applied to accelerate the freezing and thawing process and to protect the quality of foods had significant effects on the quality characteristics of foods, but the application of ultrasound at 100% amplitude did not provide a significant advantage on the quality characteristics of the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creative industry workers play a significant role in the growth of urban economy and migration of the creative class (CC) is a major dimension of economic migration in modern economies. Highly talented individuals are more mobile than other workers, and their spatial preferences differ from those of other employees. Many factors influence the migration tendencies of the CC. tolerance, talent, and technology factors (Florida, 2002), determine the attractiveness of cities, and both soft and hard factors can influence locational preferences. Besides better income and living standards, various factors play a role. Quality of Life (QoL) is one of these factors and plays a significant role in locational preferences. This factor creates a magnet-like environment attracting other creative professionals from different cities. In terms of creative sectors, Istanbul holds a significant share. However, recent times display a rising trend of creative migration. This paper intends to analyze migration trends of the CC from Istanbul to Izmir, through the lens of QoL and decipher the reasons why the CC of a leading city in culture and creative industries, migrate to a lower-rank city in cultural economy. The study questions whether the Creative Migration Theory parameters fully explain the local experience (migration from İstanbul to Izmir) by way of investigating migration tendencies of the CC through the indicators of QoL. The research shows that creative migration to Izmir has different reasons and motivations. Findings indicate that the reasons for CC migration from Istanbul to Izmir are related to their satisfaction levels and living standards in terms of social, environmental, economic and physical aspects. Although Izmir does not stand out as an upper-rank city according to the CC Theory and the parameters QoL, it still attracts the CC. in its impact, Izmir constitutes an asymmetric example for mobility of the CC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the factors affecting the capital structure of Turkish real estate investment trusts whose all earnings are exempt from corporate tax. The study employs the panel data analysis method, covering the period from 2013 to 2022. The dependent variable is the financial leverage ratio, which is used as a proxy for capital structure. Firm-specific, financial market-specific and macroeconomic factors are the analyzed independent variables affecting capital structure. According to the analysis results, positive relationships exist between the financial leverage ratio with the asset size and the level of bond market development, while negative relationships exist between the dividend payout ratio, the firm's age, the level of capital market development and the operating risk. These factors are consistent with the assumptions of both trade-off and pecking-order theories of firm capital structure. The factors affecting the capital structure of firms can be explained with distinct theories, taking into account firm-specific variables, financial market developments, and macroeconomic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to develop a high-performance method for designing Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters that effectively control the over-frequency response parameters. The proposed approach involves designing an optimal FIR filter based on an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter, considering various parameters such as pass and stop band ripples, stop band attenuation, transition bandwidth, and linear phase response. The advantages of the IIR filter's better frequency response are utilized in this design. The parameters of Butterworth and Chebyshev filters are optimized using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms, incorporating novel fitness functions based on different distance metrics. Visual examination of the filtered signals shows that the proposed algorithm reduces phase delay compared to traditional filters. Additionally, the performance of the designed filter is evaluated by decomposing a sinusoidal signal with four different frequencies into its sub-bands. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves more precise decomposition compared to commonly used traditional filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, effect of small deviations in the parameters that appear either in the definition or determination of a physical problem to the resultant calculated value. Within the study, Perturbation theory and Asymptotic Series expansions have been used as mathematical tools. In this work, perturbation theory has been handled in two alternative ways: numerical and analytical. Electromagnetic waves has been dealed extensively. Electromagnetic propagation equation has been nondimensionalised and presented via asymptotic series approach. Spatial Fourier transformation provides singular perturbation application to the equation. Validity of the solution has been investigated. This manuscript also concerns the electromagnetic feature extraction of the multilayered properties by the inverse scattering theory approach. In this work, in order to characterize the unknown or ambiguous part of the structure, random modeling of the parameters was introduced. Monte Carlo methods are used to calculate the resultant randomness effect. The description of any parameter, including thickness, with any probability density function (pdf) to represent nonnegative/bounded/unbounded cases and any combination of all these parameters, is represented in a framework. Skewness and kurtosis values are added to the output structure in order to lead complex analysis on the output descriptions. In this work, depending on the structure or aim of the analysis, the permittivity or the permeability of a layer is randomized. The overall reflection coefficient is calculated via recursive analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid integration of digital technologies into e-commerce platforms, online sales have increased dramatically in recent years. Additionally, customers' awareness of the global competition among hundreds of e-commerce companies has increased their expectations such as high quality, low price, fast and free delivery like never before. In response, e-commerce companies have started revisiting their logistics systems to survive in such a business environment by meeting rising expectations and minimizing operational costs. Thus, most companies have been focused on order-picking processes, which are characterized by high operating times and labor costs. Accordingly, collaborative robots (cobots) have been used in many warehouses to make order-picking operations more efficient and profitable. Depending on the distance between pick locations, a cobot can either be ridden by the order picker or autonomously move to the next pick location while the order picker is walking. This paper proposes a bi-level programming model to find the optimal designs of order-picking warehouses employing collaborative robots. The top-level model is used to determine the optimal shape factor (width-to-depth ratio) minimizing the order-picking time; whereas, the bottom-level model determines the optimal route and collaboration strategy. Based on Monte Carlo simulation, it is shown that the shape factor significantly affects the length of an order-picking tour when the pick-list size is small. However, it is concluded that the optimal shape factor varies depending on the pick-list size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]